Annual advances of Chinese minority traditional medicine in 2019

REVIEW doi: 10.12032/TMR20200214162
Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr TMR | March 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 2 | 108
Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine
Annual advances of Chinese minority traditional medicine in 2019
Shao-Hui Wang1, 2*
1
Medical College, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao 266555, China; 2
Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Binhai University,
Qingdao 266555, China.
*Corresponding to: Shao-Hui Wang. Medical College, Qingdao Binhai University; Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Binhai
University, 425 Jialingjiang West Road, West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, China. E-mail: winter9091@163.com.
Highlights
The annual review summarizes the research pertaining to different Chinese minority traditional medicine
(CMTM) published in 2019. The focus of these studies is on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms
of the ethnodrug and prescriptions/therapies used in ethnic areas.
Traditionality
CMTM is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. It exhibits characteristics of nationality, region,
and tradition. Tibetan medicine first appeared around 500 B.C.E. At the end of the 8th century C.E., the
development of “Si Bu Yi Dian (Four Medical Tantras)” by the Tibetan medicine scientist Yutuo Ningma
Yundan Gongbu provided a theoretical foundation for Tibetan medicine. Before the 7th century C.E.,
Mongolian medicine was in its infancy. In the 16th century C.E., Mongolian medicine assimilated several
classical medical theories and useful experiences from Tibetan, Han, and other nationalities. This eventually
leads to the development of a Mongolian medical theory system with Mongolian characteristics. Uyghur
medicine has arduously developed over a period of more than 2,500 years. The origin of Uyghur medicine
traces back to the ancient Neolithic period in the Western Regions. At the beginning of the 12th century, the
Uyghur medicine scientist Alaodin Mohanmude Hetianni wrote the “Zubdatul Kawanil Ilaj (Zhi Liao Jing
Hua, Healing Essences)” and “TibbiFitki (Fa Yi, Forensics)”. The copy of this handwritten work is
circulating to this day.

REVIEW
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Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr
TMR | March 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 2 | 109
Abstract
Traditional medicine systems practiced by various ethnic minorities represent an important part of traditional
Chinese medicine. The past 12 months have witnessed extensive research pertaining to different Chinese minority
traditional medicine (CMTM). The annual CMTM review evaluates research published during 2019 in different
CMTM including Tibetan medicine, Uyghur medicine, Mongolian medicine, Korean medicine and Zhuang
medicine. Research in the field of Tibetan medicine focused on pharmacology, pharmacy, plant sciences, medicinal
chemistry and integrated complementary medicine and the top three countries were China, USA and India.
Research in Uyghur medicine mainly pertained to chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacy, and food science
technology and the publications were mainly from China. Research in Mongolian medicine mainly pertained to
pharmacology, pharmacy, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology and experimental research; the
publications were mainly from China and Mongolia. In short, research related to traditional medicine of various
ethnic minorities was mainly conducted in China and the neighboring countries. The research focus for each
minority medicine is essentially on the effects and mechanisms of action of the active ingredients of the ethnodrugs
and the special prescriptions or therapies. The generated evidence will facilitate further developments in this field.
Keywords: Chinese minority traditional medicine, Tibetan medicine, Uyghur medicine, Mongolian medicine,
Korean medicine, Zhuang medicine
Acknowledgments:
The work was supported by the Key Program of Scientific Research Project of Qingdao Binhai University
(No. 2020KZ01) and the Art Education Project of Shandong Province (No. YJ201911036).
Abbreviations:
CMTM, Chinese minority traditional medicine; HgS, mercury sulfide; DES, dry eye syndrome; HH, hypobaric
hypoxia.
Competing interests:
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Citation:
Shao-Hui Wang. Annual advances of Chinese minority traditional medicine in 2019. Traditional Medicine
Research 2020, 5 (2): 108–121.
Executive Editor: Rui-Wang Zhao.
Submitted: 4 February 2020, Accepted: 13 February 2020, Online: 28 February 2020.

REVIEW doi: 10.12032/TMR20200214162
Background
China is a multi-ethnic country with a long history, a
vast territory, and a large population. In addition to the
Han nationality (the main ethnic group in China), there
are 55 ethnic minorities in the country. Historically,
almost each ethnic group has developed its own
traditional medicine system and health care technology.
