This document summarizes research on using demolished concrete waste as coarse aggregate in new concrete production. It finds that as urbanization increases, so does construction waste. Recycling this waste into new concrete aggregates helps preserve natural resources and reduce landfill usage. Tests show concrete with up to 30% recycled aggregates can meet strength standards. International standards and practices for recycled aggregate concrete production are discussed. Barriers to its use in India include a lack of recycling facilities, technology, awareness, and standards. Overall, recycled aggregates produce somewhat weaker concrete but can provide environmental and economic benefits when used appropriately.

1. PREPARED BY :-KISHAN THAKKAR
ASHISH NAGPAL

2. DEMOLISHED WASTE AS
COARSE AGGREGATE IN
CONCRETE PRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION
• AS URBANIZATION IS INCREASING OVER TIME,
THE DEMAND FOR NEW BUILDINGS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE HAS SHARPLY RISEN.
• WITH THE STEEP INCREASE IN THE NEW
CONSTRUCTION THE DEMAND OF NATURAL
AGGREGATES HAS ALSO RISEN.THIS LEADS TO
INCREASED QUARRYING AND SUBSEQUENT
DEPLETION OF NATURAL AGGREGATES.

4. • LARGE QUANTITIES OF CONSTRUCTION AND
DEMOLITION WASTES ARE CONTINUOSLY
BEING GENERATED WHICH ARE JUST BEING
DUMPED IN THE LANDFILLS.THIS REQUIRES
LARGE AREAS OF LAND WHICH IS BECOMING
DIFFICULT TO FIND.
• BEST SOLUTION WOULD BE TO RECYCLE AND
RESUSE THE DEMOLISHED WASTE WHICH
WOULD NOT ONLY HELP IN PROTECTING THE
ENVIRONMENT BUT ALSO HELP IN DEALING
WITH CONSTRUCTION WASTES.

5. NEED RECYCLED AGGREGATE?...BUT
WHY?
THE USAGE OF NATURAL AGGREGATE IS
GETTING MORE AND MORE INTENSE WITH THE
ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE
AREA
IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE USAGE OF NATURAL
AGGREGATE,RECYCLED AGGREGATE CAN BE
USED AS REPLACEMENT MATERIALS

6. REASON FOR INCREASE OF QUANTITY
OF DEMOLISHED WASTE
• MANY OLD BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES HAVE
OVERCOME THEIR AGE AND LIMIT OF USE.
• STRUCTURES NOT SERVING THE NEEDS IN
PRESENT SCENARIO.
• NEW CONSTRUCTION FOR BETTER ECONOMIC
GROWTH AND JOB OPPURTUNITIES.
• CREATION OF BUILDING WASTE RESULTING
FROM NATURAL AS WELL AS MANMADE
DISASTERS.

7. WHAT DOES DEMOLISHED WASTE
CONSISTS OF?
• CONCRETE
• BRICK
• TIMBER
• SANITARY
WARE
• GLASS
• STEEL
• PLASTICS
CONCRETE
65%
BRICKS AND
TILES
25%
WOOD
5%
METAL
2%
OTHER
3%
Other
5%

8. APPLICATIONS
IN UNPROCESSED STATE:
• MANY TYPES OF GENERAL BULK FILLS
• BANK PROTECTION
• BASE OR FILL FOR DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
• ROAD CONSTRUCTION
• EMBANKMENNTS
• AFTER REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS THROUGH SELECTIVE
DEMOLITION,SCREENING, AND/OR AIR SEPERATION AND SIZE
REDUCTION IN A CRUSHER TO AGGREGATE SIZESCRUSHED
CONCRETE CAN BE USED AS: NEW CONCRETE FOR
PAVEMENTS,SHOULDERS,MEDIAN BARRIERS,SIDEWALKS
CURBS AND GUTTERS AND BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS.

9. RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
• DEMOLISHED CONCRETE WASTE OBTAINED
AFTER THE DEMOLITION OF THE STRUCTURE
IS BEING PROPERLY PROCESSED BEFORE THE
COARSE AGGREGATES OF IT CAN BE USED IN
CONCRETE PRODUCTION.
• SO THESE PROCESSED COARSE AGGREGATES
UTILIZED IN THE CONCRETE ARE CALLED
RECYCLED AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE IS
CALLED RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE.

