Spanish Colonization (1521-1898)
The Spanish arrived in the Philippines in 1521 and established a colony in
1565. They introduced Christianity, established a centralized government,
and imposed their culture and language on the Filipino people. The
Spaniards also implemented a system of forced labor and tribute that
exploited the indigenous peoples and led to uprisings and resistance
movements.
Philippine Revolution (1896-1898)
The Filipinos, led by Andres Bonifacio and other revolutionary leaders,
launched a revolution against Spanish colonial rule. The revolution was
initially successful, but was eventually suppressed by Spanish and
American forces.

Spanish-American War ended in December 1898
Spain sold the entire Philippine archipelago to the United States for $20 million.
The Philippines had acquired a new colonial ruler. The United States had acquired
a colony the size of Arizona, located more than 4,000 miles away across the
Pacific.
But in the purchase, the United States also had received control over ancient
Muslim sultanates still angry about the Spanish takeover centuries earlier. More
urgently, it confronted a separate Catholic nationalist rebel movement, led by
Emilio Aguinaldo. War soon erupted between the nationalists and the American
troops stationed in the islands. The outgunned Filipinos adopted guerilla tactics;
the U.S. army responded by rounding peasants into "reconcentration camps" and
declaring entire areas battle zones, in which no distinctions were made between
combatants and civilians. At least 4,200 American and 16,000 Filipino soldiers are
thought to have been killed in the fighting. Historians have debated the scale of
civilian deaths, with estimates ranging from 200,000 to almost 1 million.

American Colonization (1898-1946)
After the Spanish-American War, the United States took control of the
Philippines and established a colonial government. The Americans introduced
a new system of education, established democratic institutions, and built
infrastructure, but also implemented policies that favored American interests
and suppressed Filipino nationalism.

The establishment of the Commonwealth Government
In 1935, the US Congress passed the Philippine Independence
Act, which provided for the establishment of a self-governing
Commonwealth of the Philippines. The Commonwealth
government, led by President Manuel Quezon, oversaw the
transition towards full independence.

Manuel L. Quezon (President, 1935-1944)
Quezon was the first President of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines, and his administration is known for the
establishment of the National Defense Act of 1935, the creation
of the Philippine Army, and the construction of roads and
bridges to connect the different regions of the country.
Quezon also advocated for Filipino independence, and his
efforts led to the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934,
which provided for Philippine independence in 1946.

The Tydings-McDuffie Act
This act, passed in 1934, provided for the eventual independence
of the Philippines and set a timetable for the withdrawal of
American troops from the country.

The Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Commonwealth of
the Philippines, along with some of their important deeds:
1. Manuel L. Quezon (President, 1935-1944)
Quezon was the first President of the Commonwealth of
the Philippines, and his administration is known for the
establishment of the National Defense Act of 1935, the
creation of the Philippine Army, and the construction of
roads and bridges to connect the different regions of the
country. Quezon also advocated for Filipino independence,
and his efforts led to the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie
Act in 1934, which provided for Philippine

The Presidents and Vice Presidents of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, along with some of
their important deeds:
Sergio Osmeña (Vice President, 1935-1944)
Osmeña was the Vice President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, and he became
the President of the Philippines after Quezon's death
in 1944. During his time as Vice President, Osmeña
focused on economic development, and he helped
establish the Philippine National Bank to provide
credit to farmers and small businesses.

The Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Commonwealth
of the Philippines, along with some of their important
deeds:
2. Manuel Roxas (President, 1946-1948)
Roxas was the last President of the Commonwealth of
the Philippines, and he became the first President of the
independent Republic of the Philippines in 1946. Roxas is
known for his efforts to rebuild the country after World
War II, including the establishment of the Philippine
Rehabilitation Act of 1946, which provided funds for the
reconstruction of war-torn areas. Roxas also signed the
Bell Trade Act in 1946, which allowed for free trade
between the Philippines and the United States.

The Presidents and Vice Presidents of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, along with some
of their important deeds:
Elpidio Quirino (Vice President, 1946-1948)
Quirino was the Vice President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, and he
became the President of the Philippines after
Roxas's death in 1948. As Vice President, Quirino
worked to establish the Philippine Congress, and
he helped create the Social Security System to
provide retirement benefits to workers.