Chinese minority traditional medicine (CMTM) is a
summary of the rich medical knowledge and practical
experiences of disease prevention and treatment
accumulated by people of various ethnic minorities
over the centuries. The examples include, urine
diagnosis and bloodletting in Tibetan medicine [1, 2],
sand therapy in Uyghur medicine [3, 4] and the
medicated thread moxibustion method and tendon
therapy in Zhuang medicine (one of the Chinese
minority traditional medicines) [5, 6]. All these have
made important contributions to the health and
development of the nation. In modern society, the
CMTM still plays an important role in disease
prevention and health care of various ethnic groups.
Prominent examples include Tibetan medicine for
plateau diseases and digestive system diseases [7–10],
Mongolian medicine for orthopedic diseases [11, 12]
and detoxification method of Zhuang medicine [13]. At
the same time, it has gradually become the focus of
attention of international scholars [14–16]. A recent
review found a gradually increasing trend in the
publication of academic research in the field of CMTM,
especially in the WOS core database. However, the
growth rates in each research area were slightly
different; most published research pertained to the field
of Tibetan medicine, Korean medicine and Mongolian
medicine (Figure 1).
The annual review focuses on the pharmacological
effects and mechanisms of action of minority
traditional ethnodrugs and prescriptions or therapies
used in ethnic areas, especially Tibetan medicine,
Uyghur Medicine, Mongolian medicine, Korean
medicine and Zhuang medicine. The objective is to
provide a reference for the development of CMTM.
Tibetan medicine
Tibetan medicine has evolved over time by
assimilating folk therapies used in the snowy plateau
and the medical culture, Buddhist theories of the
central plains, and medicine systems of India and
Arabia. Tibetan medicine has made immense
contributions to the health and survival of the Tibetan
people in the snowy plateau and nearby areas.
Moreover, it has also spread to other parts of China
and overseas with cultural exchanges and made
important contributions to the cause of human health
[17, 18]. For instance, Swertia species have been used
to treat various ailments in traditional Indian medical
systems, Chinese traditional systems, and traditional
Tibetan medicine. It is also used to treat hepatitis,
cholecystitis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, scabies, and
dysentery [19]. Through statistical analysis of the
relative percentage of Tibetan medicine-related
publications in different countries and study areas in
2019, we found that the research areas mainly
pertained to the field of pharmacology, pharmacy, plant
sciences, medicinal chemistry and integrated
complementary medicine. The top three countries
where the research was conducted were China, USA,
and India (Figure 2). First of all, traditional Tibetan
ethnodrug is used as a source of alternative
complementary medicine. For example, as a traditional
Tibetan medicine, turnip seeds and tubers can reduce
the risk of liver fibrosis, inhibit the activity of human
breast and colon cancer cells and enhance the body's
ability to resist hypoxia [20]. Rhododendron
anthopogonoides has been used in antitussives,
expectorants, antiasthmatics, stomachic and swelling
agent, heat-clearing and detoxicating therapies [21].
Mirabilis himalaica is endemic to the Himalayas and is
used in traditional Tibetan folk medicine [22].
Juniperus tibetica is used in Tibetan medicine to treat
rheumatic arthritis [23]. A special form of Tibetan
medicine meditation is shown to reduce the
psychological distress of women with breast cancer
[24]. TongFengTang powder is an ancient prescription
comprising of Tinospora sinensis, Terminalia chebula
Retz, and Trogopterori faeces; it is used to treat joint
diseases like gout, swelling, gout arthritis, and pain
[25]. Chinese and overseas scholars have conducted
many studies to clarify the active ingredients and the
mechanism of action of Tibetan medicine, including
the study of traditional Tibetan ethnodrugs; the
examples include, Brassica rapa [26],
Herpetospermum caudigerum [27, 28], Veronica ciliate
[29], Rhodiola crenulate [30], Swertia chirayita [16,
31, 32], the stems of Tinospora sinensis (Kuanjinteng)
[33]. Pterocephalus hookeri [34], Juniperus pingii [35],
1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone from Tibetan
medicine Gentianopsis paludosa [36]. Moreover,
several traditional Tibetan medicine formulations have
been studied, such as Zhenlong Xingnao capsule
(ancient prescription) [37], Jikan Mingmu drops
(ancient prescription) [38], PC (A PC containing H.
rhamnoides fruit pulp, P. armeniaca fruit pulp, and R.
imbricata dry root extract (100: 50: 1), experimental
formula) [39], Yinian Kangbao tea (patent drug) [40].
