2. INTRODUCTION
SITE&SAFETY
PLANTSANDMACHINERIES
EXTERNALWORK
FOUNDATION
SUPERSTRUCTURE
DOORSANDWINDOWSDOORSANDWINDOWS
ROOF
SUMMARY&REFERENCE
YEOW YICHUAN
TEHGIEENG,IVANKA
LIM JIANJUN
JOANNEBERNICECHUAYUNNTZE
ANDREW CHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
LOOMEICHUEN
SOHWEIAUNSOHWEIAUN
MEERASATHEESH
0317576
0316179
0316867
0315905
0316202
0316379
03168870316887
0317062
GROUPMEMEMBERS
1
3
5
9
15
22
4040
47
54
CONTENT

3. 1

5. 3

6. 4

7. 5

8. 6

9. 7

10. 8

11. 9

12. 10

13. 11

14. 12

15. 13

16. 14

17. 15

18. Truckfortransporting
topsoilandtrees
Backhoe-loader
fortopsoilremoval
10tonsmechanicalcompactor
Step2:EarthCompacting
-Earthiscompactedusing10ton
compactor
byLooMeiChuen&
YeowYiChuan

19. -Alayerofhardcoreisaddedto
strengthenthebase
-Hardcoreisthenbeingcompacted
to6inchesthick
-Quarrydustaddedafterhardcore
-Quarrydustisthenbeingcompactedto6
inchesthick

20. Foundation
byLooMeiChuen&
YeowYiChuan
1.C
oncrete
2.SteelBar&
BRC
A
7
3.Stools
4.

21. 5.TemporaryTraditionalTimberFormwork
- madeofplywoodandisreusableupto5times
- usedtoshapeandsupportconcreteuntilitcures
- timber’ssmoothsurfacesfaceinsidetoavoidroughtextureon
concrete
6.QuarryDust(6inches)
- beddingforpipesandcables- beddingforpipesandcables
- plentifulandcheap,producedduringcrushingprocess
7.Hardcore(6inches)
-make-upmaterialtoraiselevelsandtoprovideafirm base
onwhichtocastagroundfloorslab
8.Earth
- compactedandexcavatedtodifferentlevelsaccording
tofiniteelementsanalysisdonebytheengineers
FiniteElementsPlan AfterExcavation
Columns
Heavierloadpressedontotheground
Lighterloadpressedontotheground

22. Foundation
byLooMeiChuen&
YeowYiChuan
Crackingoccursduetothepoor
supportofapron’sstarterbars
Cracks
Rebarcapsshouldbeusedto
preventinjuries
Wall
Raftfoundation
Apron
Starterbarsforapron
C
oncrete
Trenchesareexcavatedto
positioncolumns(starterbars)and
togivemoresupportwhen
concreteispoured
Thickerconcrete(450mm)atthe
starterbarsstrengthenthebase
ofthecolumns(starterbars)
C
oncrete
Honeycombisacommondefectthathappensonfoundation
Ifthedefectisnotserious,engineeringconsultantwillhelpintouchingupthehoneycomb
ADDITIONALINFORMATION

23. (d)Placethefirsttileatthecrossingofreferencelines
andfollowbytheremainingtiles.
Someofthetilesmightneedtobecutusingtilecutterinordertoarchieve
balancebothsideoffloorfinish.
(e)Placethespacersinbetweentiles.Thisistoensurethatthereis
somedistancebetweentilesfortilesexpansion.
cementsandscreed
(a)Cementsandscreed
20mm standardbutvariesinorder
toobtainrequirelevel
(b)Referencelines
constructreferencelinesstartingfrom
middletobalancebothside
Inthisconstructionsite,standardspacersarenotusedbutnails
instead,thismayresultinaunevenspacingbetweentiles.
byLooMeiChuen&
YeowYiChuan

24. 22

25. 23

26. 24

27. 25

28. 26

29. 27

30. 28

31. 29

32. 30

33. 31

34. 32

35. 33

36. 34

37. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
SUPERSTRUCTURE
STAIRS
35
Stairsmaybemadefrom timber,bricks,stone,metalandplain
andreinforcedcementconcrete.
StairTypes:Materials
WOOD
•lightinweight
•easytoconstruct
•havepoorresistancetofire
•usedonlyforsmallresidentialbuildings
••unsuitableforhigh-riseresidentialbuildingsandpublicandcommercialbuildings
•timberusedforconstructionshouldbefreefrom fungaldecayandinsectattackand
shouldbewelltreatedbeforeuse
CONCRETE
•form ofstairandindividualtreadsandrisersmayvaryasdesired
•usedwherefireproofconstructionisrequired
••thewidth,rise,going,headroom andthearrangementoftheflightsofstepsallaresame
asintimberstairs
•cantilevereddesignsarepossible
•extensiveform workandweightofconstructionisanimportantconsiderations
•pre-caststairelementsareavailable
INSITUREINFORCEDCONCRETE
•Concretepouredonsite.Avarietyofstairtypesorarrangementsarepossible.
PRE-CASTCONCRETESPRE-CASTCONCRETESTAIRS
•Producedinmostformatsusedforin-situconcretestairs.Limitedstairtypes.
STEEL
•looksnotgood,makeslotofnoisewhenused
•requiresregularmaintenanceintheform ofpaintingtoprotectfrom corrosion
•mostlyspiralstairs
•bothsteeltubesandanglesareused
••madeupofmildsteel(MS)orcastiron
•usedinveryexceptional/rarecasesasemergencystairs
•alsousedasfireescapestairs/backstairs
Measurement
Theriseheightorriseofeachstepismeasuredfrom thetopofonetreadtothenext.
Thetreaddepthofastepismeasuredfrom theedgeofthenosingtotheverticalriser.
Thegoingofastepismeasuredfrom theedgeofthenosingtotheedgeofnosingin
planview.
Thetotalrunortotalgoingofthestairsisthehorizontaldistancefrom thefirstriserto
thelastrisethelastriser.
-IfthereareNsteps,thetotalrunequalsN-1timesthegoing:thetreadofthelaststep
ispartofalandingandisnotcounted.
Thetotalriseofthestairsistheheightbetweenfloors(orlandings)thattheflightof
stairsisspanning.
-IfthereareNsteps,thetotalriseequalsNtimestheriseofeachstep.
Theslopeorpitchofthestairsistheratiobetweentheriseandthegoing(notthetread
depth,duetothenosing).depth,duetothenosing).
Headroom istheheightabovethenosingofatreadtotheceilingaboveit.
TotalRise
TotalRun
Rise
Going

38. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
SUPERSTRUCTURE
STAIRS
36
Stairs
•Severalfixtures,suchasscrews,areusedtojoinandfastenthe
riserboardstothelateralstructureoftheformwork.
•Thereinforcingbars(joist)areinstalledintheformworkatthe
bottom oftheslab
MethodsofInstallation:InsituReinforcedConcreteStairs
Inamoredetailedperspectiveview,theformworkwillvaryfordifferenttypesofreinforcedstairsbutthe basicprinciplesforeachformatare
thesame.
•Solidwoodenboardsmustbeloadbearingtosupporttheweightoftheconcrete.

39. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
SUPERSTRUCTURE
STAIRS
37
Constructionofthestaricase
•Marktheriseandtreadonthelateralwoodplanks
•Useofasprittomakesuretheform islevelandplumbtoachieveaneatlook
Simplereinforcedconcretestepswithsuitableform workarrangementis
basedonthefollowingbasicrequirements:
•concretemixusuallyM15(1:2:4)/20mm aggregate
•minimum “cover”toreinforcement15mm orbardiameterorgreatervalue
for1hourfireresistance
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.

40. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
SUPERSTRUCTURE
STAIRS
38
Thesurfaceofthestairsmustbeperfectlylevel
beforestartingwiththelayeringofthetiles.
Theexistingconcretestepsarecleaned.
Theadhesiveisthenlayeredusingthestraightside
ofthefloatinsemicircularmotionsuntilwehave
anevenlayer.
TheadhesiveisthencombedwiththenotchedTheadhesiveisthencombedwiththenotched
side.
Cutthetilesintothespecificdimensionsusinga
wetsaw.
Layerthetilesandinstallspacersinbetwenthe
tilestohaveevengapsseparatingthetiles.
KeeponlayeringalltilesontKeeponlayeringalltilesontreadsuntiltheentire
slabhasbeencovered.
Bullnosetileswillcoverthefacingedgeofthe
stairs.Layertheriserofthestairusingthesame
processasthetread.
TTapthetilesgently,byusingarubberhammerto
lockthetilesinpositionandhaveanevensur-
face.
Themortarandtheadhesivemustbelefttocure
for24hours.
Preparethegroutandspreadthegroutwitha
rubberfloattofillallthecrevicesbetweenthe
tiles.
20minutesofwaitisnecessarybeforestartingto
cleanwiththesemi-wetcloth.
ConcreteStairFinishes

41. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
SUPERSTRUCTURE
STAIRS
39
StandardRequirements
Stairwaydesignisstrictlyregulatedbythebuildingcode.Thedimensionsof
riseandtreadaresubjectedtotherequirementsapprovedbytheDepar-
mentofStandardsMalaysia-anationalstandardisationandaccreditation
body.
RisersandTreads
-Treaddepth:11”(280)minimum
-Riserheight:4”(10)minimum;7”(180)maximum
-Uniform riserandtreaddimensionsarerequired
-Openrisersarenotpermitted
Stairwaywidth
-Theoccupantloaddeterminestherequiredwidthofanexitstairway.
-44”(1120)minimum width;36“(915)minimum forstairwaysservinganoc-
cupantloadof49orless.
Landings
-Landingsshouldbeasleastaswideasthestairwaytheyserveandhavea
minimum lengthequaltothestairwidth,measuredinthedirectionof
travel.Landingsservingstraight-runstairsneednotbelongerthan48”
(1220).
-Ifthereisadooratthelanding,thedorshouldswinginthedirectionof
egress.Doorswingmustnotreducethelandingtolessthanonehalfofits
requiredwidth.
-60”x60”(1525x1525)minimum landingwhe-60”x60”(1525x1525)minimum landingwherestairwaychangesdirec-
tion.
Handrails
-Requiredonbothsidesofthestair.Thebuildingcodeallowsexceptionsfor
stairsinindividualdwellings.
-34”to38”(865to965)heightabovetheleadingedgeofthestairstreads
ornosings.
-Shouldbecontinuouswithoutinterruptionbyanewelpostorotherob-Shouldbecontinuouswithoutinterruptionbyanewelpostorotherob-
struction.
-Shouldextendatleast12”(305)beyondthetopriserandatleast12”(305)
plusonetreadwithbeyondthebottom riser.
DetailedAnalysis
-Treadswidthiswithinstandardrequirements.
-Riserheightiswithinstandardrequirements.
-Landingsandstairshaveequalwidth.
-Fulllanding
-Closedrisers
-Existenceofskirtings-Existenceofskirtings

42. 40

43. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
DOORS&WINDOWS
DOORS
41
Doorsanddoorwaysgiveaccessfrom theoutsidetotheinteriorofabuilding.Theycanalsobeusedaspassage
betweeninteriorspaces.
Terminology
DoorTypesandDoorframes
Hollowmetaldoorandframe Wooddoorandframe Glassdoorandframe
DoorHardware
HingesHinges Locksets
Hollowmetaldoorshavefacesheetsof
16to22gaugesteelbondedtoasteel
channelframeandreinforcedwithchan-
nels,akrafthoneycombstructure.
Rail-andStileConstruction
Tubularstilesandrails
Infillmaybeflushorrecessedpanel,glass,
orlouvers
RailPanelConstruction
HIngeandlockstilesconnectedtowide
centrepanel
Exposedverticalinterlockingwelded
seams
Invertedchannelattopandbottom.Invertedchannelattopandbottom.
Woodendoorconsistsofseveraltypesofdoor
HollowcoredoorsHollowcoredoorshaveaframeworkofstilesand
railsencasinganexpandedhoneycombcoreof
corrugatedfibreboardoragridofinterlockinghori-
zontalandverticalwoodstrips.Theyarelightweight
buthavelittleinherentthermaloracousticinsula-
tionvalue.
Solidcoredoorshaveacoreofbondedlumber
blocks,particleboard,oramineralcomposition.Of
these,thebondedlumbercoreisthemosteco-
nomicalandwidelyused.
Glassdoorsareconstructedofheat-strengthenedortmepered
glass.
Continuousbottom Cornerpivotsw/
railw/lock bottom lock
NarrowStile Medium Stile
MortiseLock
Moriselockishousedwithinamor-
tisecutintoadooredgesothat
thelockmechanism iscoveredon
bothsides.
Lockisconcealedexceptfora
faceplateatthedooredge,knobs
orlevels,acylinder,andoperating
trim.
ButtHingers
Butthingersarecomposedoftwoplatesorleavesjoinedbyapinandsecured
totheabuttingsurfacesofwoodandhollowmetaldoorsanddoorjambs.
usuallyinthreesorfours,whichareinset(mortised)intothedoorandframe.
Mostresidentialhingesaremadeofsteel,althoughmortisehingesforexterior
doorsareoftenmadeofbrassorstainlesssteeltopreventcorrosion.
LeverHandles
Lever-operatedmechanisms,
push-typemechanisms,and
U-shapedhandlesaregener-
allyeasierforpeoplewithdis-
abilitiestograsp.
DoorKnobs
ThetraditionaldoorknobhasThetraditionaldoorknobhas
aboltorspindlerunning
throughitthatsitsjustabove
acylinder,towhichthespin-
dleisconnected.Turningthe
knobpullsthecylinderinthe
directionoftheturn.Knob
Roseorescutcheon
Half-mortisehngeshave
oneleafmortisedintothe
edgeofthedoorandthe
othersurface-mountedto
thedoorframe.

44. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
DOORS&WINDOWS
DOORS
42
Installingthedoorframe
1.Itisimportanttomakesurewehaveenoughclearanceoneitherside
forthejambtoslipoverboththeinteriorandexteriorsheathings.We
wanttohaveplentyofclearance.Whenit’stimetoputthejambin
place,we’llfightitthewholewayifit’stootight.
2.Itisbettertofastentheexteriorsidetighttothewallforweatherp2.Itisbettertofastentheexteriorsidetighttothewallforweatherproof-
ingpurposes,andshim outtheinterior,thanhavethewholejambbetoo
tight.
3.Nextapplythewaterproofingsillmembrane.Toaidtheprocess,use
sprayglue,whichensuresagoodbondbetweensurfaces.
4.Finally,installthejamb.It’sbesttoinstallonejamblegfirst,nearly
straight,thenslipthetopjambovertheheaderandslideitdownto
engagethetabsinthejambleg.Theninstalltheoppositejambleg,en-
gagingthetabs,andraisedtheheadjambasweslideitoverthewall.
Overall,aslongasyouhaveenoughclearance,theprocessisrelatively
easy.
5.Next,installthehingeonthejamb.Afterremovingthecoverthat
hidestheexteriorfasteners,itistimetoattachthehingetotheframe.
6.Installthedoorpanel.Ensureproperalignmentandverifytheunder-
cutdimensionsbeforefasteningthehinges.Gapmayvarydepending
onthetypeofhinge..
7.Installthelockset

45. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
DOORS&WINDOWS
DOORS
43
Installingtheslidingdoor
1.Atthesametimethatthewallisbeingerected,installthesub-framefornormalsliding
door.
2.Installthedoorpanelandironmongery.
3.Checkandensurethedoorpaneliswithoutdefects.Checkvisuallyforanysurface
damagebeforeinstallation.
4.Fixthei4.Fixtheironmongeryontothedoorpanel.Checkifthecorrectironmongeriesare
beingused.Afterfixing,testthefunctionalityofthedoor,byopeningandclosingit.
5.Installthemainframeandthearchitrave.Installtheverticalframesfirst,thenfinishthe
architravebyaddingthehorizontalpart.
SafetyPrecautions
1.Oneofthepriorstepoftheconstructionistoensurethat
theverticalpartsoftheframesarefirmlysecuredbeforein-
stalingthehorizontalpartoftheframeasthehorizontal
partoftheframemaycausetheswayingofthevertucal
parts.
2.Ensureaconsistentgapbetweenthepanelandframe
toensuresmoothoperationofthedoor.

46. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
DOORS&WINDOWS
WINDOWS
44
Awindowisanopeninginawall,door,rooforvehiclethatallowsthepassageoflightand,ifnotclosedor
sealed,airandsound
Terminology
Headistheuppermostmemberofawindowframe.
Jambiseitherofthetwosidecomponentsofa
windowframe.
Sillisthehorizontalmemberbeneathadooror
windowopening,havinganuppersurfacesloped
toshedrainwater.
MullionMullionisaverticalmemberseparatingaseriesof
windowsordoorways.
Glazingisthepanesorsheetsofglasssetinthe
sashesofawindow.
Weatherstripisasealerforopeningstopreventrain
andwaterfrom enteringentirelyorpartially.
Espagnoletteisalockingdevice.
WindowOperation
CasementAwindowthatishingedontheright-or
left-handsideandopensoutwardwithaturnofa
crankhandle.
Pro:Itoffersexcellentventilation.
Con:Becauseitswingsout,itwon’tworkneara
walkwayoradeck.Thecrankcangettedious.
FixedItdoesn’topenbutoffersunobstructedviews.
PPro:Asmallonecanbrightenupastairwell,whilea
largeoneshowcasesanamazingvista.
Con:Youwon’tgetanyventilation,ofcourse,and
you’llneedtocleantheexteriorfrom theoutside.
AwningSimilartoacasementbuthingedatthetop.
PPro:Whenextended,theglassslopesdownward,so
thewindowcanbeleftopenwhenitrains.Itcanbe
usedasaclerestorytolethotairescape.
Con:Offersonlypartialventilationandisusuallytoo
smalltouseintheeventofanevacuation.
SlidingAwindowwithamovingpanelthatslidesto
theleftortherighttoopen.
PPro:Itiseasytoopenanddoesn’tprojectoutward,
soitworkswellnexttowalkwaysandpatios.The
openingisusuallybigenoughforanemergency
evacuation.Fixedscreenscanbeadded.
Con:Youcanopenonlyonesideatatime.

47. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
DOORS&WINDOWS
WINDOWS
45
WindowsInstallation
Severalmaterialscanbeusedfortheframingofthewindows.
Material Thermal Durability Recycled Comment
Resistance Content
Wood Verygood Variable Low Changesinhumidity
causedistortioninshape
AluminiumAluminium Bad Good Typically Usedinmostlarge
>95% structures
Steel Medium Verygood >98% Typicallyweldedatcorner
joints
Installingthesub-frame
1.Afterthelocationofthesub-framehasbeendecided,the
sub-frameisanchoredtothewall.
2.Anchorboltheadsandjointsbetweenexternalwalland
sub-frameshouldbesealedwithsealantforefectivewater
tightness.
3.Thep3.Theprotectivetapesorplasticsmustnotberemoved
throughoutthewholeconstructionworks.
4.Afterallthewettradeshavebeencompletedaroundthe
windowopening,themainframeisthenfixedontothesub-
frame.Duringthefixingofthemainframe,thesub-frame
shouldbecheckedforanydamage.Anydamagedsub-
frameshouldberemovedandreplaced.
5.Verificationofthesub-frameisveryimportantbeforethe
installationofthemainframe.
6.Thesub-frameshouldbecleanedandclearedofanydust
anddebris.Thedustanddebriscouldaffectthealignment
andthefixing.
Ouron-sitewindowframesaremadeupfrom aluminium
AdvantagesofusingAluminium
-Large-scaledetailsofframeandsashprofiles.
-Alloy,weightandthicknessofsections.
-Resistancetocorrosion,waterpressure,airinfiltrationand
windloading.
-Finishesavailable-Finishesavailable
Aluminium windowframesarerelativelycheap,lightweight
andhaveahighcorrosionresistance.Becausetheyhave
suchagoodefficiencyinconductivityofheat,synthetic
rubberorplasticthermalbreaksarerequiredtointerruptthe
flowofheatfrom thewarm tothecoolsideoftheframe.
Concealedaluminium incontactwithconcConcealedaluminium incontactwithconcreteormasonry
shouldalsobeprotectedbyacoatingofbituminousoralu-
minium paintorbyazincchromateprimer.

48. ANDREWCHEEKIONGCHEEMANSHING
DOORS&WINDOWS
WINDOWS
46
FaceGlazing
Smallglasspanesmaybe
setinarabbetedframe,
heldinplaceandsealed
withabeveledbeadof
puttyorglazingcompound.
WetGlazing
Wetglazingisthesetting
ofglassinawindow
framewithglazingtapeor
aliquidsealant.
1.Removethescrewsholdingthewindowframetogether.Aluminum framessandwich
glasspanesbetweenaninsideandanoutsidesegmentoftheframe.Loosenand
removescrewsholdingthetwopartsoftheframetogether.Youshouldnowseea
rubbergasketwhichsurroundedthepaneofglass.
2.Dampenaclothandrunitaroundtheseatwheretheglasswasinstalledtoremove
anysmallglassfragments,dustordirt.Placetherubbergasketaroundthe paneofglass
alongitsoutsideedges.
3.Insertthepaneofglassintotheframe.Reassembletheframein3.Insertthepaneofglassintotheframe.Reassembletheframeinreverseordertohow
youtookitapart,tighteningthescrewstosecuretheglassinplace.Becauseofthe
rubbergasket,nosiliconeorothersealantisnecessary.Largeglasspanelsshouldbe
handledwithsuctioncups.Spacerblocksarenormallyusedtotemporarilyholdthe
glasspanelinplace.
4.Thenglasspanelhastobesecuredinpositionusingaluminium beads.Theprofileof
thebeadsshouldbeverifiedforcompability.
5.Placethewindowassemblyintotheframeinthewall.Putbackthesamesc5.Placethewindowassemblyintotheframeinthewall.Putbackthesamescrewsinto
thesameholestoensurethatthefitisperfect.
5.Thealignmentandoperationofthewindowpanelshouldbecheckedbeforeand
afterinstallation.
Choiceofglass
InsulatingGlass VisibleLight SolarRadiation
Type
%transmitted %reflected %transmitted %reflected
Clear+clear 78-82 14-15 60-76 11-15
clear+low-e 49-86 12-15 17-56 17-25
Clear+tintedClear+tinted
gray 13-56 5-13 22-56 7-9
blue 19-62 8-13 26-57 8-9
Clear+coated
silver 7-19 22-41 5-14 18-34
blue 12-27 16-32 12-18 15-20
Thechoiceofthetypeofglassisveryimportantintheconstruction.EspeciallyforourThechoiceofthetypeofglassisveryimportantintheconstruction.Especiallyforour
site,wheretheweathercanbeverysunnyandtempearturescanrisetoveryhighone.
WetGlazing
DryGlazingistheset-
tingofglassina
windowframewitha
compressiongasketin-
steadofglazingtape
oraliquidsealant.
GlazingTheprocessbywhichthewindowpaneisinstaledintotheframe.Window
sashesaremadewithalippedchannel,calledarabbet,thatholdstheglass.A
window’srabbetissimilartothegrooveornotchededgearoundthebacksideofa
pictureframewheretheglassrests.
VISIBILITYVISIBILITY

