2. Demographic Indicators:
A social concern is “an identifiable and definable aspiration
or concern of fundamental and direct importance to human
well-being”.
Indicators may be material, such as numbers related to
economic growth, and/or immaterial, such as values or
goals.
There are different Demographic Indicators, that usually
involve in development of Human beings, their societies and
countries as well..
3. Demographic Indicators:
The major demographic indicators include:
Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Composition Of Population
(age, gender, sex, marital status Skilled, unskilled population
etc)
Distribution Of Population
Natural Increase
4. Fertility Rate: Definition & Concept
“The ratio of live births in an area to the
population of that area; expressed per 1000
population per year.”
Mathematically,
Births / population X 1000
Its also called Crude Birth rate or Natality.
5. Fertility Rate of 1st World Countries (Canada)
The birth rate is usually the dominant factor in determining the rate
of population growth. It depends on both the level of fertility and the
age structure of the population.
According to 2011 Survey, the birth rate of Canada is
10.28births/1000 population.
7. Fertility Rate of 2nd World Country (China)
According to recent statistical analysis of 2011 the fertility
rate of China is 12.29(births/1000 population)
In the past few years, China is suffering from a demographic
problem of a different sort: too low a birth rate.
That is the steep decline in the average annual population
growth rate, down to 0.57% in 2000-10, half the rate of
1.07% in the previous decade.
The data imply that the total fertility rate (TFR), which is the
number of children a woman of child-bearing age can expect
to have, on average, during her lifetime, may now be just
1.4, far below the “replacement rate” of 2.1, which eventually
leads to the population stabilizing.
9. Causes Of Low Fertility Rate Among 1st &
2nd World Countries:
In Canada, children are considered expensive.
• Women tend to lose 10 to 20% of their income in the 10
years following childbirth; they may not return to full-time
work and often take less prestigious jobs than they had
before their children were born. Men's wages are not
affected.
• Every body wants good standard of living, (including males
and females)
10. Causes Of Low Fertility Rate Among 1st &
2nd World Countries:
So, more educated women may delay or avoid child-bearing
if it will damage their economic future and opportunities.
Mothers may also be less likely to be hired than non-
mothers with the same résumé.
"Kids are the new glass ceiling." Once a woman has
established her career, she may find it too much of a
disadvantage to step aside to have children
11. Effects of Low Fertility Rate:-
Across Europe, birth rates are falling and family sizes
are shrinking.
low fertility is accelerating the ageing of European
populations.
Canada will soon be facing serious demographic
issues that will threaten their standard of living.
Elderly people face growing health care needs
and costs.
these developments could pose significant
barriers to achieving the European Union (EU)
goals of full employment, economic growth, and
social cohesion.
12. Effects of Low Fertility Rate:-
Its also called “Population Implosion”, this particular term is
used when the population of any particular area implodes to
itself.
a shrinking workforce can reduce productivity.
the growing proportion of elderly individuals threatens the
solvency of pension and social insurance systems.
As household sizes decrease, the ability to care for the
elderly diminishes.
13. Fertility Rate Of 3rd world Countries (Pakistan)
The sustained high fertility and rapid growth of
population has made Pakistan the sixth most populous
country in the world with a population of 145.5 million
and will become the third most populous country by the
year 2050.
Declining mortality and sustained high fertility resulted
in accelerated growth rates of population since the
fifties.
The particular term “Population Explosion” refers to the
high fertility rate of 3rd world countries, when resources
decrease and population increase.
15. From 2000-2011 the variations in birth rates of
Canada, China and Pakistan are respectively
given below:-
:
16. Mortality Rate:
Mortality rate is a measure of the number of Deaths in a
population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit
time.
Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per
1000 individuals per year.
Mathematically:
Total deaths / total population X 1000
It is also called crude death rate (CDR)
20. Mortality Rate of 1st, 2nd & 3rd world
Countries:
The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality
situation in a country, accurately indicates the current
mortality impact on population growth.
This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and
most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death
rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as
declining fertility results in an aging population.
22. Demographic Transition Theory:
DTT was first given by Warren Thomson. He collected data
(1908-1927). He classified the countries into three different
Groups.
Group 1 : Contains 1st world Countries (Europe, USA), [Birth
increase, death Increase]
Group 2 : contains 2nd world Countries (Italy, Spain), [birth
increase, death decrease]
Group 3 : contains rest of the world ( include all 3rd world
countries), [Birth decrease, death decrease]
Conclusion:
Group 2 seems to be in good transition, while all 3rd world
countries have no control over their population.
24. Population Growth Rate:
The average annual percent change in the population,
resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and
the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country.
The rate may be positive or negative.
The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a
burden would be imposed on a country by the changing
needs of its people for infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals,
housing, roads), resources (e.g., food, water, electricity), and
jobs. Rapid population growth can be seen as threatening by
neighboring countries.
29. Migration:
It’s the permanent change in residence, from one place to
another with respect to political or administrative area.
It involves the detachment from organization of activities at
one place and the movement of the total round of activities to
another.
Migration rate is the difference between the number of
persons entering and leaving a country during the year per
1,000 persons (based on midyear population).
30. Migration:
Mathematically, net migration rate can be measured as:
CNMR = total in-migrants – total out migrants / average total
mid year population X 1000
In pre-modern world, rates of migration typically were fairly
low, but in modern era, migration rate become high among
youngsters, comparatively low in older age and children.
There are different factors of Migration, that may include
different push and pull factors.
31. Push-Pull Theory of Migration:
The idea was first put forward by Raven Stein in 1889, who
analyze migration in England using data from 1881 census
of England and Wales.
He concluded that pull factors were more important than
push factors.
For Example, If you lost your job, it could benefit you to
move if there are no other jobs available where you live now.
Some push & pull factors may include, primitive conditions,
desertification, pollutions, death threats and better living
conditions, security, enjoyment & security repectively.
39. Conclusions:-
According to Malthus, population grows geometrically and
resources grow arithmetically,
So, with increase in population, resources decrease, labor
force remains increase, their wages decrease, people work
maximum to earn subsistence.
Due to large number of consumers, resources become
depleted, and hence lead towards Poverty.
How to Avoid?
Education must be increased
Promote rationalization
Poor laws must be abolished
Birth control is necessary to limit family size, to limit burden
on World Economy, and also in the context of health and
medical care.
