Riistapäivät 2017

1. African Swine Fever –
lessons learned in Estonia
Afrikkalainen sikarutto - opetukset
Virossa
Arvo Viltrop
Professor of veterinary epidemiology
Estonian University of Life Sciences
Imbi Nurmoja
Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory

2. Topics
 Some background information
 How the situation has developed
 Control and surveillance
 Impact
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3. Wild boar population
density in 2013
Villisikojen tiheys 2013
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Forests in Estonia
Viron metsät
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4. Wild boar population in Estonia
Villisikakanta Virossa
The hunters’ estimation of the population of wild boar
(Estonian Environment Agency)
Wild boar population dynamics in
Estonia in period 1950-2015, based on
hunting and counting statistics Kuopio 19.01.2017
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5. Situation in North-East
Europe in the summer and
autumn 2014
Tilanne Koillis-Euroopassa
kesällä ja syksyllä 2014
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Country The first ASF case
Lithuania 24.01.2014
Poland 14.02.2014
Latvia (southeast) 26.06.2014
Latvia (north) 18.07.2014

6. Introduction to
Estonia:
Restriction zones Oct 2014
3
2
1 4
6
Part I
Part II
Hot-spots
(8 km zone)
1
5
Vienna VetMedUni 28.04.16
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7. Origin of the infection
Tartunnan alkuperä
 Southern introduction -
probably WB movement
from Latvia
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8. Origin of the infection
Northern outbreak – probably human
introduction
 The first infected wild boar detected
 1½ year old female of 30-40 kg
 injured (bullet injury – broken elbo)
 desorientated
 No signs at autopsy; ASFV antibody positive; PCR positive
 Probable time of infection at least 2-3 weeks before
detection
 Possible scenarios
Human introduction with infected meat/ABP-s
from the south (Byelorussia – visitors?)
east (Russia – truck drivers; visitors?)
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9. Origin of infection
 Different epidemiology
Southern outbreak – high mortality
 ASF first deteted only in animals found
dead
Northern outbreak – no mortality
 First detected only in hunted animals
 Mostly antibody positive
 Mortality observed in couple of previous
winters
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10. Control measures in wild boar 2014-2015 hunting season
Valvontatoimet 2014-2015 metsästyskautella
 Chase (driven) hunt prohibited
 Additional feeding continued at existing feeding grounds.
 Establishement of new ones prohibeted
 Removal of carcasses of dead wild boar from the forest
 burial or collection
 compensation to hunters
 Biosecurity measures at hunting and handling of carcasses and
by-products.
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ASF WB infected area
ASF VS tartunta-aluet
By 31.10.2014

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ASF WB infected area
By 31.12.2014

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ASF WB infected area
By 28.02.2015

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ASF WB infected area
By 30.04.2015

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ASF WB infected area
By 30.06.2015

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ASF WB infected area
By 31.08.2015

17. Control measures in wild boar 2015-2016 hunting
season
Valvontatoimet 2015-2016 metsästyskautella
Intensified hunting (target 1,5 WB / 10 km2 hunting ground
by the end of hunting season 2017/2018.
Keep this level until Estonia become free of ASF)
Targeted hunting of females (support 100 EUR/animal)
Additional feeding prohibited
Bating allowed – 10 kg per day during hunting season
Removal of carcasses of dead wild boar from the forest
(burial or collection - compensation)
Biosecurity measures at hunting and handling of
carcasses and by-products.Kuopio 19.01.2017
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18. Hunting and feeding of WB
Villisikojen metsästys ja ruokinta
by Helen Prommik Est Vet and Food Board
 According to the decree of Environmental Board (18.08.2015):
 Bating is allowed during the period of 01.10.2015-30.04.2016
 Hunting from hides – bating- 100 kg per slot, on the ground 10 kg of feed per
day
 Driven hunts are allowed (it was not since autumn 2014)
 Hunting bag for 2015/2016
 29 600 wild boars
 60% sub-adults
 60% females
 Hunting practicises allowed by Hunting Act
 Shooting wild boar from a standing motor vehicle
 Artificial light source allowed
 Hog traps, steel traps
 Wild boar with ASF clinical signs is allowed to kill without a hunting permit
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ASF WB infected area
By 31.10.2015

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ASF WB infected area
By 31.12.2015