• Under pressure of superior numbers, the
defending forces withdrew to the Bataan
Peninsula, and to the Island of Corregidor at the
entrance of Manila Bay.
• January 2, 1942, Manila was declared an open
City to prevent its destruction and was occupied
by the Japanese.
The defense continued until the final surrender of
US to Philippines forces on Bataan Peninsula in
April 1942 and on Corregidor in May.

Prisoners of War Captures by Japanese
Quezon and Osmenia had accompanied troops to Corregidor and later
left for the United States where the set-up government exile.

Quezon and Osmenia had accompanied
troops to Corregidor and later left for the
United States where the set-up government
exile

The Bataan Death March
(Tagalog: Martsa ng Kamatayan sa Bataan, Japanese: Batān Shi no
Kōshin)
April 9, 1942
was the forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of
60,000–80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war after the
three-month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War
II. All told, approximately 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 100–650 American
prisoners of war died before they could reach their destination at Camp
O'Donnell.
The reported death tolls vary, especially amongst Filipino POWs,
because historians cannot determine how many prisoners blended in
with the civilian population and escaped.
The march went from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando,
Pampanga.
From San Fernando, survivors were loaded to a box train and they
were brought to Camp O'Donell in Capas, Tarlac.

∙ Robert Sheats
∙ Wilburn Snyder
∙ James C. Spencer
∙ Benigno G. Tabora
∙ Robert P. Taylor
∙ Mario Tonelli
∙ Thomas J. H. Trapnell
∙ Teófilo Yldefonso
The 128 km (80 mi) march was characterized by wide-ranging physical abuse
and murder, and resulted in very high fatalities inflicted upon prisoners and
civilians alike by the Japanese Army, and was later judged by an Allied
military commission to be a Japanese war crime.
Notable survivors
• Bert Bank
• Albert Braun
• Thomas F. Breslin
• Albert Brown
• Jose Calugas
• Virgilio N. Cordero, Jr.
• William Dyess
• Alva R. Fitch
• Samuel Abraham Goldblith
• Samuel Grashio
• Samuel L. Howard
• Ray C. Hunt
• Harold Keith
• Johnson

Japanese Occupation(1942-1945)
After occupying most of the Philippines, the military began
organizing a new government structure.
Although the Japanese had promised independence for
the islands after occupation, they organized a council of
state through which they directed civil affairs until
October 1943.

Philippines as an “Independent” Republic
under the Japanese:
The Japanese sponsored republic that was headed by
President Jose p. Laurel.
José Paciano Laurel y García (March 9, 1891 –
November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician and judge.
He was the president of the Second Philippine
Republic, a Japanese puppet state when occupied
during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Since the
administration of President Diosdado
Macapagal (1961–1965), Laurel has been officially
recognized by later administrations as a former
president of the Philippines.

Jose P. Laurel (President, 1943-1945)
Laurel was the President of the Japanese-sponsored
Second Philippine Republic during World War II. His
administration is known for the establishment of a new
constitution, the creation of a Japanese-backed military,
and the implementation of policies that favored Japanese
interests.
Benigno S. Aquino Sr. (Vice President, 1943-1944)
Aquino was the Vice President of the
Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic. He
resigned from his position in 1944 to join the
anti-Japanese resistance movement.

Philippine collaboration in Japanese-sponsored political institutions began
under Jorge B. Vargas, who was originally appointed by Quezon as the
mayor of Greater Manila before Quezon departed Manila.
The only political party allowed during the occupation was the
Japanese-organized KALIBAPI or Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa bagong
Pilipinas, a Facist Filipino political party.

Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by active and
successful underground and guerrilla activity that increased over the years
which eventually covered a large portion of the country. Opposing these
guerrillas were a Japanese-formed Bureau of Constabulary (later taking the
name of the old Constabulary during the Second Republic, Kempeitai, and
the Makapili.
Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000 people were in guerrilla
organizations and that members of the anti-Japanese underground were even
more numerous. Such was their effectiveness that by the end of the war,
Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces.
The Philippine guerrilla movement continued to grow, in spite of Japanese
campaigns against them.