10. PROCEDURE
• SORTING
• CRUSHING
• PRE-SIZING
• SCREENING
• CONTAMINANT ELIMINATION

12. BASIC PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
WITH RCA
• LOWER QUALITY OF RAC(RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE) AS COMPARED TO
NA(NATURAL AGGREGATE)
• INCREASED WATER ABSOPTION
• DECREASED BULK DENSITY
• DECREASED SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• INCREASED ABRASION LOSS
• INCREASED CRUSHABILITY

13. METHODOLOGY
A. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
TEST ON FINE AGGREGATES
TEST ON CEMENT
PROPERTY RESULTS
FINENESS MODULUS 2.35
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.492
BULK DENSITY Compact state-32.2%
Loose state-36.482%
MOISTURE CONTENT 0.604%
PROPERTY RESULTS
FINENESS 0.04
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3.279
STANDARD CONSISTENCY 30.5%
SETTING TIME Initial- 80min
Final- 6hr 30 min

14. PROPERTY NATURAL AGGREGATE RECYCLED AGGREGATE
FINENESS 6.25 5.45
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.657 2.469
BULK DENSITY Compact state=1.55kg/L
Loose state=1.404kg/L
Compact state1.44kg/L
Loose state1.31kg/L
CRUSHING VALUE 27.56% 28.1%
IMPACT VALUE 21.176% 29.66%
WATER ABSORPTION 0.311 2.24
TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE-12.5 MM DOWN SIZE

15. B. MIX DESIGN
MIX
NO.
RCA% W/C CEMENT
KG/M3
FINE
AGG
KG/M3
SILICA
FUME
KG/M3
NCA
KG/M3
RCA
KG/M3
WATER
KG/M3
SP IN
%
1 0 0.4 360 762.363 40 1000 0 160 3
2 10 0.4 360 758.236 40 900 100 160 3
3 20 0.4 360 751.095 40 800 200 160 3
4 30 0.4 360 743.953 40 700 300 160 3
5 40 0.4 360 736.812 40 600 400 160 3

16. COMPRESSION TEST
% RCA 3 DAYS
N/MM2
7 DAYS
N/MM2
14 DAYS
N/MM2
28 DAYS
N/MM2
0 41.52 50.24 52.88 69.2
10 41.08 49.99 52.32 68.82
20 40.88 49.89 52.32 68.25
30 38.56 48.56 50.03 67.12
40 36.88 47.12 47.28 59.26

17. FROM ABOVE TEST RESULTS WE OBSERVE THAT WITH THE INCREASE
IN THE REPLACEMENT RATIO THE STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE
REDUCES.BUT FROM GRAPHS IT CAN BE SEEN THAT UPTO 30%
REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATES BY RECYCLED AGGREGATES
IN THE CONCRETE CAN BE DONE AS 28-DAY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
CROSSES THE TARGET STRENGTH(ie.67Mpa )

18. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
RESULTS
SR. NO. %
REPLACEMENT
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
7 DAYS 28 DAYS
LOAD STRENGTH LOAD STRENGTH
1 0 102.1 3.25 177.0 5.63
2 10 98.96 3.15 164.9 5.25
3 20 91.42 2.91 152.4 4.85
4 30 82.93 2.64 138.0 4.40
5 40 78.03 2.48 130.0 4.14

19. CRACKING PATTERN OF SPECIMEN

20. FLEXURE STRENGTH RESULTS
SR.
NO.
%
REPLACEMENT
FLEXURE
STRENGTH
1 0 4.88
2 10 4.71
3 20 4.63
4 30 3.93
5 40 3.54
FAILURE OF SPECIMEN

21. INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
• EXTENSIVE RESEARCH STARTED AFTER WORLD WAR-
II BUT IN A FRAGMENTED MANNER.
• NIXON IN THE YEAR OF 1977 COMPILED ALL THE
WORK CARRIED OUT BETWEEN 1945-1977.
• IN 1992 HANSEN PRESENTED A COMPREHENSIVE
DOCUMENT ON RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE.
• GERMANY PRODUCES AROUND 77* MILLION TONS
OF DEMOLISHED WASTE IS PRODUCED, FROM
WHICH 70% (i.e. APPROX. 54 MILLION TONS) IS
RECYCLED.
*ALL FIGURES MENTIONED ABOVE ARE OF THE YEAR 2007-08

22. • NETHERLAND PRODUCES AROUND 40* MILLION
TONS OF BUILDING AND DEMOLITION WASTE, FROM
WHICH 80% IS RECYLED.
• IN SCOTLAND 63% OF DEMOLISHED WASTE IS
RECYCLED LEAVING ONLY 37% FOR DUMPING ON
LANDFILLS.
• IN USA OF THE TOTAL WASTE, 22% IS DEMOLISHED
WASTE. ALONG WITH GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT ,
RECYCLING OF DEMOLISHED WASTE USA ALSO
PROMOTES DECONSTRUCTION IN PLACE OF
DEMOLITION WHICH MEANS PLANNED BREAKING
OF A BUILDING WITH REUSE BEING THE MAIN
MOTIVE.
ALL FIGURES MENTIONED ABOVE ARE OF THE YEAR 2007-08

23. SOME INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
AND LITERATURES
1. JAPANESE STANDARD AND RILEM REPORTS.
2. UNITED KINGDOM STANDARDS
– BS EN 12620:2002 + A1:2008 SPECIFIES REQUIREMENTS
FOR RECYCLED AGGREGATES.
– BS 8500-2:200628 SETS OUT RECYCLED AGGREGATE
MATERIAL COMPOSITION RESTRICTION.
3. AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS
– HB 155:2002 (GUIDE TO THE USE OF RECYCLED
CONCRETE AND MASONRY MATERIALS) DEFINES TWO
CLASSES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR USE AS
AGGREGATE FOR NEW CONCRETE AND ALSO TWO
GRADES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE.

