history of measurement and evaluation

1. HISTORY OF
MEASUREMENT AND
EVALUATION
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2. Measurement and evaluation are inseparably
evolutionary processes. Starting from simple concepts of
quantifying and interpreting certain behavior, they have
grown to be complex processes covering the entire
personality measure and the measure of various systems
of work and operations.
The idea of how measurement and evaluation started
could not exactly be traced. However, with few facts that
are made available by some psychologists and
individuals it could be thought that the concepts of these
began with the development of the different kinds of
psychological tests.
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3. The Development of Intelligence Test
1. Jean Etienne Esquirol- “Leader of Abnormal
Psychology”
2. Wilhelm Wundth- “Father of Experimental
Psychology” and the “Founder of Modern
Psychology”
3. Hermann Ebbinghaus- “Founder of Quantitative
Study Memory”
4. Francis Galton – noted as early proponent of
statistical analysis as applied to mental and
behavioral phenomena 3

4. 5. Karl Pearson – develops techniques of modern
Statistics; “Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of
Correlation”
6. Charles Spearman- made an estimate of the
intelligence of a group of children; developed a
method of correlation known as the “Spearman
Rank-Difference Coefficient of Correlation”
7. Edward L. Thorndike- developed psychological
connectionism; developed a test of intelligence that
consisted of completion , arithmetic, vocabulary,
and directions test known as “CAVD”
-- Father of Educational Measurement 4

5. 8. James Mckeen Cattell- Stressed the importance of
quantification, ranking, and ratings
-- He was recognized as the “ Father of Mental
Testing.”
9. Clark Wissler- applied correlation factor to
empirically disprove J.M. Cattell’s method of
Intelligence Testing; found very small correlation
between academic standing and the tests
10. Alfred Binet- accompanied Simon to develop
Binet-Simon Scale; used mental age as a measure
of intelligence
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6. 11. Walter V. Bingham- believed that intelligence is a
complex set of factors that can be measured by
looking at individual aptitudes for mathematical,
verbal, mechanical, and social skills; also believed
that heredity is the most important factor in
intellectual development
12. Henry Herbert Goddard- established the first
laboratory for the psychological study of mentally
retarded persons in 1910; believed that
feeblemindedness was caused by the transmission
of a single recessive gene
-- known as “Father of Intelligence Testing” 6

7. 13. William Stern- developed the idea of expressing
intelligence test results in the form of a single
number, the intelligence quotient
14. Lewis Madison Terman- suggested modifying the
equation of IQ by multiplying it by 100 to eliminate
decimals
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8. 15. Robert Mearns Yerkes- together with
Goddard,Terman, and Bingham developed a group
intelligence that would identify recruits with low
intelligence
16. David Wechsler-introduced Deviation Quotient,an
IQ computed by considering the individual’s mental
ability in comparison with the average individual of
his or her own age; published intelligence test
known as “Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children”
or WISC
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9. 17. Joy Paul Guilford- made a number of
contributions to the study of human intellectual
abilities;
-- his model of human intelligence known as
“Structure of the Intellect” used to guide
educational instruction ; existing tests were
modified and developed under his guidance by
using factor analysis
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10. The Development of Achievement Test
1. Horace Mann- introduced the written examination
to the schools in Boston due to the weaknesses of
the oral examination; known as the “Father of
American Public School Education”
2. Rev. George Fisher- devised and used the first
objective measure of achievement of pupils;
devised an instrument which he called
“Scale Book”
Scale Book was purposely for measuring the
learners’ achievement in different school subjects. 10

11. 3. J.M. Rice – known as the inventor of comparative
objective test in America ; administered a list of
spelling words to measure differences between
groups of students who were taught differently
4. Dr. Edward L. Thorndike- developed methods for
measuring a wide variety of abilities and
achievements by the time the United States entered
WWI. His first book known as “Mental and Social
Measurements” was published in 1904. This book
contains statistical procedures and principles upon
which statistical techniques and tests of today are
based.
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12. Thorndike constructed the first handwriting scale to
measure children’s handwriting in 1909. This scale
was known as “Thorndike Handwriting Scale.”
He was regarded as the “Father of Educational
Measurement.”
5. Cliff W. Stone- constructed two tests ,one on four
fundamental operations in arithmetic and the second
test on arithmetic reasoning in 1908; was regarded as
the first to publish standardized achievement test in
arithmetic. The test was known as the Stone Arithmetic
Test. The reasoning test in arithmetic was Stone’s
distinct contribution to educational testing and
measurement. 12

13. 6. S.A. Curtis- developed a series of standardized
tests in Arithmetic available for use in 1909. He
originated the concept of norms and standards. The
test he constructed was known as “ Curtis’ Series of
Tests in Arithmetic.”
7. M. Hillegas- constructed a series of standardized
tests in Composition Scale by following the
principles in the construction of Thorndike
Handwriting Scale in 1912. This scale was known
as “Hillegas Composition Scale,” and it served as
the basis of the composition scale of today.
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14. 8. Ayres- developed a series of standardized spelling
scales in 1915. These scales were known as “Ayres’
Spelling Scales” in 1915.
9. William A. McCall- published his pioneer book dealing
with test adaptation in 1924. The informal objective
type of test that he made as new type of test is widely
used today.
10. Ralph W. Tayler- responsible for the extension of
achievement testing to the more intangible outcomes
of instruction which cannot be measured accurately
like attitudes, appreciation, interests , ideals, and
others. This also brought about the modern
concept of testing. 14

15. The Development of Character and
Personality Tests
1. Fernand was noted as the first to measure
character test, while Voelker invented some actual
situations for testing character.
2. Percival Symonds- developed a scientific study on
personality
3. Herman Rorschach- introduced a multi-
dimensional test of personality known as the
Rorschach Test in 1921. The test consists of a
series of 10 inkblots used as projective techniques
to appraise the global aspects of personality. 15

16. 4. Raymond B. Cattell- contributed the application of
advanced statistical techniques; searched for a
comprehensive theory of human behavior through
the use of multi-factor analysis since the beginning
of his career. His theoretical developments in the
measurement of personality by question are
embodied in the 16 PF (Personality Factor)
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17. Exercises
1. The first to publish standardized test in Arithmetic.
A. Fisher C. Thorndike
B. Stone D. Terman
2. The Father of Educational Measurement
A. Fisher C. Stanford
B. Thorndike D. Wechsler
3. The Founder of Quantitative study of memory
A. Ebbinghaus C. Galton
B. Esquirol D. Wundth
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18. 4. The first to establish psychological experimental
laboratory
A. Esquirol C. Ebbinghaus
B. Wundth D. Galton
5. The first to measure character by test was
A. Voelker C. Rorschach
B. Fernand D. Symond
6. The originator of norms and standards was
A. Rice C. Thorndike
B. Fisher D. Curtis
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19. 7. The first to include test of mental imagination in the
measurement of intelligence
A. Binet C. Galton
B. Catell D. Pearson
8. The first intelligence scale devised to determine the
mentally retarded children was made by
A. Esquirol C. Cattell
B. Wundth D. Binet
9. The Father of Mental Testing
A. Esquirol C. Cattell
B. Wundth D. Binet 19

20. 10. The first scientific attempt to measure
accomplishments of pupils was made by
A. Rice C. Thorndike
B. Fisher D. Terman
Answer key
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B
6. D 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. A
Prepared by:
Instr. John Paul L. Hablado
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