Qiwei Tiexie capsule (ancient prescription) [41], Anzhi
jinhua powder (ancient prescription) [42]. Srolo
Bzhtang (ancient prescription) [43], and Qingpeng
ointment (patent drug) [44]. The pharmacological
effects and mechanisms of the above traditional
Tibetan ethnodrugs and prescriptions are summarized
in Table 1. Other scholars have studied the chemical
composition of Tibetan medicine. For example, seven
major antioxidants are isolated from the Tibetan

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medicine Lancea tibetica: (+) -pinoresinol-beta-D-
glucoside, acteoside, anthelminthicol, tibeticoside,
isoacteoside, epipinoresinol, and phillygenol [45]. Two
new diterpenoid alkaloids (chrysotrichumine A and
delphatisine D) and ten known diterpenoid alkaloids
and 3β,6 alpha-dihydroxysclareolida are isolated from
the Tibetan medicine Delphinium chrysotrichum [46].
In addition, the toxicity of Tibetan medicine Zuotai
(gTso thal, a mercury preparation that contains 54.5%
mercury sulfide (HgS)) is also evaluated. Zuotai is a
precious adjuvant in Tibetan medicine that has long
been used to treat cardiovascular diseases, liver and
bile diseases, spleen and stomach diseases; however,
its application has been controversial. Recent studies
have shown that Zuotai can effectively induce liver
toxicity at a certain dose; however, this liver toxicity
may occur through other mechanisms that do not rely
on HgS, β-HgS, and is different from chemical forms
of environmental mercury pollutants (MeHgCl and
HgCl2). The neurotoxicity of β-HgS in Neuro-2a cells
is much less than that of MeHgCl and HgCl2 [47–49].
Uyghur medicine
Uyghur medicine is a traditional medical system
developed by Uyghur ancestors residing in the
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China over
centuries. It has rich practical experience and unique
theoretical content [50]. Statistical analysis of the
relative percentage of Uyghur medicine-related
publications in different countries reveals that the
research areas mainly pertain to the disciplines of
chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacy, and food science
technology. Most of the publications are from China
(Figure 3). The most researched subject is the
pharmacological effects and mechanisms of some
traditional Uyghur drugs. For example, some studies
have demonstrated significant anti-respiratory
syncytial virus effects (both in vivo and in vitro) of the
three active ingredients derived from the Uyghur
medicine Radix Isatidis, i.e., lignans, organic acids,
and total alkaloids. The lignans and total alkaloids are
shown to play a multi-target synergistic role through
the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 and
retinoic acid-inducible gene I signal pathways [51].
The extracts of Uyghur medicine Psoralea corylifolia,
including 8-methoxypsoralen, 5-methoxypsoralen and
4,5,8-trimethylpsoralen are used for the repigmentation
of leukoderma (vitiligo) [52]. A homogeneous
polysaccharide isolated from female flowers of Uyghur
medicine Humulus lupulus shows a significant
anti-osteoporotic activity [53]. A recent study
demonstrated the efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis in
the treatment of rheumatic arthritis or diseases caused
by abnormal black bile; in addition, it also showed
good neuroprotective effect on PD [54]. Some scholars
have applied analytical chemistry methods to study
Tibetan medicines. For example, a ultra performance
liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of
flight/mass spectrometry method was developed to
characterize the chemical differences of Flos Carthami
(the “king of medicine” in Uyghur medicine). It
provided a basis to improve the stability of the quality
of Flos Carthami and ensure its clinical application
[55]. In another study, high performance liquid
chromatography and ultra performance liquid
chromatography-quadrupole time of flight/mass
spectrometry were used to analyze the active
ingredients in the root of Uyghur medicine Anacyclus
pyrethrum. Finally, 20 N-alkylamides were identified,
including two N-methylisobutyramides, six
4-hydroxyphenylethylamides, eleven
N-isobutyramides and one 2-phenylethylamide [56]. In
short, research on the pharmacology, pharmacy, and
chemistry of Uyghur medicine has immensely
contributed to the development of Uyghur medicine.
