The document discusses group dynamics and the group formation process. It defines group dynamics as the study of forces operating within a group and how people interact in small groups. The stages of group formation are described as forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Characteristics of formal and informal groups are compared. Key aspects of facilitating group development include understanding group processes, self-awareness, and applying facilitation skills.

1. Prepared By:
Roll no: 1-8
BNS 3rd year
6th batch

2. General objective:
At the end of this session, BNS 3rd year students will be able
to explain about “ Group Dynamics ”.

3. Specific objectives:
At the end of this session BNS 3rd year students will be able to:
• define group dynamics.
• describe the characteristics of group.
• state the characteristics of group dynamics.
• classify the types of groups.
• describe the advantages and disadvantages of group.
• explain the group formation process.
• outline the mode of group dynamic.

4. Introduction:
• The term Group Dynamics is comprised of two words:
Group and Dynamics.
• The term Group applies when:
- a number of people form a social unit .
- each member leads specific role.
- share a status relation to one another.
- share a set of common value or norms.

5. Definition
According to Penguins dictionary (1971),
“ Dynamics is the mathematical and physical study of the
behavior of bodies under the action of forces which produce
change of motion in them. The term Dynamics simply means
the study of how various forces in any field operate with each
other.”

6. Definition
According to Keith (1972),
“Group Dynamics refers to the study of forces operating within
a group. It is therefore, a social force by which people interact
face to face in small groups. In other words, it is a social
process, which put emphasis upon interpersonal relations:
how people interact face to face in small groups. ”

7. Continue...
The reason behind people joining the group apparently is the
gratification of their needs.
The main two objectives for forming a group are:
• Achievement of some specific group goal.
• Maintenance and strengthening of the group itself.

8. Continue...
It serves three functions for individuals:
1. Satisfaction of social needs.
2. Identification of social needs.
3. Assistance in meeting objectives.

9. Characteristics of group dynamics:
• A group is formed through some community of interest in similar
skills and duties on the same language, members have common goals.
• A group develops a structure of its own, a relatively stable pattern of
relationship among its members.
• The members also interact with each other.
• A group is cohesive. Cohesiveness is brought about through
interaction.

10. Characteristics of group dynamics:
• Cohesiveness is maintained and strengthened through norms and rules.
• Norms lead to style, every group has a style of its own.
• At the head of the group is a leader whose directions are followed by
all the members.
• Members have a certain role to play and duties to perform.

11. Types of groups:

12. Formal Group
• The Formal Groups are formed deliberately , consciously and
collectively to direct the efforts of group members, especially the
employees towards the accomplishment of organizational
objectives.
• It is also called planned group.
• The formal group is the part of the formal organization.

13. CONT…
Formal group could be temporary as well as a permanent in nature.
 The temporary groups cease to exist as it accomplishes the
particular mission that it was formed initially to carry out. Group could
be in the form of ad hoc committees, projects or task forces.
Permanent groups are likely to have more rules and provide more
guidelines for the expected behavior of the group members

14. Formal Group cont…
• The amount of structure in a group is reflected by its written
guidelines, record keeping, leadership structure and decision making
process and membership.
• The extent of structure within a group has a significant impact on the
group productivity and effectiveness.

15. Formal Group contd......
The permanent groups are:
1. Command groups : comprised of the managers and their
subordinates
2.Task Forces: The group form to carry out a particular task is known
as Task Forces.

16. contd.....
3. Committees: The group of people who are appointed by an
organisation, to resolve the matters, referred to them are known as
Committee.
• For example : Research committee, Hospital quality assurance
committee, Advisory Committee, subject committees, management
committees, curriculum committees etc.
• It is formed by bringing together those who have special competence
or specialties.

17. Features of formal groups:
• Its formation is deliberate.
• It is large in size.
• It has well defined structure.
• It is bound by rules, regulations and procedures.
• In this group importance is given to position.

18. Features of formal groups Cont…
• The type of relationship is professional.
• The position, authority, responsibility and accountability of each level
are clearly defined.
• Communication moves in a definite direction.

19. Benefits of formal groups
• It helps to capitalize the expertise of each individual towards the
accomplishment of complex tasks.
• It helps to make use of synergy, i.e. collective efforts of group
members yields better results than an individual working separately.
• It helps to facilitate a proper decision-making, as with many people
in a group the conflicting ideas and thoughts arise that could be
considered to formulate a better decision.

20. Benefits of formal groups cont…
• It helps to help others in the group to learn new skills and to know
about the details of the organizational environment.
• It ensures the systematic accomplishment of goals.
• It facilitates the coordination of activities or function of the
organization.

21. contd........
• It aids in the establishment of logical relationship among people and
position.
• It enables the application of the concept of specialization and
division of labor.

