The document discusses the Philippines' high vulnerability to natural disasters, particularly earthquakes and volcanic activity, due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. It highlights key geological features including tectonic plate boundaries, the significance of determining earthquake epicenters, and various active volcanoes and mountain ranges across Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Additionally, it elaborates on the processes along plate boundaries such as subduction and seafloor spreading, which shape the Earth's surface and contribute to the formation of earthquakes and volcanic features.

1. QUARTER 1 – LESSON 1:
DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE
VOLCANOES, EARTHQUAKES,
AND MOUNTAIN RANGES
Leiane Lei A. Luna

4. The Philippines is one of the countries in the world with high
disaster risk index. It means that we are vulnerable (IN DANGER)
to different natural hazards like storms, floods, and most of all
seismic activities. Several earthquakes occur everyday but most
are weak and generally cannot be felt by people.

5. The Philippines is an archipelago (A GROUP
OF ISLAND) blessed with beautiful natural
landforms that include dormant and active
volcanoes. Alongside with the aesthetics
value provided, however, is the high risk of
disaster. Earthquakes due to volcanic
activities are very common in the county. It is
likely that volcanoes are present in every
region.
Have you ever wondered why there are so many
volcanoes in the Philippines?

8. The lithosphere is the rocky
outer part of Earth. It is
made up of the brittle crust
and the top part of the upper
mantle. The lithosphere is the
coolest and most rigid part of
Earth

14. The Pacific Ring of Fire is a 40 000-kilometer, horseshoe-shaped
basin that is associated with oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and
plate movements. This ring includes several volcanoes from
southern tip of South America, up along the coast of North America,
across the Bering Strait, down through Japan, into New Zealand, and
even closed by several active and dormant volcanoes in Antarctica.
Around 75% of the world’s active and dormant volcanoes can be
found in this region.

15. Ring of Fire, also
called Circum-Pacific
Belt or Pacific Ring of
Fire, long horseshoe-
shaped seismically
active belt
of earthquake epicentre
s, volcanoes, and
tectonic plate
boundaries
that fringes the Pacific
basin.

17. Mid-ocean ridges occur along
divergent plate boundaries,
where new ocean floor is
created as the Earth's tectonic
plates spread apart.
A mid-ocean ridge is a seafloor
mountain system formed by
plate tectonics. It typically has
a depth of about 2,600 meters
and rises about 2,000 meters
above the deepest portion of
an ocean basin

19. What do you think is the
importance of determining the
epicenter of an earthquake?

20. Sesimologists use triangulation method to find the
epicenter of an earthquake. When seismic data is
collected from at least three different locations, it can
be used to determine the epicenter by where it
intersects.

25. Andes (SOUTH AMERICA)

26. Himalayas)
The Himalayas are the greatest mountain system
in Asia and one of the planet’s youngest mountain
ranges, that extends for more than 2,400km across the
nations of Bhutan, China, India, Nepal,
and Pakistan. ome of the highest peaks in the world are
located in the Himalayas, including Mount
Everest, Kangchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, etc.
It is believed that over the past 65 million
years, several worldwide plate-
tectonic events have led to the movement
of the Earth’s crust to form a vast number
of mountain ranges

30. There are mountain ranges closest to a certain
volcano.
Example, for Taal Volcano, they are Mount Macolod
(3107 ft.) which is 7 miles away from Taal, Mt.
Talamitan (2310 ft.), 17.3 miles away from Taal,
Mount Panay (1,644 ft.) 22.2 miles from Taal and
San Pablo Volcanic Field (3576 ft.) which is 22.2
miles away from Taal.

31. 1. CARABALLO
MOUNTAINS
HIGHEST POINT: MOUNT
PALALI (1,707 METERS
OR 5,600 FEET ABOVE
SEA LEVEL)
The Caraballo Mountains, seen here with its chief peak and
highest point Mount Palali, remains one of the least-charted
mountain ranges of the Philippines; it is situated near the
middle part of Luzon

32. CORDILLERA CENTRAL
LENGTH: 320 KM (124 MI)
HIGHEST POINT: MOUNT
PULAG (2,922 M OR 9,587
FT ASL)
The Cordillera Central, more
commonly known as
the Cordilleras, is a
gigantic array of mountains
dominating the whole western
half of Northern Luzon. It is
the largest of all the
mountain ranges in the
Philippines, constituting
around a sixth of the entire
land area of Luzon.

