What are the different factors causing mutations in theDNA of living cells

3. WHAT WAS
OUR LESSON
YESTERDAY?

4. CAN YOU
DESCRIBE
WHAT IS DNA
REPLICATION?

5. WHAT ARE THE
DIFFERENT TYPE
OF ENZYMES
INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION?

6. ARE YOU READY
FOR OUR NEXT
TOPIC?

8. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners must be able to:
• Explain how protein is made using
information from DNA.
• Name the different kinds of amino
acids; and

9. The production of proteins.
a. Transcription b. Translation

10. Involved in the translation and
transcription
of genetic information from DNA.
RNA contains uracil instead of
thymine.

11. Messenger RNA or
mRNA
Carries information
from the DNA in the
nucleus to the
ribosomes (the site of
protein synthesis).

12. Ribosomal RNA or
rRNA
Binds tRNA and
various molecules
necessary for protein
synthesis.

13. Transfer RNA or
tRNA
Supplies the amino
acids to the
ribosome to form
proteins.

14. Large complex molecules that are
essential for normal functioning in
the cell.
Proteins are made up of smaller
amino acids, which are building
blocks of proteins.

15. There are 20 amino acids which are
classified based on their polarities
and charge.
Each amino acid is also coded by
DNA in a trinucleotide sequence or
in groups of three bases which
refers as codon.

16. .

18. This process involves the transfer of
genetic information in DNA to
mRNA (messenger RNA) which
happens inside the nucleus.

19. Transcription Process
The beginning of transcription whereas
the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a
region of a gene called promoter. After
this, the DNA unwinds so that the
enzyme can read the bases of the DNA
strand.
1.
Initiation

21. Refers to the addition of nucleotides to
2.
Elongation

22. 3.
Terminatio
n
The ending of transcription and the
mRNA detaches to the DNA. The DNA
strands rejoin. The RNA leaves the
nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm.

23. The process of converting
information from mRNA into a
sequence of amino acids in protein.

24. In order to start the translation process, the
following molecules are required: mRNA
template, ribosomes, tRNA, and various
enzymatic factors.
• Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site
• Peptidyl-tRNA binding site
• Exit site
Ribosome Structure

26. Translation Process
Transitional complex forms and tRNA
brings the first amino acid (Methionine)
in polypeptide chain to bind to start
Initiation

27. tRNAs bring amino acids one by one to
add to polypeptide chain.
Elongation

28. Terminatio
n
This happens when a stop codon in the
mRNA (UAA, UAG, or UGA) enters the A
site.

31. ACTIVITY 1:
COMPLEMENTARY
STRAND
Directions: For each sequence of DNA is shown. Write the complementary RNA sequence
underneath the letters, then use the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence.
DNA TAC CAT CGA AAT ATT
mRNA
tRNA
Amino
Acid

32. ACTIVITY 1:
COMPLEMENTARY
STRAND
DNA TTC AAT GGT CTA GGG
mRNA
tRNA
Amino
Acid

33. ACTIVITY 1:
COMPLEMENTARY
STRAND
DNA ACA TTT CAG ACC GTC
mRNA
tRNA
Amino
Acid

34. ASSIGNMENT: