short reporting for Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations on psychological assessment 1 this includes the history of psychological assessment from ancient times to the golden era to the contemporary times.

1. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO
Psychological Assessment
1
Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical
Considerations Part I
Xyriel C.Tolentino

2. Topic Outline
A. A Historical Perspective
1. Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
• Chinese history
• Greco-Roman era
• The middle ages
• The Renaissance period
• During the eighteenth century
2. TheTwentieth Century
• The Measurement of Intelligence
• The Measurement of Personality
• The Academic and AppliedTraditions
Topic Outline 2

3. Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of the discussion, the students are expected to:
1. Identify the different eras where the tests and testing has
significant development.
2. Identify the different theorist and proponents that has a big
contribution to the development of psychological testing
and assessment.
Intended Learning Outcome
3

4. A Historical Perspective
China’s history of tests and testing
• The Han Dynasty (206 BCE) was thought to administered the earliest
imperial exam
• Used as a way to select or determine qualified applicants for
government jobs
• It was then inTang China (618-907 CE) that the testing system was
standardized
• Empress Wu Zetian relied on this imperial examination to recruit officials
• The tests during the Song Dynasty (960-1279 C.E) emphasize knowledge
of classical literature.
• Those who received good grades in examinations are privileged.
A Historical Perspective 4

5. A Historical Perspective
Greco-Roman Era
• Writings during this era is indicative of attempting to categorize people in terms of
personality types.
• Bodily fluids in the body affects the personality, behavior, and health of an
individual
• Imbalances of temperaments pairs will result to the four personality types:
• sanguine ( optimistic and social),
• Choleric (short-tempered and irritable)
• Melancholic (analytical and quiet)
• Phlegmatic ( relaxed and peaceful)
A Historical Perspective 5

6. A Historical Perspective
The Middle Ages
• new tests were developed based on superstitions to test the true nature
of an individual
The Renaissance Period
• Psychological assessment in the modern sense began to emerge
• Juan Huarte published the first book to propose a discipline of the
assessment calledTheTyral ofWits in 1698 A.D.
• ChristianThomasius created the first behavioral rating scale
• Christian vonWolff anticipated psychology as a science and
psychological measurement as a specialty within that science
A Historical Perspective 6

7. A Historical Perspective
During the Eighteenth century
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published his book “On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection”.
• Francis Galton is credited for his contribution to the development of
many contemporary psychological assessment tools including
questionnaires, rating scales, and self-report inventories.
• In 1884 at an exhibition in London, he displayed his Anthropometric
Laboratory.
• Wilhelm Max Wundt founded the first experimental Psychology
laboratory where the assessment was an important activity.
A Historical Perspective 7

8. A Historical Perspective
During the Eighteenth century
Other student ofWundt that has contributions to the
development of psychological testing and assessment are:
• In 1890, James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) coined the term mental
test in the his return to the University of Pennsylvania.
• Charles Spearman is well known as he pioneered factor analysis as a
statistical technique to reduce and interpret data.
• Victor Henri was very well-known in experimental psychology for his
work with Alfred Binet regarding the spatial perception of touch and on
the psychology of memory and individual psychology.
• LightnerWitmer founded the first psychological clinic in the United
States A Historical Perspective 8

9. A Historical Perspective
TheTwentieth century
• There was a major shift of how people perceive psychological testing
and assessment.
The Measurement of Intelligence
• Alfred Binet andVictor Henri published articles about memory and
social comprehension.
• Alfred Binet andTheodore Simon published a 30-item measurement
scale of intelligence
• David Wechsler introduced a new test designed to measure adult
intelligence in 1939 namedWechsler Adult intelligence Scale (WAIS).
A Historical Perspective 9

10. A Historical Perspective
The Measurement of Personality
• Robert S.Woodworth chaired the Committee on Emotional Fitness which aspires to
develop measures of adjustments and emotional stability.
• After the war, he developed a personality test for civilian use called the Woodworth
Psychoneurotic Inventory.
• One method or approach came to be described as projective in nature.
• individuals project some ambiguous stimulus his/her own unique needs, fear, hopes,
and motivation.
• The best-known projective test is the Rorschach test developed by Hermann Rorschach.
The Academic and AppliedTraditions
• In academic tradition, psychological testing is used to advance knowledge and understand
human and animal behavior.
• In applied traditions, psychological testing is used to select applicants for a job.
A Historical Perspective 10

11. References
• Szczepanski, K. (2018, June 11). WhatWas Imperial China's Civil Service Exam System? ThoughtCo. Retrieved August
29, 2022, from https://www.thoughtco.com/imperial-chinas-civil-service-exam-195112
• Jesper Dammeyer, Ingo Zettler,(2018),A Brief Historical Overview on Links Between Personality and Health, from
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805300-3.00001-3.
• (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128053003000013)
• Gregory, R. J. (2004). Psychological testing: History, principles, and applications. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon
http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2003-88183-000
• Charles Spearman. (2014). FamousPsychologists.org. Retrieved 04:07, August 29, 2022
from https://www.famouspsychologists.org/charles-spearman/
• Nicolas, S., Gounden, Y. & Piolino, P. (2013). Victor and Catherine Henri on earliest recollections. L’Année
psychologique, 113, 349-374. https://www.cairn-int.info/journal--2013-3-page-349.htm.
References 11