33. Hamiguitan Mountain Range
HIGHEST POINT: Mount
Hamiguitan (1,620 m or 5,315 ft
ASL)
The Hamiguitan Mountain Range is
a narrow expanse of mountainous
upland stretched along the length of
the Pujada Peninsula, the strip of
land jutting out from the
southeastern coast of Mindanao and
forming the eastern bounds of the
Davao Gulf.

34. KALATUNGAN MOUNTAIN
RANGE
HIGHEST POINT: MOUNT
KALATUNGAN (2,860 M OR
9,283 FT ASL)
The Kalatungan Mountain Range is a closely-serried cluster of
mountains set in the midst of the province of Bukidnon, in Mindanao; it
lies immediately south of the slightly loftier Kitanglad Mountain Range,
and west of the far lengthier Pantaron Mountain Range.

35. CENTRAL PANAY
MOUNTAIN RANGE
LENGTH: 94 km (58 mi)
HIGHEST POINT: Mount
Madja-as (2,113 m or 6,932
ASL)
The Central Panay Mountain Range is stretched along the length of Panay
Island, in the Visayas group of islands. Despite its name, the range
is actually situated parallel to the western coast of the island,
arrayed from the Sibuyan Sea on the north to the Panay Gulf in the
south.
9/3/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 35

36. 9/3/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 36
Learning Task 6
Earthquake prone areas in Luzon
Region 1
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
Region 2
Cagayan
Isabela
Nueva
Vizcaya
Quirino
Region 3
Aurora
Pampanga
Zambales
Region IV-A
Cavite
Laguna
Region V
Catanduanes
CAR
Abra
Benguet

37. 9/3/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 37
Learning Task 6
Earthquake prone areas in Visayas
Region VI
Antique
Iloilo
Region VII
Bohol
Region VIII
Eastern Samar
Leyte
Northern Samar
Southern Leyte

38. 9/3/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 38
Learning Task 6
Earthquake prone areas in Mindanao
Region IX
Isabela City
Region XIII
Dinagat Islands
Surigao Del Norte
Surigao Del Sur
Region X
Cagayan De Oro

39. 9/3/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 39
Learning Task 6
Active Volcanoes in Luzon
1. Babuyan Claro – Cagayan
2. Banahaw – Laguna & Quezon
3. Bulusan – Sorsogon, Bicol
4. Camiguin – Babuyan Island
5. Didicas & Cagua – Cagayan
6. Iraya – Batanes
7. Iriga & Isarog – Cam Sur

40. 9/3/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 40
Learning Task 6
Active Volcanoes in Visayas
1. Biliran – Leyte
2. Cabalian – Southern Leyte
3. Kanlaon – Negros Occidental &
Oriental

41. 9/3/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 41
Learning Task 6
Active Volcanoes in Mindanao
1. Bud Dajo – Sulu
2. Hibok-hibok – Camiguin
3. Matutum – Cotabato
4. Musuan – Bukidnon
5. Ragang – Lanao Del Sur

42. 9/3/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 42
Learning Task 6
Mountain Ranges in Luzon
1. Caraballo Mountains
2. Cordillera Central
3. Sierra Madre
4. Zambales Mountains

43. 9/3/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 43
Learning Task 6
Mountain Ranges in Mindanao
1. Kalantungan
2. Kitanglad
3. Pantaron

44. 9/3/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 44
Learning Task 6
Mountain Ranges in Visayas
1. Chocolate Hills
2. Mount Talinis
3. Mount Luho

45. LESSON: 5
PROCESSES THAT OCCUR
ALONG PLATE
BOUNDARIES
9/3/20XX 45

46. 9/3/20XX 46
In the previous lesson you’ve learned about
the different types of plate boundaries,
oceanic-oceanic, continental-continental,
continental-oceanic convergent, divergent,
and transform plate boundaries and
determination of the locations of different
types of plate boundaries across the
continents.

47. This time, you will learn the different
processes and geologic features along
plate boundaries that slowly shaped the
Earth’s surface give rise to mountain
ranges, volcanoes, earthquake belts and
other geologic features for you

48. What is plate boundaries?
A plate boundary is a three-dimensional
surface or zone across which there is a
significant change in the velocity (speed or
direction) of motion of one lithospheric plate
relative to the adjacent lithospheric plate.

