2. 1. POPULATION GEOGRAPHY
Population geography:
Studies the inhabitants of the planet and their
relationship to the physical environment, analysing the
evolution and composition of the population and its
spatial distribution.
To find out about (conocer más detalles) the population,
geography uses a science:
demography, which deal with the quantitative and
statistical study of the population.
Therefore, is the statistical study of human populations,
especially with reference to size and density,
distribution, and vital statistics (births, marriages,
deaths, etc.).
3. A) USES OF DEMOGRAPHY.
Since ancient times, governments have tried
to monitor the number of inhabitants in
their territory to find out who has to pay
taxes or to make it easier to recruit soldiers.
For example, in ancient Rome censors
counted the population.
In modern times, states have other reasons
to be interested in population figures, such as
planning for the cost of pensions or
forecasting how many places are needed in
schools and hospitals.
4. B) DEMOGRAPHIC SOURCES.
Nowadays, developed countries count their
population using questionnaires, such as
census forms, which allow them to find out
accurate population figures, as well as
information about certain characteristics
(age, sex, occupation…).
However, in the poorest countries,
population figures are based on estimates
made by governments and by other
agencies, such as United Nations, which
allow them to know approximately
population figures.
5. C) DEMOGRAPHIC SOURCES IN SPAIN
THE POPULATION CENSUS: an official document
published by the National Institute of Statistics
(Instituto Nacional de Estadística o INE).
INE link:
http://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176951&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735572981
6. THE CIVIL REGISTRY: in this registry, the Ministry
of Justice records all births, deaths and marriages
that take place in the country. It is compulsory to
register these events.
7. THE MUNICIPAL REGISTER (padrón municipal): a
document prepared by municipalities which includes
data on age, sex, addresses, level of education and
economic activity of the inhabitants of a municipality.
8. Population geography studies the population from
two different perspectives:
DEMOGRAPHY
STATIC
Characteristics of population at any given time
DISTRIBUTION STRUCTURE
BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE: age or sex ECONOMIC SITUATION
DYNAMIC
Population´s evolution over time
NATURAL MOVEMENTS MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS
9. 2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION
Population structure can be biological (in terms of age and sex)
or economic (according to economic activity).
A) BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION.
Is its composition according to age and sex.
In terms of age, we can distinguish three groups:
the child population (0-14 years old)
the adult population (15-64 years old)
the elderly population (aged 65 and older).
According to sex, we can calculate the percentage of
men (males) and women (female) in the total
population. For example, in Spain there are more
females.
10. To study the biological structure of population, we can use population
pyramids. There are different types of population pyramids:
TRIANGLE SHAPE
It reflects a very young
population
(High birth rate and high
death rate)
High percentage of
population under 14 years.
Very small group of elderly
people.
Example: poor countries in
Africa or Asia.
BELL SHAPE
It reflects a young
population
(High birth rate but lower
death rate)
The group of elderly
people has increased
because the age of death
is higher.
Example: developing
countries (Brazil or
Argentina).
URN SHAPE
It reflects an ageing
population because of
fewer births
(Low birth rate and low
death rate)
Example: population of
Europe (image above) or
Spain and developed
countries, in general.
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
https://youtu.be/9gejJKbpqnM
12. B) ECONOMIC STRUCTURE.
Active population: people who are available to
work (Active population in Spain: 58 %).
Employed population: working population or
people who have a paid job.
Unemployed population: people who are looking
for a job (Unemployment rate in Spain: 16 %).
Inactive population: people who do not do paid
work and are not seeking it. It includes children
over 16, students, the retired, people unable to
work.
13. 3. NATURAL MOVEMENTS
THE BIRTH RATE (NATALIDAD): number of births during one
year. If we want to know whether the birth rate is high or
low, we have to calculate the crude birth rate according
to the following formula:
For example:
41.790
2.983.990
𝑥 1000
14,005 ‰
(2014) Armenia
Births 41.790
Total population 2.983.990
Note: birth rates are low in developed countries (rates lower
than 20 ‰), whereas less developed countries have rates with
higher values (can be as high as 50 ‰).
EUROPE: crude birth rates in Europe are between 9 ‰ and 11 ‰.
SPAIN: 8,8 ‰ (2016).
15. THE DEATH RATE (MORTALIDAD): number of deaths
during one year. If we want to know whether the death
rate of population is high or low, we have to calculate the
crude death rate according to the following formula:
For example:
27.196
2.983.990
𝑥 1000
9,11 ‰
Note: developed countries have low death rates (below 10 ‰),
whereas in less developed countries these rates are high (poor sanitary
conditions, hunger…).
For example, in Spain the crude death rate is 8.79 ‰ (2016).
(2014) Armenia
Deaths 27.196
Total population 2.983.990
16. OTHER DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS RELATED TO MORTALITY:
The infant mortality rate:
Less developed countries have a high infant mortality rate.
More developed countries have a low infant mortality rate.
In Spain: 2.7 ‰
Life expectancy:
Estimated average expresses the number of years that a
person can expect to live for from the moment of their birth.
Women have a higher life expectancy than men.
In less developed countries life expectancy is below 50, while
in developed countries it is about 80.
In Spain, life expectancy is 83 years.
http://www.elmundo.es/ciencia-y-
salud/salud/2017/11/24/5a16dd19268e3e063a8b4658.html
17. THE RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE.
To calculate the rate of natural increase over a period of time, this
formula is used:
Positive natural increase: if the number of births is higher than that of
deaths → population is growing.
Negative natural increase: if the number of deaths is higher than births →
number of inhabitants decreases.
Rate natural increase Spain:
187.703 −219.835
46.549.045
𝑥 100 = - 0,06 %
Note: The rate of natural increase in the world is at 1.2 %,
indicating that the world population is continuing to grow.
However, the highest rates correspond to developing
countries.
18. Currently, as you can see in the chart below, it is
calculated that the world population exceeds 7.3
billion.
19. 4. MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS
MIGRATION: is the movement of people
from one part of the planet to another.
Emigration: is the term used to indicate people
leaving the country in which they reside.
DEPARTURE OF PEOPLE FORM ONE PLACE.
Immigration: is used to indicate people arriving
at some country.
ARRIVAL OF PEOPLE TO ONE PLACE.
VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpXXvx1gCpU
20. ACTUAL INCREASE (Crecimiento Real).
Migratory movements can change the data of population.
Therefore, it is necessary to calculate de actual increase using
the following formula:
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
The result can be positive (population increase) or negative
(population decreases)
𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 − 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 −
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
IN SPAIN: THE ACTUAL INCREASE = 21.021
NATURAL INCREASE = - 32.132
NET MIGRATION = 52.926 (immigrants 237.111 – emigrants
184.189)
ACTUAL INCREASE = - 32.132 + 52-926 = 21.021