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ASF WB infected area
By 30.04.2016

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ASF WB infected area
By 31.08.2016

23. ASF positive wild boar in 2016
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24. Speed of the spatial spread of the virus
Alueellisen leviämisen nopeus
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
km/month

25. Surveillance/ Valvonta
 Passive surveillance – testing of animals found dead or hunted
 Part I zones
 All wild boar found dead investigated by PCR for ASF viral DNA
 All hunted wild boar tested by PCR and antibody ELISA before release for retail
 Meat from animals with neg result allowed to use within Estonia
 Part II and III zones
 All wild boar found dead investigated by PCR for ASF viral DNA
 All hunted wild boar tested by PCR and antibody ELISA before release for consumption
 Meat from animals with neg result allowed to use for own consumption
 Sampling:
 organ material from carcasses by official and approved veterinarians
 blood from hunted animals – by hunters
 Sampling conducted on-spot or at hunters premises
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26. ASF surveillance results in 2015/
Valvonnan tulokset 2015
Animal
category
Hunted Found
dead
Killed Total
No tested 8 617 913 17 9 565
Pos % 4,7 % 74,3 % 47,1 % 11,4 %
only Ab pos PCR + Ab pos* Total Ab pos
No pos 90 95 185
Pos % 1,0 % 1,1 % 2,1 %
* incl. 9 Ab doubtful samples
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27. ASF surveillance results in 2016 (by 30th Nov)
Valvonnan tulokset 2016
Animal
category
Hunted Found
dead
Killed Total
No tested 13404 876 15 14295
Pos % 4,9 % 82 % 73,3 % 9,7 %
only Ab pos PCR + Ab pos* Total Ab pos
No pos 248 129 377
Pos % 1,9% 1,0 % 2,9 %
* incl. 9 Ab doubtful samples
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28. Prevalence of PCR positive hunted WB
2015 July – 2016 October
PCR-positiivisten prosentti metsästettyissä VS-ssa
2015 heinäkuu - 2016 lokakuu
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In all affected
counties
Valga
Võru
Viljandi
Tartu
Põlva
Pärnu
Jõgeva
Järva
Ida-Viru

29. Prevalence of PCR positive hunted WB
2015 Jan – 2016 June
18.07.2016NOSOVE, Turku
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In different age groups in affected counties/ Eri ikäryhmissä
PCR Neg Pos Prev% 95% CI
Age class: 0 - 1 year 5814 319 5.2 4.7 5.8
Age class: 1 - 2
years
3648 107 2.9 2.3 3.4
Age class: > 2 years 3781 97 2.5 2.0 3.0
Age class: missing 152 5 3.2 1.0 7.3
Total 13395 528 3.8 3.5 4.1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Age class: 0 - 1 year Age class: 1 - 2 years Age class: > 2 years
Prevalence%

30. Hunting of wild boar in 2015
Vaikutus ASF epidemian Virossa
ASF epidemian vaikutus Virossa
Hunting of wild boar in 2013
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Figures: Estonian environmenetal
agency

31. Wild boar population in Estonia
The hunters’ estimation of the population of wild boar was around 12 200
in spring 2016 (Estonian Environment Agency)
Wild boar population dynamics in
Estonia in period 1950-2015, based on
hunting and counting statistics Kuopio 19.01.2017
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32. Concluding remarks/ Päätelmät
 Introduction by humans has most likely occurred in NE of Estonia
 The spread of ASF virus has been unstopable in WB population –
control measures havent had much impact
 The spread can be slow among wild boar – not all herds in an area
get infected
 Virus can persist in an area even if density is low.
 Human activities have impact on spread among wilboar – the
exact mechanism unclear
 No evidence of domestic cycle of the virus spread
 Forestry? Hunting?
 Seasonal variation in speed and intensity of the spread
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33. Kiitos!
Estonian University of Life Sciences
Siim Maasikamäe Assoc. Prof.
Veterinary and Food Laboratory
Katrin Lõhmus
Veterinary and Food Board
Maarja Kristian
Kärt Jaarma
Helen Prommik
Environmental Agency
Peep Männil
Friedrich Loefler Institute
Klaus Depner
Sandra Blome
Christoph Staubach
Anja Globig
Klas Dietze
Katja Schulz
and others
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