49. 47

50. BYLIMJIANJUN
ROOF
TYPESOFROOF
48
Aroofispartofabuildingenvelope,boththecoveringontheuppermostpartofa
buildingorshelter.Roofprovidesprotectionfrom animalsandweather,notablyrain,
butalsoheat,windandsunlight.Theframingandstructuresupportsthecovering.
MonopitchedRoof
Amono-pitchedroofisasingle-slopingroofsurface,oftennotat-
tachedtoanotherroofsurface.Thistypeofroofissometimescalleda
lean-towhenitabutsawallwhichrisestohigheerlevelthantheroof
FlatRoofSlab
Aconcretereinforcedflatroofwheretheslopeinany
plandoesnotexceeds10degreetohorizontal
Characteristic
-Functionalandeconomical
-Goodconstructibility
-Allowmoreinteriorspace
-Designbasedonclimate,
materialsandaesthetics
conceconcern
Characteristic
-LightWeight
-Reducesoffits
-Pronetopoolingand
waterdamage
-Insulatedtopreventwater
penetrationpenetration
Characteristic
-Lowmaintainence
-Goodconstrucbility
-Prefabricable
-Economical
-Withstandscontinuousrainfall
GabledRoof
Generallytriangularportionofawallbetweentheedgesofa
dual-pitchedroof.ItisalsocalledPitchedRoofwherethe
slopesofroofinanyplaneexceeds10degreeinsteepness.
Theselectedprojectsitesuseddifferenttypesofroofsystem intheroofconstructions.Thedesignoftheroof
system variesaccordingtotheresidentialhousebuidlingdesign.Itconsistsofmonopitchedroofatthefront
andthebackofthebuilding,gabledroofisplacedinthemiddlewiththeflatconcreteroofslabattheside.
TypeofRoof

51. BYLIMJIANJUN
ROOF
CONSTRUCTIONDETAILS
49
CONCRETEROOFSLAB
Chipping
Masticasphalt
SheathingFelt
InsulationLayer
VapourBarrier
Concretedeck
Mixtureofbitumen,sandandveryfinematerialcalled
filler.Providesflexible,watertightlayerusedforroofing.
Saturatedorimpregnatedlayerwithbitumen
oflowsofteningpoint(100°Fto160°F).
Insulatehear,noiseandvapour.
Impermeablelayertopreventwatervapour.
Structuralcoveringtosupporttherooflayers.
Layerofadhesiveforbondinggritorsurfacechippings
tocompletedbuilt-upfeltandasphaltroofs.
Metaldeck
Fibrewools
Aluminum foil
WWiremesh
Steeltruss
Alloycoatedsteelsusedasthemetaldeck.Excellentinreflectingsun
andheattoprotectdwellingfrom damagingrayandweathering.
Alaminatedlayermadeofaluminum,polyathyleneandwovven
fabric.Itisusedinroofsystem fortemperaturecontrol.
Usedinroofsystem assupportlayerorreinforcement.Ithasresistance
tocorrosionandhightensilestrength andnonreactanttowardsalka-
lisandacids.
Astructuralframeworkofcoatedalloysteelisinstalledtosupportthe
roof.Thecharacteristicofthesteelarewaterproof,goodstrength
andgoodworkability.
Lightweightglassfiberlayerofmat,designedforeconomicandeffec-
tiveinsulationofthermal,acousticandfireprotectionofbuilding,The
densityofthewoolisaround64-80kg/m3.
METALDECKINGROOF