24. 4. OTHER COUNTRIES SUCH AS USA, GERMANY,
PORTUGAL, HONG KONG AND KOREA ARE ALSO
KNOWN TO HAVE SOME QUALITATIVE CRITERIA
AND LITERATURE ON PRODUCTION OF
RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE.
5. SOME OTHER NGOS SUCH AS CDRA ARE ALSO
PROMOTING RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE.

25. INDIAN SCENARIO
• ACCORDING TO CPHEEO INDIAN HOUSE BUILDING
INDUSTRY ALONE IS FACING A SHORTAGE OF
AGGREGATES TO THE EXTENT OF 55 BILLION M3 AND
FURTHERMORE AN ADDITIONAL 750 BILLION M3 OF
AGGREGATES WOULD BE REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THE
TARGETS OF THE ROAD BUILDING SECTOR.
• IN NINTIES SERC,GHAZIABAD HAS UNDERTAKEN A
PROJECT ON RECYCLING AND REUSE OF DEMOLITION
WASTE IN CONCRETE FOR LOW RISE AND LOW COST
BUILDINGS WITH THE AIM OF DEVELOPING
TECHNIQUES/ METHODOLOGIES FOR USING RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE IN CONSTRUCTION.
• BUT RAC (& RA) IS NOT WELL ADOPTED IN
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES IN INDIA.

26. • SO FAR IN INDIA DEMOLISHED AND RECYCLED
CONSTRUCTION WASTES ARE EMPLOYED IN
EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTIONS ONLY.
• LIKE OTHER COUNTRIES, INDIA DOES NOT
HAVE A STANDARDISED CODAL PROVISIONS
OR LITERATURE FOR RECYCLING OF
DEMOLISHED WASTE AND RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE.
• A FIRST PLANT RECYCLING CONSTRUCTION
WASTE PLANT (BY IL&FS) HAS BEEN SET-UP IN
DELHI OF 500 TON CAPACITY ON A DAILY
BASIS.

27. BARRIERS IN PROMOTING USE OF
RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE IN
INDIA
• LACK OF APPROPRIATELY LOCATED RECYCLING
FACILITIES
• LACK OF TECHNOLOGY
• LACK OF AWARENESS
• LACK OF GOVT. SUPPORT
• LACK OF PROPER STANDARDS

28. ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE
1. COST SAVING
2. ECO-FRIENDLY
3. DURABILITY
4. VERSATILITY
5. SUSTAINABILITY
6. OTHER VALUE ADDED ENGINEERING
BENEFITS.

29. CONCLUSION
• THE USE OF RECYCLED AGGREGATES FROM CONSTRUCTION
AND DEMOLITION WASTES IS SHOWING PROSPECTIVE
APPLICATION IN CONSTRUCTION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO
PRIMARY (NATURAL) AGGREGATES.
• RECYCLED AGGREGATES ARE FOUND TO POSSESS RELATIVELY
LOWER BULK DENSITY, HIGHER CRUSHING AND IMPACT
VALUES AND HIGHER WATER ABSORPTION AS COMPARED
TO NATURAL AGGREGATE.
• THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE IS RELATIVELY LOWER THAN NATURAL
AGGREGATE CONCRETE. HOWEVER, THESE VARIATIONS ARE
DEPENDENT ON THE ORIGINAL CONCRETE FROM WHICH
THE AGGREGATES HAVE BEEN OBTAINED.

30. • USE OF RCA WILL FURTHER ENSURE THE
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY WITH
SAVINGS IN NATURAL RESOURCES, MATERIALS AND
ENERGY.
• THERE ARE CERTAIN BARRIERS IN PROMOTING THE
USE OF RCA (&RAC) IN INDIA LIKE LOW ECONOMIC
COST OF VIRGIN AGGREGATE, LACK OF
APPROPRIATELY LOCATED RECYCLING FACILITIES,
ABSENCE OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY, LACK OF
AWARENESS, LACK OF SPECIFICATION AND
GUIDELINES, HIGH INITIAL INVESTMENT ETC.

31. THANK YOU