The guerrilla forces, in turn, built up their stashes of arms and explosives and
made plans to assist MacArthur's invasion by sabotaging Japanese
communications lines and attacking Japanese forces from the rear.
Various guerrilla forces formed throughout the archipelago, ranging from
groups of U.S. Army Forces Far East (USAFFE) forces who refused to
surrender to local militia initially organized to combat banditry brought about
by disorder caused by the invasion.
Several islands in the Visayas region had guerrilla forces led by Filipino
officers, such as Colonel Macario Peralta in Panay, Major Ismael
Ingeniero in Bohol, and Captain Salvador Abcede in Negros. The island of
Mindanao, being farthest from the center of Japanese occupation, had
38,000 guerrillas that were eventually consolidated under the command of
American civil engineer Colonel Wendell Fertig.

One resistance group in the Central Luzon area was known as
the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the People's
Anti-Japanese Army organized in early 1942 under the leadership of Luis
Taruc, a communist party member since 1939.
The Huks armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over
portions of Luzon.
However, guerrilla activities on Luzon were hampered due to heavy
Japanese presence and infighting of the various groups, including
Hukbalahap troops attacking American-led guerrilla units, such as SPWA,
and made up former Philippine Army and Philippine Scouts soldiers who
had been released from POW camps by the Japanese.

By the end of the war some 277 separate guerrilla units made up of some
260,715 individuals fought in the resistance movement.
Select units of the resistance would go on to be reorganized and equipped as
units of the Philippine Army and Constabulary.

End of the occupation
When General MacArthur returned to the Philippines with his army late in
1944, he was well supplied with information. It has been said that by the time
MacArthur returned, he knew what every Japanese lieutenant ate for
breakfast and where he had his hair cut. But the return was not easy.
The Japanese Imperial General Staff decided to make the Philippines their
final line of defense, and to stop the American advance toward Japan. They
sent every available soldier, airplane and naval vessel into the defense of the
Philippines. The Kamikaze corps was created specifically to defend the
Philippines

The Battle of Leyte Gulf ended in disaster for the Japanese and was the
biggest naval battle of World War II, and the campaign to re-take the
Philippines was the bloodiest campaign of the Pacific War. But intelligence
information gathered by the guerrillas averted a bigger disaster—they revealed
the plans of Japanese General Yamashita to entrap MacArthur's army, and
they led the liberating soldiers to the Japanese fortifications.
MacArthur's Allied forces landed on the island of Leyte on October 20, 1944,
accompanied by Osmeña, who had succeeded to the commonwealth
presidency upon the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944.
Landings then followed on the island of Mindoro and around the Lingayen
Gulf on the west side of Luzon, and the push toward Manila was initiated.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was restored.
Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of northern Luzon, where
Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila, where they put up a last-ditch
resistance.
The Philippine Commonwealth troops and the recognized guerrilla fighter
units rose up everywhere for the final offensive.
Filipino guerrillas also played a large role during the liberation.
One guerrilla unit came to substitute for a regularly constituted American
division, and other guerrilla forces of battalion and regimental size
supplemented the efforts of the U.S. Army units.
Moreover, the loyal and willing Filipino population immeasurably eased the
problems of supply, construction, civil administration and furthermore eased
the task of Allied forces in recapturing the country.

Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945.
The Philippines had suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical
destruction by the time the war was over.
An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed from all causes; of these
131,028 were listed as killed in seventy-two war crime events.
U.S. casualties were 10,380 dead and 36,550 wounded; Japanese dead were
255,795.

Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945.
The Philippines had suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical
destruction by the time the war was over.
An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed from all causes; of these
131,028 were listed as killed in seventy-two war crime events.
U.S. casualties were 10,380 dead and 36,550 wounded; Japanese dead were
255,795.

Japanese reason for invasion:
• Japan’s lack of resources is one of the main
reasons for Japan’s expansion and to prove
to America that Japan is the superior force of
the pacific

Japan’s 4 objective during the invasion:
1. Prevents the use of Philippines as an advance base for
operations by the American Forces.
2. To acquire staging areas and supply bases to enhance
operations against the Dutch East Indies and Guam.
3. To secure the lines of communication between occupied
areas in the south and the Japanese home Islands.
4. To limit the allied interaction when they attempt to launch
an offensive campaign in Australia and Solomon Islands
via dispatching all forces stationed in the country and
other neighboring nations.

GROUP 3
LESLEY I. APIGO
Mike Lorenz V. Vidal
Berham Colline
Cherry Catamora Crisanto