Philippine Literature During the Japanese period (1942-1960)

1. OCCUPATION OF JAPANESE(1942-1960)

2. THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES(1941-1945)
TOPICS:
1. Life During the war Times
2. Japanese Martial Law
3. Reforming The philippine Government
4. The Second Republic pf the Philippines
5. Resistance and Restorations

3. INTRODUCTION
• In 1941, the commonwealth government was interrupted with japan's bombing of the US
Naval Base at Harbor in Hawai that started the second world war. Following the attack of
Pearl Harbor. Japanese bombed Manila and surburbs. In order to save Manila from
destruction, General Douglas MacArthur declared it as an “open city”.
However, the bombing continued resulting in the destruction of Manila and other other
place in the philippines. Shortly after the occupation of Manila, the japanese forces
establishing their goverment in the country that lasted until 1945.
• Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of japan. A highly
effective guerilla campaign by philippine resistance forces controlled sixty percent of the
islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. MacArthiur supplied them by submarine, and
sent reinforcements and officers. Filipinos remained loyal to the united states, partly
because of the American guarantee of independence, and also because the japanese had
pressed large numbers of filipinos into work details and even put young filipino women
into brothels.

4. LIFE DURING THE WAR TIMES
• The life of filipino people during the World War II under the Japanese occupation was
one of the painful, tragic and historic that happened in the philippine history. Thousands
of filipino people and american soldiers have suffered and countries of lives have been
claimed. It took years before philippine finally got their freedom with the help of
americans led by General Douglas MacArthur.
• December 8,1941
-A few after the japanese bombed pearl Harbor, and the US NAVAL Base in hawai,
the killer Japanese squadron headed to the philippines.
-Various parts of the philippines were bombed including Davao, Tuguguerao, Baguio,
Zambales and Tarlac.
- Japanese squadron targeted the US Military and Instalations like those in Tarlac,
Clark Field and Nicholas Field.
• December 9, 1941- few US Fighter planes in the philipppines were destroyed on the
very first day of hte japanese attack.
• after only two days of sustained air strikes, the japanese troops succcesfully invaded
various part of the philippines.
• Mark arthur was not able to stop the invading japanese and he admitted that there was
no snese defending Manila. He ordered the move of important USAFFE suplies to
Bataan and Corregidor and to destroy whatever they could not carry with them.

5. • Before christmas of 1941- President Quezon, his family and the War Cabinet moved
to corregador. They left Manila under secretary Jorge B. Vargas who was appointed
as the Manila Mayor, Jose P. Laurel and other chief officers of commonwealth.
• On December 26, 1941, after abandoning Manila, MacArthur declared Manila as
“OPEN CITY”
• General MacArthur Assembled all USAFFE forces in Bataan and Corregidor to make
their last stand and to safely spirit out of the country the commonwealth leadership
and him.
• On January 2,1942-Finally declaring the end of American occupation in the
philippines wherein it's the start of the japan martial law.
• In March 1942- MacArthur, his family and staff escaped from corregidor to australia
and was here when MacArthur uttered his famous line” I SHALL RETURN”.
• The Japanese led by General Homma unleashed the full strength of the japanese
soldiers, supported by tanks and artillery,fighter planes and naval gunship proceeded
to pound and crush Bataan and corregidor.
• April 9, 1942- Fall of Bataan and surrendering of 75,000 troops consisting of 63,000
filipinos and 12,000 Americans to avoid further blood shed.
• May 7, 1942-Fall of corregidor wherein japanese captured 36,000 Filipino and
american soldier.

6. BATAAN DEATH MARCH
• One of the most tragic that happened during the japanese occupation.
• They were forced to march for about 65 miles in searing tropical heat with
provisions of food, water, shelter or medicine.
• Those who can longer walk were bayonated or beaten to death.
• it claimed 10,1000 filipino lives and 250 to 650 American troops died.
• Another 20,000 died inside the prison camp at camp O Donell.
• The death march lasted for 8 days started on April 9,1942, to April17,1942.

7. JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINE
• Japan implemented Martial Law for duration of its control in the philippines. The Japanese
High Command established the military Administration in the philippines to manage the
Political, economical and cultural affairs of the country.
• January 2, 1942- The first Japanese contigent enter manila and were cheered on as
liberator.
-Lt. Gen Homma declared the end of American rule in the philippines and imposed martial
law on all occupied areas
• January 3, 1942-General Masaharu Homma issued a proclamation anouncing the end of
american occupation and the official imposition of the martial in hte country.
SOME ORDERS THAT IMPLEMENTED DURING MARTIAL LAW
1. Surrender of Firearms-those who were still cought with weapons were detained at dungeons
of fort santiago and in other detention.
2. Curfew-starting 8:00 PM - 6:00 AM then from midnight to 6 AM.
3. Prohition of singing the national anthem and raising the flag.
4. Ordering public officials to continue discharge their duties.
5. Proclamation of order wherin for every japanese killed, 10 filipinos lives will be taken in

8. JAPANESE RULES FOR FILIPINOS
1. Salutation of filipinos to the japanese.
2. Japanese flag should be displayed in every house,s door.
3. Everybody must out the sun-rise amband on the left arm.
4. Everybody shoukd have the certificate of residence.
5. Don't escape Japanese everytime you met them rather welcome them.
6. Unless you do not felt false prices you will be paid reasonable.
7. Prohibition to walk until the sun-set unt ila the sun-rise withouth carrying lamps.
8. Dont be fooled and bewildered by false propaganda by communists,bandits and chinese.
9. The incendiarism accidental fire and robber will be punished.
10.The holding of arms is allowed by the army butt the arms-holder must report to the mayor
and get permission.
11.The jobless people can find one's jobs in army.
12.Be obidient to the orders of governors and mayor who are authorized.

9. • Guerella Movement- An organized effort by some portion of the filipino
people including some American soldiers to resist the legally establised
government by japanese.
-Major claude A. Thorp- Led Guerilla headquartes in zambales mountains.
• PUPPET GOVERNMENT
- A Government which is endowed with the outwards symbols of authority
but in which direction and control are exercised by onother power.
• Manila Mayor Jorge Vargas was tasked to organized a civil government.

10. REFORMING THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
THE PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE COMMISSION
-In accordance the instructions of President Manuel L. Quezon to Jorge Vargas, the filipino
officials in manila were told to enter into agreements and compromises with the japanese to
migitate the suffering of the people under the iron-clad rule of the japanese.
• January 2, 1942- Jorge Vargas ass Mayor of Gender Manila surrender the city to the
Japanese. This Vargas last act as a commonwealth official.
- Reamaining Filipino Officials were summoned by the Japanese as an unofficial council of state
in the residence of Jose Yulo.
• January 23, 1942- The philippine executive Comission was establised with Jorge Vargas as
the Chairman.
-The following are appointed as the department heads;
• Benigno Aquino sr,- Commissioner of the Interior
• Antonio delas Alas- Commissioner of Finance
• Jose P. Laurel- Commisioner of Justice
• Rafael Alunan- Commisioner o Agriculture And Forestry
• Claro M. Recto- Education and Public Welfare
• Quintin Paredes= Commissioner of Public works and communication.

11. • Teofilo Sison- Auditor General and Director of the Budget
• Jose Yulo- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
-The Philippine Executive Commission is composed of several pre-war Filipino
political leaders.
• December 8, 1942- The Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas(KALIPABI) is formed.
-Against the will of the PCPI delegates the new constitution was finalized on
July 10, 1943.
-Jose Vargas become the ex-officio president and Benigno Aquino Sr. was
appointed as the director-manager.

12. THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
THE ROAD TO JAPANESE-SPONSORED INDEPENDENCE
• In an attempt to win the loyalty of the filipinos. Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, in
January 1942, announced that japan would grant the philippines “The Honor of
Independence”.
• May 6, 1943-Prime Minister Tojo anounces offer of independence in Manila. The Kalibapi
then formed the prepatory committee on philippines Independence(PCPI) which was
tasked to draft a new constitution for the Philippines.
-The KALIBAPI ratifies constitution on september 7, 1943 and the PCPI approved the new
constitution on September 14, 1943.
• September 20,1943- KALIBAPI held a convention party.
-Election of 54 members of national assembly
-Assembly was made by 108 members but half of this number was composed of incumbent
governors and city mayors.
• September 25,1943- National assembly convenes, elects Laurel as president and
Benigno as the Speaker.
• October 14,1943- Inaugration of Republic of the Republic of the Philippines with Jose P.
Laurel was elected as the President of the Republic.
-Pact of alliance with Japan.