22. Limitations of formal groups:
• Loss of individuality
• Group rivalry
• Restriction of output
• Parallel organization

23. Informal group:
• Informal group are the groups that are created naturally, within the
organization due to social and psychological forces common to them
such as interest, goals, attitudes and working pattern as soon as
individuals start interacting with each other on a regular basis
• Informal group are formed spontaneously by the individuals of the
group rather than by the management.

24. Informal group:
• The group members share similar outlook that result into friendship
and other social interactions.
• They can be formed horizontally or vertically.
• Effective informal groups that contribute to an organization may at
times become formal groups.

25. Features of informal groups:
• Built spontaneously over time not deliberately.
• Policies, procedures are not required.
• Based on personal interactions and common interest.
• Does not possess any definite structure or hierarchy.
• Independent channel of communication.
• It lacks stability.

26. Benefits of informal groups:
• It becomes the sources of policy and other information.
• It facilitates the adjustment of the newcomers.
• It provide warmth and support to individuals .
• It becomes primary sources of recognition and self-esteem.
• It helps satisfy their security needs.

27. Benefits of informal groups cont…
• It helps in better decision making and generating innovative ideas.
• It helps in perpetuation of cultural values.
• It helps in the achievement of tasks.
• It helps compensate for managerial incapability.

28. Limitation of informal groups:
• Rumors through the distortion of information.
• Resistance to change.
• Rivalry among different informal groups.
• Parallel organization.
• Loss of individuality.

29. Comparison between formal and informal
group:
Basis for comparison Formal group Informal group
Meaning Groups created by the
organization, for the
purpose of
accomplishing a
specific task.
Groups created by the
employees themselves,
for their own sake.
Formation Deliberately Voluntarily
Size Large Comparatively small
Life Depends on the type of
groups
Depends on the
members.

30. Comparison between formal and informal
group:
Basis of comparison Formal group Informal group
Structure Well Defined Ill Defined
Importance is given to Position Person
Relationship Professional Personal
Communication Moves in a defined
direction.
Stretches in all the
directions.

31. Comparison between formal and informal
group:
Basis of comparison Formal group Informal group
Leadership official leadership Non official leadership
Source of leader power Delegated by
management
Given by group
Guidelines for
Behavior
Rules and policies Norms

32. Group Formation Process:

33. Group Formation Process:
• All groups undergo a process of growth and development.
• The forming- storming-norming-performing model of group
development was first proposed by Bruce Tuchman in 1965.
• In 1977 Tuchman and Jensen added adjourning stage of
development in this model of group development process.

34. Continue.....
1. Forming or orientation phase:
2. Storming or conflict phase:
3. Norming or cohesion phase:
4. Performing phase:
5. Adjourning or termination phase:

37. Forming or orientation phase:
• First stage in group development, characterized by much
uncertainty where:
 its members are trying to get to know each other, the goal,
the task, and leadership.
 the conversation is polite; the goal is to create a safe
environment and find a common interest and acceptance.
 people are looking for leadership and authority.

38. Continue...
• The forming stage involves a period of orientation and
getting acquainted.
• Since they are the stage of testing each other and drawing up
the group norms, there act is rather restricted.

39. Continue...
• As Johns (2008) states characteristics of this stage can
include:
 confusion about group purpose,
anxiety, silence and awkwardness,
and off – topic chatter- group struggles to find a level of
ease.
As the group comfort will grow they will move to next stage.

40. Storming or conflict phase:
• 2nd stage in group development, characterized by intra-group
conflict where:
 the people get to know each other well and feel free to put
forward their views more assertively.
 group members jockey for position, control and influence.
Leadership struggle and increased competition take place.
 chance of arising conflict takes place.

42. Continue....
• This stage is characterized by emotional tension and
hostility:
 as members challenge each other in attempt to identify each
member’s interpersonal style and acquired power within the
group.
The conflict occurs because many individuals attempt to
contribute, blend, and mould their ideas, feelings, attitude and
beliefs as they try to approach the task at hand.

43. Continue....
Cliques and subgroups will develop as agreement and
disagreement over issues will become apparent.
• An effective group leader will utilize the skill of negotiations
and consensus building.
• In order to progress to next stage group members have to
move to “problem solving” mentality from that of the “testing
and proving” mentality.

44. Norming or cohesion phase:
• Third stage , also called norming is characterized by close
relationships and cohesiveness where:
the members set aside their differences and become more
cohesive and tolerant of differences,
 the group process becomes calmer.
roles and norms are established.
group members become more familiar with each other, they
are better able to predict each other’s reactions and behavior.

46. Continue...
• Here, the group interactions (group process) are
characterized by openness, sharing attitude and creativity:
 share their feeling and ideas,
solicit and offer feedback to one another and explore action
related to group task.
Morale and trust increased and the negative is suppressed.

47. Performing phase:
• 4th stage, when the group is fully functional and here:
 members do become highly task oriented and people
oriented
and the depth of their relationships become interdependent.
members work with deeper involvement, greater disclosure
and unity.

