1. The lecture will cover cortex development among species, focusing on why development is important for comparison, the basics and history of brain development, and how development can go wrong through malformations. 2. There are significant differences in the cellular composition, structure, and proportions of primate and rodent cortex that development helps explain. Development follows an inside-out pattern of cortical lamina formation. 3. Abnormalities in development can lead to malformations like lissencephaly from Reelin mutations, which disrupt normal layering of the cortex.

1. Development and Evolution as a guide for Molecular Neuroscience
Diversity of the
Cerebral Cortex
Lecture 1: Cortex development among species

2. Outline of TalkPresentation Outline
1. Why should we care about development
2. Basics and history of brain development
3. example of how this can go wrong (i.e.
developmental malformations)

3. Why should we care?

4. ComplexityandCost(Exponential)
Molecular Neuroscience
research we usually
work here
With the expectation that
it will apply here!
I N T E N T I O N F O R T R A N S L AT I O N I N
N E U R O S C I E N C E

5. Images adapted from: Toledano et al, 2012.

6. Differential Cellular Composition, Structure,
and Proportion of Primate VS Rodent Cortex
Image adapted from: Herculano-Houzel, 2009.

7. D E V E L O P M E N T A S A B A S I S F O R
C O M PA R I S O N

8. C O M PA R AT I V E A N AT O M Y

9. (Also Palladium)
Cerebrum
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
S H A R E D C O R E F E AT U R E S O F
V E RT E B R AT E B R A I N S

10. Can you Guess What Animals These Are?
What about now? Still Challenging!
B R A I N S O F A L L S H A P E S A N D S I Z E S

11. What was known
50 years ago
Neuroscience 4th edition

12. Neuro-God

13. Neuroscience 4th edition
Allen Institute 2016

15. Cortical-
cortical
Thalamic
Radiations

17. Neuroscience 4th edition

18. Takashi and
Yamanaka in
2006 with their
breakthrough
of iPSC
Important for Neural Stem
Cells

19. Differential
expansion of
neural
precursor
cells (NPCs)
population in
primate vs
Rodent cortex

21. Neuroscience 4th editionHill & Walsh 2005
1
2
3
4
1
2
3

22. How this can go wrong

24. Reelin -/- Mouse

25. Reelin -/- Mouse post-
stress

26. Birth 1 year 2 years
Normal brain Reelin Mutation Lisensephally (DCX)
Neuroscience 4th edition

27. 1. Why should we care about development
• Basis of comparison in species
• allows researchers to know strengths and limitations of models4
2. Basics and history of brain development
• Inside-out cortical lamina development
3. How development can go wrong (i.e. malformations)
• Cell-type variation in cortical layers
• Inhibitory cells in visual cortex
Outline of TalkPresentation Outline

28. Outline of Talk
1. Mammal VS Non-Mammal Cortex
2. Vision: current best understanding of
cerebral microcircuitry
3. Inhibitory cells in cortical circuitry
Friday’s Lecture