Mongolian medicine
Mongolian medicine represents the medical practice
experience accumulated by Mongolian ancestors. At
the same time, it has absorbed the essence of Tibetan,
Han, and ancient Indian medical theories, and has
gradually developed into a national traditional
medicine with a unique theoretical system and clinical
characteristics. Moreover, Mongolian medicine has
significant ethnic and regional characteristics and has
contributed to the prosperity of the peoples of all
ethnic groups in the north of China, especially in the
Inner Mongolia region of China [57]. We found that
the Mongolian medicine-related publications mainly
pertained to pharmacology pharmacy, analytical
chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and
experimental medicine research. The publications are
mainly from China and Mongolia (Figure 4). Some
scholars have studied the traditional Mongolian
ethnodrugs, including the study of chemical
composition, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms
of action. The Mongolian medicine “Dogel ebs”
(Sophora flavescens) shows a therapeutic effect against
damp-heat dysentery, scrofula, and cumulative
dampness toxicity syndrome [58]. Gentianella acuta
has been widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases
in Mongolian medicine. A study demonstrated that
Gentianella acuta prevents cardiac dysfunction caused
by ISO by preventing fibrosis and oxidative stress; the
likely underlying mechanism was inhibition of the
NF-κB pathway [59]. In addition, Gentianella acuta
extract and its active ingredient-Desmethylbellidifolin
is shown to inhibit trinitrobenzenesulfonic
acid-induced ulcerative colitis and reduce
inflammation and relieve colon muscle spasm [60].
Another scholar isolated and identified 31 active
ingredients from the dried roots of Mongolian
medicinal and edible plant Pugionium cornutum; four
of these are rare natural thiohydantoin derivatives [61].

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Lomatogonium rotatum is an important Mongolian
medicine used to treat febrile diseases related to liver
and gallbladder. The flavonoids and xanthones are the
main chemical constituents of the 50% ethanol fraction
of Lomatogonium rotatum, and sulfation and
glucuronidation are the key enzyme-induced metabolic
pathways involved post-administration [62]. Another
study identified eight metabolites produced after
treatment with Lomatogonium rotatum, including
choline, succinic acid, phosphopantothenic acid, AMP,
arachidonic acid, glycerol 3-phosphate, DHA, and
linoleic acid; these can be used as potential biomarkers
to assess the hepatoprotective effect of Lomatogonium
rotatum [63]. Some scholars have studied some
traditional Mongolian formulas. For example,
RuXian-I (a traditional Mongolian recipe consisting of
30 kinds of Mongolian herbs) is shown to exhibit high
efficacy for treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia
of in a clinical study with few side effects [64, 65].
Mongolian medicines Naru-3 and Jonlon-5 are shown
to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects against
collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis and
carrageenan-induced arthritis in rats, respectively [11,
12]. Dedu seven-ingredient pill with safflower is
shown to promote the expression of death-associated
protein kinase protein by downregulating the
expression of miR-23a, thereby preventing the
proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells
[66] (Table 2). In addition, Mongolian medicine is also
used in food nutrition and health care. For instance, a
study demonstrated the health-promoting properties
and therapeutic effect of Chigee, a traditional
fermented mare milk [67]. The aqueous extract of
Allium mongolicum (a traditional Mongolian medicine
herb) may be used as a functional food or health
supplement for the prevention and treatment of obesity
and hypertension. Researchers have shown that it has
high antioxidant content and suppresses vital enzymes
relate to hypertension and obesity [68]. In Mongolian
medicine, warm acupuncture is commonly used to treat
insomnia. It can enhance body functions, regulate Qi,
somatostatin, strengthen immunity, as well as prevent
and treat many diseases. Mongolian medical warm
acupuncture promotes glucose metabolism in the brain
of insomnia model rats mainly by increasing the level
of miR-18 and reducing the level of N-Myc
downstream regulated gene 2 [69].
