Lecture 2: Molecular Neuroscience Across Species
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From my teaching appointment during doctoral Fellowship at Queen's University
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Lecture 2: Molecular Neuroscience Across Species
- 1. Development and Evolution as a guide vision and neural circuitry Diversity of the Cerebral Cortex Lecture 2: Cortex development among species
- 2. Outline of Talk 1. Mammal VS Non-Mammal Cortex 2. Vision: current best understanding of cerebral microcircuitry 3. Inhibitory cells in visual circuitry Today’s Lecture
- 3. We learned how laminar cortex develops, importance of proper cortex formation, and that development can specify cortical regions
- 4. Suzuki & Hirata 2012
- 5. Suzuki & Hirata 2012 How did we get laminar cortex? If changes in cortical development are so maladaptive, how did we get such a cortex?
- 6. Suzuki & Hirata 2012 Suzuki & Hirata 2012
- 7. Suzuki & Hirata 2012
- 9. Anything by Erik Jarvis
- 10. Let’s Take a Break!
- 11. Visual cortex (V1) Line direction Line length Line movement Colour Movement Eye input Processes 6 things:
- 12. Mountcastle (grandfather of neuroscience) Founded the idea of the cortical column through electro- physiology Shortly followed by Hubel and Wisel (bro’s of neuroscience)
- 13. V1 orientation preference Neuroscience 4th edition
- 15. V1 orientation preference Neuroscience 4th edition
- 16. Manipulating Visual Cortex And more Kittens Orientation blindness, and cortical column in development
- 18. V1 orientation preference Only vertical linesExample image
- 19. V1 orientation preference Only horizontal linesExample image
- 21. V1 eye preference Blind spot of opposite eye
- 22. V1 orientation preference Overview of cortex and direction preference
- 24. Different species possess different visual information processing Mice can’t see very well.. Espinosa & Stryker 2013
- 25. Visual Cortex Neuron Subtypes Focus on PV neurons
- 26. Sampled ~2000 cells from Visual cortex in mouse 1mm3 of V1 tissue, has: ~4,700 neurons, 2,900 microglia, 3,400 oligodendrocytes 49,000 astrocytes (In a primate brain).
- 27. http://casestudies.brain-map.org/celltax# Use RNA sequencing on individual cells
- 29. Cortex connections - GABA Harris & Mrsic-Flogel 2013 Fitzpatrick et al 1987 Lots of GABA (likely PV+) input in layer 4, filtering incoming sensory information Conical circuitry of neocortex Immuno-histochemistry probe against GAD
- 30. Crook et al 1991 GABA causes orientation selectivity GABA sensitive to multiple orientations Crook et al 1991 Tsumoto, 1985 Visual cortex is born being dependant on GABA for innate orientation selectivity
- 31. Outline of TalkReview of Lecture 1. Mammal VS Non-Mammal Cortex • Evolution of cortical laminae • Why would mammalian brain circuits be beneficial • Generalizations (i.e. local 2/3 vs 4/5 projection connections) • Non-mammal species in translational research 2. Vision: current best understanding of cerebral microcircuitry • Vision and visual cortex • Critical periods in vision 3. inhibitory cell types on cortical circuitry • Cell-type variation in cortical layers • Inhibitory cells in visual cortex • GABA as a key mediator in visual plasticity
- 33. Extra super interesting additional information There is also colour, motion, and line characteristics that are processed in the V1! Don’t worry about this, but may help explain some inconsistencies
- 34. V1 Colour Preference *Note, probably wont have time to cover, but there is also colour information in VI! Dark “blobs” are groups of neurons within layers 2/3 that are more specific to colour Between blobs “inter-blobs” are more specific for movement of lines.
- 35. If we integrate directional tuning, ocular dominance, and colour, we get a cortical module that looks like this More complex than the “ice-cube tray” model from Hubel and Weisel Current model of V1
- 36. Cortex connections Livingstone and Hubel, 1988 Also science-bro
- 37. Cortical Module: Multiple cortical columns -information about large receptive field Simple Receptors: Columns line orientation Complex Receptors: Columns line movement Hypercomplex Receptors: Columns line size Within orientation columns, are additional properties shown by simple, complex, and hypercomplex Think of the video of the cat watching the line, it only fired when the line moved in one direction
- 39. Herculano-Houzel 2017 Cortical neuron number, and cognitive capacity
- 40. Herculano-Houzel 2017 Cortical neuron number, and cognitive capacity different cortical wiring can be advantageous!
- 41. Anything by Erik Jarvis Only two animals can learn new sounds and repeat learned sounds
- 42. Example of speech Quiet control Hearing Hearing & Singing SongbirdHummingbird Anything by Erik Jarvis Genes in area X (like Foxp2) are the same in disorders of human speech