This document discusses research on making cement and concrete more environmentally friendly. It provides background on the need to make these industries more sustainable given their role in infrastructure development. The document then reviews several studies and innovations aimed at reducing the carbon emissions of cement production, such as using waste materials as ingredients or lowering production temperatures. It also examines efforts to create "green concrete" through the use of alternative materials and sustainable design practices. The document concludes by noting promising research efforts but also barriers to widespread adoption, and recommends focusing on reducing, reusing and recycling materials.

1. GREEN CEMENT AND CONCRETE
(ANNOTATION)
August 2, 2018

2. BACKGROUND
1. CEMENT & CONCRETE ARE SYNONYMOUS WITH
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT THESE DAYS
2. THEY HAVE TO BE HANDLED IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL
FRIENDLY & SUSTAINABLE MANNER
3. HAVE TO BE SUPPORTED WITH RESEARCH & INNOVATION
TO COMPATABLE WITH THE ECO-SYSTEM
4. ALL CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH A CONCERTED EFFORT OF
STAKEHOLDERS

3. SCOPE AND PURPOSE
1. TRIES TO SEE THE CONGRUENCE BETWEEN THE PRODUCTS
& THE REGION’S ECOLOGY
2. AVAILABLITY OF MARKET IN A REGION OF 3.76 FERTILITY
RATE TO 2050 MARK AVERAGE
3. IT HAPPENS AMIDST THE SAHARA DESERT EXPANSION &
El-Niño FREQUENT VISIT
4. PRONENESS TO SEISMICITY OF THE REGION
5. THE INDUSTRY OPERATES WITHIN UNCERTAIN SITUATION
OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE; THUS THERE IS A NEEDS TO
INDICATE POSSIBILITIES

4. GENERAL
1. THE ASTU STUDY OF 2015 ASSERTS CO2 EMISSION
REDUCTION AS A VITAL TASK
2. RESEARCHERS SAY, THE INDUSTRY MAY RUN OUT OF SUST.
ENV. NOT MATERIALS
3. PSE SUMMARIZES THE SITUATION WITH THE FOLLOWING
FIGURE

5. LITERATURE REVIEW
• ON CEMENT
1. A RESIN THAT ABSORBS CO2 100 TIMES OF A SIMILAR SIZE
TREE WAS DISCOVERED
2. THE CSHub. IS ESTABLISHED BY THE CEMENT INDUSTRY AND
IS INVOLVED IN:
→ UNDERSTANDING CEMENT FROM QUANTUM
MECHANICAL- MOLUCLAR PROPERTIES
→ PUSHING TO REFORM INTERNATIONAL BLDG. CODES
→ REDUCING THE ROASTING TEMP. WITH LESS FUEL ON
ALITE & BELITE
→ FOCUSING ON MAKING SOME BELITE CRYSTALS AS
REACTIVE AS ALITE, AND YET AT LOWER TEMP.
→ AIMING AT CUTTING CO2 EMISSION BY 50%

6. 3. CERATECH – IS LOOKING FOR AN ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL
CLINKER
→ BASED ON THE 2000 YEARS OLD ROMAN ENGINERING
APPLICATION OF POZZOLANA
→ USED FLY ASH TO PRODUCE CARBON NEUTRAL CEMENT,
TESTED & FOUND WORTHY
→ AIMS AT INTRODUCING THE NEXT GENERATION OF
CEMENT & INDUSTRIAL GREENING
→ SUGGESTS THE NEED FOR ATTITUDINAL CHANGE OF THE
INDUSTRY
4. ONE RESEARCHER REFERS IEA REGARDING THE MAIN LEVERS
FOR CEMENT PRODUCERS AS:
→ INCREASING ENG. EFFICIENCY
→ USE OF ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENTS
→ USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL
→ USE OF ALTERNATIVE CLINKER IN THE FACE OF THE OLD

7. 5. A RESEARCH ON ECOLOGICAL MANUF. PROCESSES IN MATERIALS AND
PRACTICE FOCUSES ON THE USE OF WASTE MATERIALS TARGETING THE STEPS IN
CO2 EMISSIONS
→ LIMITED ABILITY TO CURB
EMISSION & GOVERNMENTAL
REGULATIONS NECESSIATES
ALTERNATE BINDERS
Co2 Emissions during cement Production

8. 6. FOR CEMENT TO REMAIN SUSTAINABLE GOALS WERE SET:
→ STICK TO THE 3RS PRINCIPLES
→ THE 1990 EMISSION LEVEL WAS TAKEN AS A BENCH MARK
→ BY 2020 REDUCE 25-40% OF THE 1990 LEVEL EMISSION
→ LEADS TO ACHIEVING 80% REDUCTION IN GHG EMISSION BY
2050 AS REFERRED TO THE 1990 LEVEL.