49. 1.What process occurs along convergent
plate boundaries?
2. What geologic features formed when
two plates moved toward each other?
3. What are/is the reason/s why do
plates move toward each other

50. Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic
lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle
at convergent boundaries. Where the oceanic lithosphere
of a tectonic plate converges with the less dense
lithosphere of a second plate, the heavier plate dives
beneath the second plate and sinks into the mantle.

51. Subduction zone is a spot where two of
the tectonic plates collide and one dives,
or subducts, beneath the other.

53. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries. As
tectonic plates slowly move away from each other, heat from
the mantle's convection currents makes the crust more plastic
and less dense. The less-dense material rises, often forming a
mountain or elevated area of the seafloor. Eventually, the crust
cracks.

54. A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates
move away from each other. Along these
boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma
(molten rock) rises from the Earth's mantle to the surface,
solidifying to create new oceanic crust.

55. If the divergent movement is happening in the oceanic
plates, it can lead to the formation of an OCEANIC RIDGE
and RIFT VALLEY

56. What are Oceanic Ridge and Rift
Valley? How are they form?

60. A rift valley is a lowland region that forms where
Earth’s tectonic plates move apart,
or rift. Rift valleys are found both on land and at the
bottom of the ocean, where they are created by the
process of seafloor spreading.

62. An oceanic basin is the land
surface under an ocean that
includes the various
topography below the water
Ocean basin is formed when
water has covered a large
portion of the Earth’s crust
Famous Oceanic Basins
• Atlantic Ocean Basin
• Indian Ocean Basin
• Arctic Ocean Basin
• Pacific Ocean Basin

64. Transform-fault boundaries are
also called conservative
boundaries because crust is
neither destroyed or created
along them.
Most are common on the
seafloor where they form
oceanic fracture zones. When
they occur on land they produce
FAULTS.
No leading edge of plate is
being destroyed, this means
that no volcanoes, no mountains
are form but rather
EARTHQUAKE.

65. Most transform faults are located
within the ocean basins, there are a
few that cuts through the continental
crust like the San Andreas fault.

66. ACTIVITY : LET’S BE CONNECTED!
ASSEMBLE THE CONTINENTS
TO SHOW
SUPERCONTINENT PANGEA

68. LESSON 7:

69. OBJECTIVES:

70. Introduction:
In this lesson, you will able you to evaluate the
different theories explaining the possible causes
of tectonic plates, understand the convection
current and importance of tectonic plates to the
survival of earth and its inhabitants. It will also
help you to describe the possible causes of plate
movement and explain these causes.

71. This word is a noun and comes from
the Greek theoria, which means
"contemplation or speculation."
A set of beliefs or
principles that might
not be proven yet.

72. Study the comic strip .
What did you notice? What
are they telling about each
other ?

73. The forces that drive Plate Tectonics include:
•Convection in the Mantle (heat driven)
•Ridge push (gravitational force at the
spreading ridges)
•Slab pull (gravitational force in subduction
zones)

74. Convection in the Mantle
- warm mantle
currents drive and
carry plates of
lithosphere along a
like a conveyor
belt;

75. Ridge Push It occurs at the mid ocean ridges.
(also known as gravitational
sliding) or sliding plate force is a
proposed driving force for plate
motion in plate tectonics that
occurs at mid-ocean ridges as the
result of the
rigid lithosphere sliding down the
hot, raised asthenosphere
below mid-ocean ridges.

76. Slab Pull The weight of the subducting plate
pulls the trailing slab into the
subduction zone
at destructive plate margins the
denser, oceanic plate sinks into the
mantle under the influence of gravity,
which pulls the rest of the plate along
with it. This is known as slab pull.

77. Convection currents, ridge
push and slab pull are
believed to be responsible for
tectonic plate movement

78. Convection in the Mantle
Continuous loop of
sinking hot soft rocks
caused by energy
transferred in the
Asthenosphere (Earth’s
mantle)

79. Convection in the Mantle
• Hot water rises
• Cooler water sinks
 Sinking of cold and warm
materials in the mantle.