Full chapter slides for BS Zoology II

1. 1
Lecturer
Syeda Javariya Khalid
Teacher Assistant: ASAB NUST
MS. Industrial Biotechnology
Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences
NUST
Thesis title
Identification and Characterization of the Quorum Quenching Enzymes in Bacterial Strains Isolated from Sludge of Membrane Bioreactor
BS Zoology
University of Gujrat

2. ANIMALS
BEHAVIOUR

3. ■ The activities animals perform during their lifetime are called animal behavior.
■ Following are different approaches to animal behavior.
■ Comparative psychology
– Study genetic, neural and hormonal basis of animal behavior.
■ Ethology
– The study of animal behavior on the basis of evolution and the natural environment
is called ethology.
■ Behavioral ecology
– Emphasizes ecological aspects of animal behavior.
■ Sociobiology
– Study of evolution of social behavior.

4. ■ Proximate causes
– Immediate ecological and physiological causes of behavior
■ Ultimate causes
– it occurs on the evolutionary time scale
■ Anthropomorphism
– The application of human characteristic to anything not human
■ Development of behavior
– Genes and environment
■ maturation
– Some behaviors appear only after specific developmental stage or time
■ Instinct/Learning interaction
– The inherited behavior is called instinct.The change of behavior by life experiences is
called learning.
■ Imprinting
– The attachment of young animal towards other animal or object is called imprinting

5. Learning
■ The change of behavior by life experiences is called learning
■ Habituation
– The decrease in response to repeated or continuous stimulation is called habituation
■ Classical conditioning
– Pairing of an irrelevant stimulus with a natural primary stimulus that produces an automatic
response is called classical conditioning.
■ Instrumental conditioning
– The trial and error learning
■ Latent learning
– Making associations without immediate reinforcement or reward is called latent learning.
■ Insight learning
– The us of cognitive or mental processes to associate experiences and solve problems is called
insight learning

6. Control of behavior
■ Nervous system
– Feeding behavior in blow flies
– Control of aggressive behavior in rhesus monkey
■ Endocrine system

7. Communication
■ Transfer of information from one animal to another is called communication
– Intraspecific communication
– Interspecific communication
■ Animals have evolved combination of signals
– Visual communication
– Acoustic communication
– Tactile communication
– Chemical communication
■ Pheromones are chemicals that are synthesized by one organism and that affect the
behavior of another member of the same species.

8. Behavioral ecology
■ Habitat selection
– An animal`s choice of place to live
■ Physiological tolerance limits of animal
■ Choice of the animals based on available food resources, nest sites, lack of predator and past
experiences
■ Foraging behavior
– The process of locating food resources
■ Energy budget
– Energy gain from digesting a particular set of food items must exceed the cost of survival of an
animal.
■ Specialists
– Some animals are specialists for diet and habitat selection
■ Generalists
– These animals can eat variety of food and live in variety of habitat

9. Social behavior
■ Interaction among the members of the same species is called social behavior.
■ An aggregation of animals for some simple purposes like feeding, drinking and mating
is called group.
■ a stable group of individuals of same species that maintain a cooperative social
relationships is called animal society.

10. ■ Agonistic behavior
– The behavior in which one animal is aggressive or attacks another animal, the other
responds by returning the aggression or submitting is called agonistic behavior.
■ Territory
– The site defend by territorial animal by agonistic behavior is called territory of the
animal
■ Dominance hierarchy
– Some members of group have greater access to resources like food or mate than
others
■ Altruism
– An individual gives up or sacrifices some of its own reproductive potential to benefit
another individual is called altruism