This document discusses various photographic terminology including shutter speed, ISO, aperture, depth of field, white balance, rule of thirds, and color theory terms like analogous and complementary colors. Shutter speed determines how long the camera shutter is open to expose light, affecting motion blur. ISO determines the camera's light sensitivity. Aperture size affects depth of field and the amount of light entering the camera. The rule of thirds provides a compositional guideline. Analogous colors are next to each other on the color wheel while complementary colors are opposite. Examples are given to demonstrate each term.

1. Unit 57: Photography and Photographic Practice Terminology
P1, P2, M1, M2
Photographic Terminology
Louise Maher

2. Shutter Speed
Shutter speed refers to the length of time the shutter on the camera is open in order
to expose light into the camera sensor, allowing photographers to create dramatic
effects such as freezing motion or blurring it. A slow shutter speed will result in
blurred motion in which the moving object will appear blurred and as a result
communicate a sense of movement to the person viewing the image. Whereas when
using a fast shutter speed the moving object will be frozen within the image.
In order to demonstrate how changing the shutter speed setting on a camera
can affect an image I took several photos using different shutter speed
settings, the photo on the right was taken using a fast shutter speed of 1/400
a second, therefore the motion within the image has froze, whereas the photo
on the left was taken using a slow shutter speed of 1/10 a second and as a
result the motion within the image has been blurred.

3. ISO
The ISO setting on a camera determines the level of sensitivity of a camera to
the light available, which means the lower the ISO setting the less sensitive the
camera will be to the available light whereas the higher the ISO setting the more
sensitive the camera will be to light. Therefore a higher ISO setting allows you to
take photographs in darker conditions without using a flash, however it can also
cause visual distortion therefore reducing the image quality.
ISO-100
After taking a number of the same photographs
with different ISO settings to demonstrate how
changing the ISO setting affects an image, it is
clear from the photo to the left that by using a lower
ISO setting of ISO-100 resulted in a much darker
image due to the fact that the camera is less
sensitive to the light that was available when
shooting.

4. ISO-800
ISO-3200
The image on the left was taken with the
ISO setting ISO-800. This created a much
brighter and clean image.
The image on the left was taken using the
setting ISO-3200 , as you can see due to
the high ISO setting the camera was much
more sensitive to the light available
therefore creating an overly exposed
image. Also due to the high ISO setting
there is a lot of noise within the image
therefore reducing the image quality.
In conclusion I feel that taking into
consideration the amount of light that
was available when shooting these
photos, ISO-800 was the best setting to
use.

5. Aperture & Depth of Field
Aperture is measured in f-stops and by changing the f stop setting it determines the
size of the opening in the lens which opens when you press the shutter release
button therefore the larger the hole, the more light gets into the camera whereas the
smaller the hole, the less light gets into the camera, however on a camera the
smaller the f-stop number the bigger the aperture opening and the larger the f-stop
number the smaller the aperture opening therefore this can cause confusion for
photographers.
A prime example of aperture is the 2 photos I
have taken on the left. The top image was
taking using the f-stop setting f/8 therefore
the opening in the lens is much smaller
therefore reducing the amount of light getting
into the camera, resulting in a darker image,
whereas the photo on the bottom was taken
using the f-stop setting f/4 therefore meaning
the opening in the lens was much larger,
therefore allowing more light into the
camera, resulting in a much brighter image.

6. Aperture & Depth of Field
Depth of field refers to the range of distance within and image which is sharp
and in focus in contrast to the rest of the image which will appear more blurry
weather that is the foreground or background. Aperture plays a large part in
successfully achieving depth of field within an image along with shutter speed
and iso, depth of field can be achieved by using a fast shutter speed setting
along with a small aperture setting.
As you can see above, the photo on the right was taken using a fast shutter
speed of 1/200sec and using the smaller f-stop setting of f/2 and as a result
the main subject is sharp and in focus, in contrast to the wall in the
background which is blurred. Whereas the photo on the left was taken using
the same shutter speed 1/200sec however I changed the f-stop setting to f/4
and therefore it resulted in an image where the subject isn’t in focus and the
background is a lot less blurred that the image on the right.

7. White Balance
By changing the white balance setting on a camera it will change the colour balance
within an image depending on the type of light available when shooting.
As you can see from the images below, each of which I took using a different white
balance setting, due to the fact that a camera records things exactly how they are
this can result in a colour cast over the image and in order to correct this a
photographer must use the correct white balance setting depending on the type of
light available when shooting.

8. Rule of thirds
Rule of thirds is a well known principle of photographic composition which involves
breaking an image into thirds both horizontally and vertically so that there are 9 parts
to the image. By using this principle a photographer is able to capture a variety of
well balanced and interesting images. The theory behind the rule of thirds principle is
that if the points of interest within the image is in the intersecting lines the image will
be more balanced and it will allow the person viewing the image to view it more
naturally.
When taking the photo on the right,
I kept in mind the rule of thirds
principle, ensuring that the subjects
face, in particular the subjects eyes
and nose were within the
intersecting lines, therefore making
this the point of interest.

9. Analogous colours
& complementary colours
Analogous colours – This refers to using
colours within an image which are next to
each other on the colour wheel, for example if
a photographer was going to capture an image
yellow flowers against a green field, this would
be the use of analogous colours. Using an
analogous colour theme within an image can
give photographs flow and harmony.
Complementary colours – This refers to
using colours within an image which are
opposite each other in the colour wheel for
example if the two dominate colours within
an image was blue and orange this would
be use of complementary colours therefore
creating a great contrast and more
appealing image, however using
complementary colours does have the
potential to clash