52. BYLIMJIANJUN
ROOF
CONSTRUCTIONDETAILS
50
STEELPURLINBOLTEDTO
STEELTOPCHORD
STEELTRUSSBOLTEDCONNECT
TOWALLS
47X97MM LIPPEDC-CHANNELTO
STRUCTURALDETAILS
FLASHINGSECUREDD TOSTEELPURLIN
BRICKWORKSWITH19MM THINKCEMENT
PLASTERINGONBOTHSIDES
BRICKFORCEREINFORCEMENTINSTALLEDAT
GAPBRICKCOURSE
CERAMICTILESROOF
250mm x9mm THICKCEMENT
PLANKFASCIABOARD
SCREW TOFIXGUTTERTOFASCIA
Pantileshavegroovesalongedgeswhichprovidefitting
overaflangeinthenexttilesinthesamecourse.
Theridgeareaonslopedroofsystemsshouldbecappedtoensure
awatertightroofsystem aswellasaestheticappealMortarisused
tocloseuptheopeningstopreventwaterorobjectfrom goingin.
Thegapwithnallowairventilationbeneath.
Ceramictilesareinstalledby
securingthetilestothepurlins.
Fasciacapsheendofraftersoutsidea
buildingtoholdtheraingutter
Ceramicclayroofconsistoftilesmadeofclayunitsthatoverlapandinterlockontoeach
othertocreateaverystrongtexturepattern.Ceramictilesarefire-resistant,durableandre-
quirelittlemaintenance.Tilesrequireroofframingtosupporttheweightofthetilesflight.

53. ROOF
INSTALLATIONPROCESS
INSTALLATIONPROCESSES
PITCHEDROOFFLATROOF
6.Themetaldeckistheninstalledbyscrewing
throughtheedgeoftheroof,1/2inchweep
spaceisleftfordrainagebetweendecksand
theedges.
4.Alayerofreflectivealuminium foilisattachedto
theslantsteeltrusstoreflectheat.
2.TheMetaldecksarethensecurelyinstalled
ontothetrusses.
5.Followedbyglasswools
about6inchestogiveinsulationtoheatand
sound.
3.Chickenwirenettingisinstalledbeforetogive
supporttothestructure.
1.Lightweightpre-fabricatedsteeltrussesare
individuallyinstalledandsecuredwithbolts
withjointswithstandardW shape.
6.Thefinalpiecetobeaddedtothisroofing
system,istoinstallthemetaldecksbyscrewing
throughtheedgesoftheroof,leavingspace
fordrainagebetweenthedecksandthe
edges.
5.Nextfibreglasswoolisthensecurelyplaced
onthealuminium foil.Thispieceofmaterialis
veryimportantfortheinsulationofsoundand
heatfrom enteringthebuilding.
BYMEERASATHEESH
51
4.Aluminium foilistheninstalledonthechickenwire
meshwhichactsasaheatreflector.
3.Thechickenwiremeshisthenplacedon
themetaldeckstoholdthealuminium
foil.
2.Themetaldecksarethesecuredontothepurlins
supportedbythetrusses.
1.Thepurlinsareinstalledonebyoneonthetruss
whichhasa5degreepitch.

54. byLIMJIANJUN
ROOF
CONSTRUCTIONDETAILS
52
Steelplatebracketfixedtrussontowall.Cement
isthenusedtocoveruptheunevensurface.
JOINTSANDCONNECTIONS
Trussissecuredtothegusset
plateforgreatersupport
Trussisboltedwithbracketand
anchorboltisfixedintothewall
Raftersandchannelpurlinsare
fixedusingselffasteningbolts
PITCH=RISE/SPAN
RISE
SPAN
RUN
Mechanicalservicesuchaspiping,conduit
andductworkisarrangeandfixedtothetruss
throughthewebspaces.
Bricksarelaidonbeam aspediment
afterroofstructureisfixed
CHANNELPURLINSSPAN
THETRUSSSPACING
TYPICALSTEELROOFTRUSSFRAMEWORKDETAILS
Steeltrussgenerallyfabricatedbyweldingandbolting
structuralanglesandteestogethertoform thetriangu-
latedframework.Duetotheslendernessofthesetruss
members,connectionsusuallyrequiretheuseofsteel
gussetplatesorplainlyboltedwithbolts.