Korean medicine
The Korean people of China (Chaoxian minority)
mainly reside in the Northeast region of China,
especially in Yanbian (Jilin Province). Korean
medicine of China is a traditional medical system
developed on the basis of the inherent culture of the
Korean people. It assimilates the traditional Chinese
medicine theory and their own ethnic experiences in
preventing and treating diseases [70]. Korean Oriental
Medicine (Korean medicine) of South Korea is
theoretically based on the evolution of traditional
Chinese medicine. Due to the geographical proximity
and the close historical relationship between China and
the Korean Peninsula, Korean medicine plays an
important role in China and South Korea. Indeed, there
is no essential difference between the two systems. Our
study revealed that the Korean medicine research
publications mainly pertained to the disciplines of
integrative complementary medicine, general internal
medicine, pharmacology, pharmacy, and medicinal
chemistry; the top three countries were South Korea,
China, and USA (Figure 5). Korean medicine is widely
used in general internal medicine as an alternative and
supplementary method. Many studies have found that
Korean medicine is effective in treating liver disease
[71], potential stroke patients (especially elderly
patients) [72], somatic symptom disorder [73], and
traumatic injury (blood stasis therapy) [74]. Moreover,
several South Korean scholars have studied the
pharmacological action and mechanism of action of
some Korean herbs and formulas. For example, the
low-polarity extract of Korean medicine ginseng is
shown to regulate the oxygen consumption rate of
cardiomyocytes cultured during mitochondrial
respiration [75]. The extracts of Forsythia suspensa
fruits are shown effective in the treatment of peripheral
neuralgia in cancer patients receiving oxaliplatin
chemotherapy [76]. Hyperoside (quercetin
3-O-galactoside), which is isolated from Acer
tegmentosum, can be used to treat liver-related diseases.
In addition, hyperoside is shown to exhibit
neuroprotective effects, which are likely mediated via
induction of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related actor
2-dependent heme oxygenase 1 activation and
inhibition of neuronal death caused by
6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress [77]. The
water extract of Acori Graminei Rhizoma is used to
treat arthritis and is shown to reduce the inflammatory
indicators [78]. A study demonstrated a potent
antitumor effect of Trichosanthes kirilowii seeds; the
effect might be partly attributed to AMPK activation
and induction of mitochondrial-mediated colorectal
cancer cell apoptosis [79]. Madi-Ryuk is widely used
in South Korea for the treatment of arthritis [80].
Sang-Hyul-Yun-Boo-Em is a mixed herbal formula
used for patients with skin diseases [81].
Jakyakgamcho-decoction is shown to be effective in
the treatment of colitis; the potential underlying
mechanisms are restoration of dysbiosis of gut
microbiota and host metabolites [82].
Zhuang medicine
Zhuang medicine has long history, quaint theories,
colorful diagnoses, treatment techniques and thousands
of consummate prescriptions. It has become an
important part of Chinese traditional medicine. Zhuang

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medicine provides effective means and methods for the
prevention and treatment of diseases. It is an important
medical and health resource in the Zhuang region of
China [83]. Our research revealed that the Zhuang
medicine-related publications mainly pertained to
biochemistry, molecular biology, chemistry
multidisciplinary, integrative complementary medicine,
and general internal medicine; the publications were
mainly from China. For example, a clinical study
demonstrated the efficacy of Zhuang medicine
moxibustion line therapy in the treatment of alopecia
areata [5]. Bawei Longzuan granule (a representative
Zhuang medicine preparation) can be used as a
supplement or an alternative traditional medicine for
the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; its therapeutic
effect is mainly mediated via inhibition of the
inflammatory response [84]. Longzuan Tongbi formula
is a Zhuang medicine prescription for the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis. A study employed network
pharmacology to study Longzuan Tongbi formula. The
results revealed three pathways (inflammatory
mediator regulation of transient receptor potential
channels, mammalian target of rapamycin signaling
pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor signaling pathway) that may have certain
effects in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [85].