9. 7. IN 2001/2006 WWF & LAFARGE CEMENT SIGNED A CLIMATE
SAVER AGREEMENT
→ TO LIMIT GHG EMISSION :
→EXPLORE CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
→ FIGURE OUT WHY ALTERNATIVE CEMENT COULD NOT APPEAR IN
THE MARKET DUE TO LACK OF LEGAL FRAME WORK
→ THE FRAME WORK NEED BE BASED ON STRENGTH AND SETTING
TIME RATHER THAN CHEMISTRY & COMPOSITION
7.1 EFFORT WAS BEING MADE ON NANO-ENGINEERING TO
UNDERSTAND NANO-PARTICLES OF CEMENT FOR A GREEN CEMENT
PRODUCT

10. 7.2. ONE OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CONSIDERED BY THE WWF
WAS CHINA
→ IT WAS FOUND THAT:
● THE CEMENT INDUSTRY WAS VERY PARTICULAR
● NOT DOMINATED BY TRANS-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS
● THE AVERAGE PLANT WAS LESS THAN 25 TIMES THAT OF THE
CORPORATIONS
● PLANTS WERE NUMEROUS
● USE DIFFERENT KILN TECHNOLOGIES
● THE PRICE OF CEMENT WAS 40 USD VS 80 USD PER TONNE TO
THAT OF DEVELOPED NATIONS
● THE TEAM CONCLUDED THAT IT IS A BARRIER FOR ADVANCED
MATERIALS
● THE INDUSTRIAL MARKET IS THE LARGEST SINGLE MARKET ON
EARTH
→ THOSE PECULIARITIES MIGHT HELP TO DEVELOP AN ALTERNATIVE
BINDER TO OPC
→ THOUGH YET, INDIA MIGHT BE VIEWED IN A SIMILAR MANNER
→ THE LESSON IS : COOPERATION BETWEEN NATIONS, NGOs,
COMPANIES WITH EXPERIENCE IN CO2 MITIGATION AND DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES IS CRUCIAL TO RESPOND TO POST-KOYTO PROTOCOLS.

11. ON CONCRETE
1. CONCRETE IS ONLY SECOND TO WATER INTERMS OF ITS USE BY
HUMANKIND
2. GREEN CONCRETE HAS TO HAVE HIGH PERFORMANCE AND LIFE
CYCLE SUSTAINABILITY
3. THE 3 PILLARS FOR SUSTAIABILITY ARE: ENVIRONMENT,
ECONOMY & SOCIAL
4. GREEN CONCRETE IS BASED ON: REPLACEMENT MATERIAL,
PROCESSES & METHODS, PERFORMANCE & LIFE CYCLE
5. AN OTHER CHALLENGE OF CONCRETE IS DETORIORATION OF
STRUCTURES (DURABILITY)
→ STRENGTH & DURABILITY ARE A TIME DEPENDENT PROCESS ES
→ NEED SYNERGETIC INTERACTION BETWEEN INGREDIENTS WITH
TIME
→ HOLISTIC DURABILITY ENCOMPASSES: REPLACEMENT MATERIALS,
DESIGN FOR MATERIAL SUITABILITY, DESIGN FOR STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
AND DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY

12. → G. CONC. SHOULD STICK TO THE 3Rs TECHNIQUE
→ AVOID OVER EXPLOITING NON-RENEWABLE EARTH MATERIALS
→ GREENING THE BUILDING SECTOR BY PROFESSIONALS IS
GAINING MOMENTUM
→ THERE ARE BARRIERS IN IMPLEMENTING NEW FINDINGS &
TECHNOLOGIES
● FAST CONST. FOR PROFITABILITY RATHER THAN LIFE-CYCLE
COST SAVINGS
● USE OF OUT-OF-DATE BUILDING CODES
● NON-HOLISTIC APPROACH TO TACKLE CHALLENGES

13. SHOWCASE SCENARIO - I
IT. No. Material Quantity
Material Factors Calculated
EE CO2 EE CO2
1 Reinforced
Conc.
(Total*)
191m3
4416.08
(MJ/m3)
476.96
(Kg/m3)
843
(GJ)
91
(Ton)
2
Separately
2.1 Concrete 191m3
1403.55
MJ/m3
271.65
Kg/m3
268 GJ 52 Ton
2.2 Re-bar 36000Kg 15.97 MJ/Kg 1.06 Kg/Kg 575 GJ 38 Ton
Total* 843 GJ 90 Ton

14. SHOWCASE SCENARIO - II
• FOR EE & CO2 EMISSION A (30X15X29) cms CONCRETE & A (30X10X30)
cms STEEL I-SEC. ARE COMPARED FOR THE SAME MOMENT CAPACITY,
THE RESULTS ARE:
• CONC. - EE = 109 MJ & CO2 EM. = 12Kg FOR A MASS OF 35Kg
• I-SECTION - EE = 237MJ & CO2 EM. = 17Kg FOR A MASS OF 10Kg

15. INFERENCE AND RECOMMENDATION
INFERENCE
• PROMISING EFFORTS ARE GOING ON TO TACKLE THE PROBLEMS
• RESEARCHES NEED BE COORDINATED INTERNATIONALLY
• RESEARCHES MUST BE HOLISTIC RATHER THAN REDUCTIONIST
• IDENTIFIED BARRIERS FOR RAPID ACTIONS ARE:
→ UNETHICAL PRACTICE IN THE INDUSTRY
→ VERY LOW PACE OF DEVELOPING BUILDING CODES
→ LACK OF HOLISTIC APPROACH IN ENG’G. EDUCATION & RESEARCH
RECOMMENDATION
∙ REHABILITATE ABONDENED QUARRY SITES
∙ FOCUS ON REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE (3Rs) & SAVE NON-RENEWABLE MAT.
∙ KEEP IN MIND,”PREVENTION IS EASIER THAN CURING”

16. THANK YOU!