55. Spikeandferrulehangers
arespikedtofascia
(raftertails) Bracketsarescrewedtothe
fascia(raftertails)
Diagram 1(a):Half-RoundedGutterSystem
Shapeofgutterused
isHalf-RoundedGutter
MaterialsUsedisAluminium Gutter
ROOFGUTTERSYSTEM
ROOF
BYMEERASATHEESH
53
GUTTERSYSTEM
100X40mm HW WallPlatewhich
isfirmlysecuredtoR.CBeam at
600mm C/Cby12mm byM.S.
AnchorBolt.
Metalrafter
Selectedmetalbattentosuitroofmetaldecks
Selectedconcreterooftilesat
pitch
250x9mm thickcement
plankfasciaboard
UPVCR.W downpipe
R.CRoofBeam
1220x610x3.2mm
thickasbestosfreecement
ceilingboard.
Narrowtroughorductwhichcollectsrainwaterfrom theroofofabuilding
anddivertsitawayfrom thestructure,typicallyintoadrain.
1.Straphangersarescrewedtothe
roofsheathingtothetopsofthe
rafters.
Strainertoprevent
clogging
ofdownspout
5.Endcapisthen
screwedinto
thedownspout.
3.Endsectionwithoutletistheninstalled
4.Leaderordownspoutleadstostorm sewer
ordrycellistheadjustedandfixed.
7.Strapsatthetop,bottom and
intermediatejointsaretheninstalled
tightly
8.Downspout
9.Elbowandsplashblocktostorm drain
isthenfinallyinstalled
6.Provideleaderheadfordownspouts

56. Throughthisreallifeexperientiallearningproject,wehavedevelopedourunderstandingoftheprinciples,sequenceofconstructionactivities,impor-
tanceofbasicdetailing,constructionjointsandmaterialapplication.Weareexposedtoconstructiontechnologyandmethodsrespondingtositecon-
textandhaveundergoneaseriesofcontinuousassessments,sitevisits,discussionsandpresentation.Throughtheanalysisanddocumentationthatwe
havedone,weunderstandandareabletoexplaintheconstructionelements,itscomponents,sequenceandcoordinationofconstructionatsite.
Inthisproject,weareencouragedtobegenuinelycuriousaboutthepeopleweareworkingwith,suchasteammatesandconstructionworkers:e.g.,
whattheythink,whattheywant,whattheydo.Ratherthancominginasanexpertwiththeanswers,wecancomeinwithaspiritofcuriositywherewe
hopetolearntogetheraswell.Intheendofthisproject,eachofusgetstolearnmanythingsoratleasthavingaroughideaofhowtheotherpartsofthe
buildingsareconstructed.
WWealsoobservedthatnoteveryaspectmeetstherequirement:e.g.,safetyrebarcaparenotbeingusedandmaterialsarenotplacedcarefullydueto
variesreasonsuchascostsandsitemanagement.Despiteofallthesereasons,weshouldhavefollowedtherulesastheyprovideusmoresafetyand
safetyalwaysisthemostimportant.
54

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2.C.N.MINDHAM,ROOFCONSTRUCTIONANDLOFTCONVERSION,FourthEdition,UnitedKingdom,BlackWellPublishing,2000.
3.CHARLESGEORGERAMSEY,CONSTRUCTIONDETAILS,EnglishEdition,UnitedState,TheAmericanInstituteofArchitects,2004.
4.BRIANCOOKE,CONSTRUCTIONPLANNING,PROGRAMMINGANDCONTROL,UnitedState,WileyandBlackwell,2009.
5.DAM RAMSEY,BUILDERSGUIDESTOFOUNDATIONSANDFLOORFRAMING,UnitedState,McGawHill,1995.
5.Hoarding.(2010).WikiAnswers.RetrievedMay15,2014,from
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_the_tehttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_the_term_construction_hoarding_referring_to_temporary_fencing_around_a_construction_site_still_in_use?#slide=12
6.SiteOffice.(n.d.).SiteOffices.RetrievedMay15,2014,from http://www.portacom.co.nz/site-office.htm
7.Hoarding.(2010).WikiAnswers.RetrievedMay15,2014,from
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_the_term_construction_hoarding_referring_to_temporary_fencing_around_a_construction_site_still_in_use?#slide=12
8.SiteOffice.(n.d.).SiteOffices.RetrievedMay15,2014,from http://www.portacom.co.nz/site-office.htm
9 SettingOutProcedure.(n.d.)..RetrievedMay15,2014,from
http://leahttp://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/CITB%20Craft%20Information%20Sheets/BW/materials/Sec05-Setting%20Out/Sec05-M04.pdf
8.C.R.Asfahl,IndustrialSafetyandHealthManagement,5thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.
55