General idea about demographics and it's impact on economy.

1. POPULATION AND
DEMOGRAPHICS
ECONOMICS (SEMESTER2)
MADE BY: BATCH 2 (2021-22)
GUIDED BY: DR. DEEPA MAM.

2. CONTENT
oINTRODUCTION
oDEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS
o FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION
o POPULATION GROWTH AND
OVERPOPULATION
o INFLUENCE ON ECONOMY

3. INTRODUCTION
 POPULATION:
The number of people who live in a particular area, city or country.
An example of a population would be the entire student body at a college. It would contain all the
students who study in that college at the time of data collection.
DEMOGRAPHICS:
Demographics are the characteristics of a population that have been categorized by distinct criteria—
such as age, gender and income—as a means to study the attributes of a particular group. The study of
demographic data is essential for businesses, organizations and governments to make decisions. Using
this data, businesses can create marketing strategies and governments can implement public policies.

4. DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS:
As a tool for objectively studying populations, population ecologists rely on a series of statistical
measures, known as demographic parameters, to describe that population. They are:
1) POPULATION SIZE
2) POPULATION DENSITY
3) AGE STRUCTURE
4) FECUNDITY
5) MORTALITY
6) SEX RATIO

5. POPULATION SIZE
o The number of individuals present in a subjectively designated geographic range.
o Ecologists usually estimate population size by counting individuals within a small sample area
and extrapolating that sample to the larger population.
o Swarms of locusts exceed carrying capacity with huge population sizes.
o capable of destroying farms as they move across the agricultural landscapes, eating everything in their path.

7. POPULATION DENSITY
o Population density is the concentration of individuals within a species in a specific geographic
locale.
o Population density data can be used to quantify demographic information and to assess
relationships with ecosystems, human health, and infrastructure.
o For example, a population of 100 insects that live in an area of 100 square meters has a density of 1
insect per square meter.
o Population density is calculated as population divided by total land area.

9. AGE STRUCTURE
oThe age structure of a population is the distribution of
people of various ages.
o It is a useful tool for social scientists, public health and
health care experts, policy analysts, and policy-makers
because it illustrates population trends like rates of births
and deaths.

11. FECUNDITY
o Fecundity measures the number of offspring that have the potential to give
rise to new individuals and continue on reproducing.
o In demographic studies, fecundity is calculated in age-specific birth rates,
which may be expressed as the number of births per unit of time.
o Fertility at the other hand, is simply the ability to sexually reproduce
successfully.

12. A COMMUNAL NEST OF SKINK EGGS DISPLAYS THE FECUNDITY OF
SEVERAL INDIVIDUALS.

13. MORTALITY
o Mortality is the measure of individual deaths in a population and serves as the counterbalance to
fecundity.
oLike fecundity, mortality is measured in rates, usually expressed as the number of individuals that die
in a given period (deaths per unit time) or the proportion of the population that dies in a given period
(percent deaths per unit time).
onegative effect on GDP per capita growth.

15. SEX RATIO
o Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in a given
population.
o In a society that has males and females equal in number, the sex ratio is 1:1 or
1000 females for every 1000 males.

17. FACTORS AFFECTING
POPULATION
o GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
oSOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL FACTORS
oCULTURAL FACTORS

20. POPULATION GROWTH
oPopulation growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group.
o Global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or 1.1% per year.
oThe global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.9 billion in 2020.
o World population day is an annual event observed on JULY 11, which seeks to raise awareness of
global population issue.
o current population of world is growing at the rate of 1.05% per year.

22. CHANGE IN POPULATION
OVER POPULATION
Overpopulation refers to the exceeding of
certain threshold limits of population density
when environmental resources fail to meet
the requirements of individual organisms
regarding shelter, nutrition and so forth.
UNDER POPUPALTION
Under-population is when a region or country has
insufficient workers to exploit their resources
efficiently, support retired populations and
provide growth. i.e. too few people to use all the
resources of an area to the maximum efficiency.

23. Optimum population Over population Under population

24. INFLUENCE ON ECONOMY
OVER POPULATION
•OVERUSE OF NATURAL RESOURSES
•LESS PER CAPTIA INCOME
•LESS MAN TO LAND RATIO
•UNEMPLOYMENT
•ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
•DECLINE IN QUALITY OF LIVING
UNDER POPULATION
•DECLINE IN INNOVATION
•LOSS OF CULTURE
•RISE IN DEPENDENCY RATIO
•RESOURSES ARE LEFT UNHARNESSED
•LESS YOUNG WORK FORCE