Figure 1 Statistical analysis of annual publications of traditional medicine research on different Chinese
minorities
Figure 2 Statistical analysis of the relative percentage of Tibetan medicine-related publications in different
countries (A) and research areas (B) in 2019

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Table 1 The pharmacological effects and mechanisms of the traditional Tibetan ethnodrugs
and prescriptions
Ethnodrugs/
prescriptions
Traditional
application
Compounds Cells/animal models Dose
Pharmacological
action
Mechanisms References
Brassica rapa
Antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory
, antiradiation
activities
B. rapa
polysaccharides
Carbon tetrachloride
induced liver injury
in mice
55, 110, 220
mg/kg/d
Hepatoprotective
effect
By regulating apoptosis
and inflammatory
response and
downregulating the
JAK2/STAT3 signaling
pathway
[26]
Herpetospermum
caudigerum
To ameliorate
liver injury,
indigestion
The shell of the
Herpetospermum
caudigerum
Rats
100, 330
mg/kg/d
Hepatoprotective
effect
By resulting in energy
metabolism, oxidative
stress, and amino acid
metabolism disorders in
rats
[27, 28]
Veronica ciliata
To treat
hepatitis, it is
used in several
Tibetan
medicine
prescriptions
The ethyl acetate
fraction from
Veronica ciliata
Acetaminophen
-induced acute
hepatotoxicity in
mice and normal rat
liver cells BRL-3A
In vivo: 900,
600, 300
mg/kg/d
In vitro: 10,
25, 50, 100
μg/mL
Hepatoprotective
effect
Via activating the p62-
Keap1-nuclear factor
erythroid-2-related actor
2 pathway
[29]
Zhenlong
Xingnao capsule
To treat
ischemic stroke
–
Mouse microglial
cell BV-2 hypoxia
-reoxygenation and
rat middle cerebral
artery occlusion
infarction models
In vivo: 125,
250 mg/kg/d
in vitro: 10%
drug serum
Neuroprotective
effects
By downregulating the
expression of caspase-3
and NF-кB mRNA, p38
and caspase-3 and the
steady-state levels of
excitatory/inhibitory
amino acids during acute
ischemia and reperfusion,
and by increasing
total antioxidant capacity
and superoxide dismutase
activities during ischemia
[37]
Jikan Mingmu
drops
To treat dry eye
syndrome
(DES)
–
DES was induced in
db/db mice by
applying 0.2%
benzalkonium
chloride to the ocular
surface for 7 days
0.25, 0.5, 1
g/mL
Ameliorates DES
By inhibiting
inflammation
[38]
Rhodiola
crenulata
To treat
hypobaric
hypoxia
(HH)-induced
brain injury
R. crenulata
aqueous extract
HH-induced brain
injury in rats
0.315, 0.63,
1.26 g/kg/d
Attenuates
HH-induced brain
injury
By regulating apoptosis
and mitochondrial energy
metabolism via the
HIF-1α/microRNA
210/ISCU1/2 (COX10)
signaling pathway
[30]
PC
Widely used in
traditional
Tibetan and
Amchi system
of medicine
A PC containing
H. rhamnoides
fruit, P.
armeniaca fruit,
and R. imbricata
dry root extract
(100: 50: 1)
HH-induced
neurodegeneration in
male Sprague
Dawley rats
250 mg/kg/d
Neuroprotective
effects
Activation of the
PI3K/Akt pathway
through brain derived
neurotrophic
factor/tyrosine kinase
receptor B interactions,
thereby inhibiting
hippocampal neuron
apoptosis and memory
impairment
[39]
Yinian Kangbao
tea
Lipid-lowering –
Male ApoE-/- mice,
wild-type mice
100, 400
mg/kg/d
Prevents
dyslipidemia
Likely related to changes
in gut microbiota
composition and changes
in serum metabolite
abundance
[40]
Swertia chirayita
To treat liver
infections,
inflammation,
abdominal pain,
and bacterial
infection
The xanthones
from Swertia
chirayita
Macrophage cells
RAW 264.7
–
Anti-inflammatory
effects
By regulating
COX-2/NF-κB
/MAPKs/Akt signaling
pathways
[16, 31,
32]

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Table 1 The pharmacological effects and mechanisms of the traditional Tibetan ethnodrugs
and prescriptions (Continued)
Ethnodrugs/
prescriptions
Traditional
application
Compounds Cells/animal models Dose
Pharmacological
action
Mechanisms References
Qiwei Tiexie
capsule
Widely used for
long-term
treatment of
chronic liver
disease and
nonalcoholic
fatty liver
disease
–
Mouse adipocytes
cells 3T3-L1 and rats
with nonalcoholic
fatty liver disease
In vivo: 30,
90, 180
mg/kg/d
in vitro:
20% serum
contain
Hepatoprotective
effect
By regulating the liver
X receptor α,
peroxisome
proliferator-activated
receptor γ, and NF-κB/
inducible nitric oxide
synthase-nitric oxide
signal pathways
[41]
Anzhijinhua San
To treat
indigestion,
anorexia and
cold diarrhea
–
Ovalbumin-induced
diarrhea
46.8, 468.0
mg/kg/d
Anti-allergic diarrhea
By regulating the
serotonin pathway
[42]