48. Continue....
 group cohesion is build and the group members work as a
team to engage themselves in genuine problem solving to
reach effective solutions.
the group is productive,
and the group member progress towards goal achievement by
supporting one another in the solutions of problems
encountered during the execution of their common mission.

49. Continue....
• As Jones proclaim,
transformation from being a group individual to being highly
functioning team is completed.
 here, the point to remember is that not all groups may reach
the performing stage.

50. Adjourning or termination phase:
• In the adjourning stage,
 most of the team’s goals have been accomplished.
 the emphasis is on wrapping up final tasks and documenting
the effort and results.
 as the work load is diminished, individual members may be
reassigned to other teams, and the team disbands.

51. Continue....
• There may be regret as the team ends, so a ceremonial
acknowledgement of the work and success of the team can be
helpful.
• If the team is a standing committee with ongoing
responsibility,
members may be replaced by new people and the team can
go back to a forming or storming stage and repeat the
development process.

52. Mode of Group Dynamic

53. Mode of group dynamic are:
A. Group formation:
B. Development of Groups:
C. Facilitating the group:

54. Group Formation:
• A group is able to
share experiences, to provide feedback, to pool ideas, to
generate insights and
to provide an arena for analysis of experiences.
The group provides a measure of support & reassurance.
Moreover, as a group, learners may also plan collectively for
change action.

55. In group formation phase, dynamic process
occurs through following action;
1. Participation
2. Communication
3. Problem solving
4. Leadership

56. Participation:
• Participation is a fundamental process within a group
because many of the other processes depend upon
participation of the various members.
• Participation means involvement & concern for the change
which contribute in achieving the group goal.

57. Communication:
• Effective communication helps in
 clarification of doubts, confusions & misconceptions,
• both parties understanding each other, receiving & giving of
feedback.

58. Problem solving:
• Most groups find themselves unable to solve problems
because they address the problem at a superficial level.
• After that they find themselves blocked because they cannot
figure out ;
why the problem occurred and
 how they can tackle it.
• So there should be an effective problem solving procedure to
make group dynamic.

59. An effective problem solving procedure
would be:
i. Clearly define the problem
ii. Try to thoroughly explore & understand the causes behind
the problem
iii. Collect additional information & analyze it to understand
the problem further
iv. Brainstorming in a group for better solution
v. Decide for solution & apply it

60. Leadership:
• Leadership involves focusing the efforts of the people
towards a common goal.
• To enable them to work together as one.
• Group dynamic process depends on the quality or skill of
leader.
• So effective leadership make change in group dynamic,

61. Development of group:
• The development process of groups can be viewed in several
ways;
 firstly, it is useful to know the persons who compose a
particular group, that is;
 past experiences
 their personalities
 and their particular set of expectations

62. Continue....
• The priorities & expectation of person comprising a group
can influence the manner in which the group develops over a
period of time.
• Viewing the group as a whole we observe definite patterns of
behavior occurring within a group.

63. These can be grouped into four stages:
• First stage:
 it is characterized by members seeking safety & protection,
seeking superficial contact with others,
demonstrating dependency on existing authority figures.

64. Continue....
• Second stage:
members seek out familiar & begin a deeper sharing of self.
this stage is marked by the formation of dyads & triads.
pairing is a common phenomenon.

65. Continue....
• Third stage:
 this stage is marked by a more serious concern about task
performance. The dyads/triads begin to open up & seek out
other members in the group. Norms are made for task
performance. Members begin to take greater responsibility
for their own group & relationship while the authority figure
becomes relaxed.

66. Continue.....
• Fourth stage:
 this is a stage of a fully functional group where members see
themselves as a group & get involved in the task.
Each person makes a contribution & the authority figure is
also seen as a part of the group.
Group norms are followed & the long term viability of the
group is established & nurtured.

67. Facilitating the Group:
• A group cannot automatically function effectively, it needs to
be facilitated.
• Facilitating is the conscious process of assisting a group to
successfully achieve its task.
• Effective facilitating helps in the maintenance of group
dynamics.

68. To facilitate effectively the facilitator needs
to:
• Understand what is happening within the group
• Be aware of his/her own personality
• Know how to facilitate and practice it.

70. Summary

71. References
• Singh, I. (2019). Leading and Managing in Health (11th edition). Kathmandu:
Hisi Offset Printers Pvt. Ltd.
• Suwal, R.K. Leadership and Management in nursing (2nd edition).
Kathmandu: Smiksha Publication Pvt. Ltd.
• Retrieved from https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-formal-and-
informal-groups.html on 2021/06/10.
• Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/adjourning-stage-of-group-
development-definition-lesson-quiz.html on 2021/06/10
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
principlesmanagement/chapter/reading-the-five-stages-of-team-development/
on 2021/06/10