13. • Japanese started using propaganda to gain trust and confidence of Filipinos who refused to
cooperate with them.
• Giant posters were hung with slogans as “ the Philippines belong to the Fiilipinos” as well as
newspapers, media, movies and othe publicized the same idea.
• The japanese worked for the enlistment of the philippines into the Greater East Co-Prosperity
Sphere, a long range economic plan for japanese conquered territories.
• Febuary 2, 1944-National Assembly of the Philippines meets for the last time.
• September 21, 1944- President Laurel proclaimed that Philippines was “in a state of war” with the
Allied Powers.
-In large part, Japanese disappointment with laurel led to the Republic under Laurel being
suspended by the MAKAPILI, organized in December 8, 1944 to more militantly oppose the
returning American forces and Filipino Guerillas.
• December 22, 1944- the Japanese brought the Laurel and his cabinet to the Mansion House in
Baguio.
• Febuary 1945- Laurel depart from manila.
• March 20, 1945- Laurel reorganizes government. All officials not going to japan resigned,
including Yulo as chief Justice.
• April 3, 1945-Laurel established second Republic government in exile in Jpan.
• August 17, 1945- Laurel formally dissolves the Second Philippine Republic.

14. THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
THE 1943 CONSTITUTION
-Adopted 12 of the articles from the 1935 constitution.
-One notable characteristics of the 1943 constitution is the
absence of the Bill of Rights.
-Jose P. Laurl was elected as the preisdent of the second
Republic, both Benigo Aquino Sr. and Ramon.

15. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION
RESSISTANCE
• Japanese occupation of the philippines was opposedby active and succesful underground
and guerilla activity that increased over the years and that eventualy covered a large of the
portion of the country.
• The Philippine guerilla movement continued to grow in spite of japanese campaigns against
them.
• The Island of Mindanao being farthest from the center Japanese occupation had 38,000
guerilla who were eventualy consilidated under the command of amaerican Civil Engeneer
Colonel Wendell Fertig.
• HUKBALAHAP(Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon) or the people 's Anti- Japanese Army.
-One ressistance group in the Central Luzon areas.
-Organized in early 1942 under the leadership of Louis Taruc, a communist party membership
since 1939.
• Agreed to fight Japanese as a unified guerilla army.

16. RESTORATION
• October 20, 1944- They landed in Leyte.
• October 23-26,1944- American engaged japanese forces in Batlle of Leyte Gulf.
-Almost destroyed the entire Japanese Fleet.
-Signaled the beginning of the philippine Liberation from the Japanese.
• October 23, 1944- The commonwealth Government was restored on Philippine.
-General Douglas MacArthur as military commander had issued a
proclamation nitrifying all acts of the Philippine Executive Commission and the
second Republic.
• The Supreme Court of the Philippines reiterated this nullification in a decision on
September 17, 1945 (subsequent decisions) but pointed out president osmena
recognized the validity of some judicial acts of a non-political nature.
• The Supreme court categorized the philippine Executive Comission and the
Second Republic as a de facho(meaning rightful or legitimate) status of the second
Republic are legally recognized.
• President Laurel has been included in the roster of Philippine President since
1960s.

17. PROMISE OF INDEPENDENCE
• On july4, 1946- The Philippine granted the independence.
• Bell Trade Act was passed.
• US still has acces of the Philippines resources.
• US bases still remain in the philippines.
Philippine Independence was eventualy achieved on Julu 4, 1946.
The 1935 Constitution which featured a political system virtually
identical to the Americano one became operative. The system called
for a president to be elected at large for a 4 year term(subject to one
re-election), a bicameral and an independent judiciary.