Juniperus pingii
To treat
inflammatory
diseases
J. pingii var.
wilsonii
polysaccharides
Guinea pig serum
and acute lung injury
induced by H1N1
influenza virus
In vivo: 7.5,
15, 30
mg/kg/d
Anti-complementary
activity and attenuates
acute lung injury
induced by H1N1
influenza virus
By reducing the
inflammatory
responses, alleviating
oxidative stress and
inhibiting complement
activation
[35]
Srolo Bzhtang
Widely used to
treat airway
inflammation
Aqueous extract
of Srolo Bzhtang
A rat model of
cigarette
smoke-induced
chronic bronchitis
1.67, 2.50,
3.34 g/kg/d
Protective effects on
cigarette
smoke-induced airway
inflammation and
mouse mucin-5
subtype AC
hypersecretion
Likely related to the
downregulation of the
IL-13/STAT6 signaling
pathway
[43]
Qingpeng
ointment
To treat allergic
contact
dermatitis
–
Allergic contact
dermatitis induced
by squaric acid
dibutylester in mice
0.625, 1.25,
2.5 g/kg/d
Antipruritic effects
Attenuates the
pathological changes of
Th1/2 cytokines and
itch-related mediators,
and inhibits
phosphorylation of
MAPKs
[44]
The stems
Tinospora
sinensis
To treat
rheumatoid
arthritis
The ethyl acetate
fraction of
ethanolic extract
from the stems of
T. sinensis
Collagen-induced
arthritis model
50, 100, 200
mg/kg/d
Anti-arthritic activity
Likely due to inhibition
of the production of
pro-inflammatory
cytokines and
downregulation of the
MAPK signaling
pathway
[33]
Pterocephalus
hookeri
To treat various
diseases,
especially
rheumatoid
arthritis
Ethyl acetate
extract and
n-butanol extract
Normal human liver
cells L-02, leukemia
cells in mouse
macrophage RAW
264.7, and human
umbilical vein
endothelial cells;
male or female
Kunming mice
In vivo: 5
g/kg/d
In vitro:
ethyl acetate
extract: 80
μg/mL,
n-butanol
extract: 160
μg/mL
Liver toxicity
Liver toxicity was
mainly caused by
necrosis through
upregulation of
receptor-interacting
protein kinase 1 and
receptor-interacting
protein kinase 3 and
activation of NF-κB
signaling pathway
[34]
Gentianopsis
paludosa
To treat
hepatitis,
cholecystitis,
pyelonephritis,
diarrhea in
children
1-Hydroxy-3,7,8
-trimethoxyxanth
one
Human bone marrow
mesenchymal stem
cells, colon cancer
cells SW480
5, 10, 20
μg/mL
Inhibits the malignant
proliferation of human
bone marrow
mesenchymal stem
cells in colon cancer
microenvironment
By inhibiting
IL-6/STAT3 signaling
pathway
[36]
Note: Srolo Bzhtang, consists of three herbs: Solms-Laubachia eurycarpa, Bergenia purpurascens, Glycyrrhiza
uralensis, and a lac; Qingpeng ointment, combination of nine kinds of herbal components (O. falcata, R. lhasaense,
T. chebula, T. Billerica, P. emblica, S. tonkinensis, T. sinensis, and S. musk) at a weight ratio of 20: 10: 15: 20: 20:
20: 7: 30: 5; PC, containing H. rhamnoides fruit, P. armeniaca fruit, and R. imbricata dry root extract (100: 50: 1). –,
not mentioned. DES, dry eye syndrome; HH: hypobaric hypoxia.

REVIEW doi: 10.12032/TMR20200214162
Figure 3 Statistical analysis of the relative percentage of Uyghur medicine-related publications in different
research areas in 2019
Figure 4 Statistical analysis of the relative percentage of Mongolian medicine-related publications in
different countries (A) and research areas (B) in 2019
Figure 5 Statistical analysis of the relative percentage of Korean medicine-related publications in different
countries (A) and research areas (B) in 2019

REVIEW
doi: 10.12032/TMR20200214162
TMR | March 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 2 | 117
Table 2 The source and main constitutive herbs of all compound preparations in Mongolian medicine
Prescription name Source Constitutive herbs
RuXian-I Patent drug
Fructus Amomi Rotundus, Herba Leonuri Japonici, Flos Caryophylli, Fructus Gardeniae,
Rhizoma Gymnadeniae Conopseae, Semen Myristicae, Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum, Fructus
Hippophae, Thladiantha Dubia Bge, Sorbaria Sorbifolia, Fructus chebulae, Rhizoma
Kaempferiae, Flos Carthami, Radix Aucklandiae, Inula Helenium, Sabina chinensis, Faeces
Trogopteri, Semen Cyclogalanopsis Glaucae, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae, Lacca, Folium
Eriobotryae Japonicae, Radix Arnebiae, Trollius Chinensis Bunge, Radix Sophorae
Flavescentis, Fructus Toosendan, Radix Rubiae, Calculus Bovis, Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum,
Cordyceps and Borax
Jonlon-5
Ancient
prescription
Sophora alopecuroides, Terminalia chebula, Gardenia jasminoides, Terminalia bellirica,
Gentiana barbata
Naru-3
Ancient
prescription
Terminalia chebula, Piper longum, Aconitum kusnezoffii
Dedu
seven-ingredient
pill with safflower
Ancient
prescription
Safflower, Viola philippica, Gypsum fibrosum, Ephedra, Scabiosa, Terminalia chebula, Akebia
quinate
Other minority medicine
In addition to the above-mentioned research hotspots
pertaining to CMTM, other scholars have studied Yao
medicine and Dai medicine (other Chinese minority
traditional medicines). Yao medicine represents the
crystallization of wisdom acquired by Yao people over
the years. It has a long history, rich treatment
experience, and unique national style. For instance,
Mallotus conspurcatus croizat (Euphorbiaceae) is a
medicinal plant that is widely used by the Yao people
for treatment of inflammation [86]. The whole plant of
Jasminum pentaneurum has been widely used to treat
rheumatism, stomach pain, asthma, nephritis,
bronchitis, and cancer. Twelve active ingredients have
been isolated from Jasminum pentaneurum, including
a new secoiridoid glycoside, 10-
(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoate) -glucoside, eight
phenols, and three secoiridoid glycosides [87]. Dai
medicine is also one of the ancient traditional
medicines in China. Obcordata A is a
polyoxypregnane glycoside obtained from Dai
medicine Aspidopterys obcordate. Some scholars have
shown that obcordata A can be used as NOX4
inhibitor to prevent kidney stones [88]. In Dai
medicine, areca nut (a common folk herbal medicine
of the Dai people) has been used to treat diarrhea,
abdominal distention, malaria, and indigestion. Studies
have shown that it is composed of areca nut, betel leaf
(Piper betle), lime (calcium hydroxide), and
sometimes other ingredients (such as tobacco), which
can be used to treat toothache, sore throat, gum
problems, itching, and hemoptysis [89].
Conclusion and prospective
In short, the CMTM has shown considerable
developments over time, both in theory and in practice.
Indeed, CMTM has made great contributions in
preventing and treating various diseases and protecting
the health of people of all ethnic groups. The 2019
annual research reports show that the research focus
has mainly been on the effects and mechanisms of the
active ingredients of minority traditional medicines
and the special prescriptions or therapies used in the
ethnic areas. However, most research has focused on
the preliminary mechanism of action of the crude
extracts of ethnic medicines or formulas. The specific
effective monomer composition and in-depth
mechanism of action are yet to be elucidated. In
addition, there is relatively more research on Tibetan
medicine, Korean medicine, and Mongolian medicine.
There is relatively less research on other ethnic
medicine systems such as Dong medicine and Tujia
medicine. This may be attributable to the deficient or
lacking theories of other ethnic medicines. It is worth
mentioning that with the advancement and
development of science and technology, collaboration
between various disciplines and laboratories, and the
efforts of medical scholars of ethnic minorities in
China, there is an increasing trend of in-depth research
on CMTM. Moreover, the CMTM is gradually evoking
the interest of foreign scholars. For example, studies
related to Korean medicine have been mostly
conducted by South Korean scholars. Therefore,
Chinese scholars should pay more attention to the
minority traditional medicine in the future. In
particular, the exploration, protection, and research on
traditional medicines and formulas, including research
on chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and
in-depth mechanism, will provide a solid theoretical

REVIEW doi: 10.12032/TMR20200214162
basis for the modern development of the CMTM.
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