Bcon final.compressed

1. Prepared by:
Cham Zheng Chee
Chia Keh Chian
Chin Shee Wei
Chung How Cyong
Kok Xuan Ying
Michelle Wong Sook Yin
Tutor:
Ms, Sujatavani Gunasagaran
Building
Construction II
Project 1: Skeletal Construction (Temporary bus shelter)
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2. Table of
Content
Introduction
& Function
1 2 4
6 8 9
11 21 25
27 28
Construction
Details
Conclusion
Design
Development
Final Design
Material
Selection
Technical
Drawings
Construction
Process
Test Result
References
Design
Consideration

3. 01 Introduction
This project aims to create an understanding of skeletal structure and its relevant structural components and how
the structure reacts under loading. Skeletal construction is important as it is one of the most widely used structures
for building support. In a group of 6, we were required to construct a temporary bus shelter that can accommodate
5 to 6 people based on our understanding of skeletal construction and its joints. The bus shelter should be in the
scale of 1:5 and the materials selection should reflect the materials used in actual construction. Load test will be
carried out to determine the ability of the structure to withstand forces.
02 Function
A bus shelter is a roofed structure placed on the sidewalk next to the roadway, designed for passengers to board
and alight from buses. Generally, bus shelters have a roof supported by two, three or four sided construction. It
offers protection from harsh weather to create a safe and conducive waiting space for passengers. Most of the
time, the construction includes inbuilt seats to serve its function better.
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4. 03 Design development
Mock up 1
Scale 1:20
Description:
Bus shelter form inspired by traditional Malay kampung house. A combination
of triangular prism and cuboid. Thatched roof is replaced by polycarbonate
roof sheet and the usage of steel as skeletal system brings a sense of modernism
to the traditional design.
Advantages:
Easily accessible, aesthetically pleasing, sturdy
Disadvantages:
Design has to be improvised to portray elements of modern design instead of a
direct traditional design.
Mock up 2
Scale 1:20
Description:
The traditional design is countered with a simple structure
created by the combination of triangular prism and cuboid.
The structure is a minimalist modern design with a mono-pitch
roof is supported by diagonal cross columns which are intersected.
Advantages:
The mono-pitch roof has an angle that allows water to flow in
a downwards direction preventing water from accumulating on the roof.
TThe large roof span provides shade from the sun at the seating area.
Disadvantages:
However, the large roof angle might cause rainwater to
create splashes during heavy rain. The columns provide little structural
support and it causes instability to the entire structure.
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5. Mock up 4
Scale 1:10
Description:
The hierarchy of columns and beams are altered whereby primary and secondary
components are arranged to provide maximum load capacity. The roof is designed
to have 2 downward angular pitch instead of 3. The minimum capacity of the bus
shelter is able to withstand the weight of 8 full grown adults.
Advantages:
The design is solid and stable which allows the bus shelter to withstand weathering
conditions, dead and live loads.
Disadvantages:
The slanted column does not meet the realistic overhang requirement whereby
the bus might come into contact with the slanted column that protrudes out to
the road. This causes disruption to the traffic flow.
Mock up 3 (Digital model)
Scale 1:10
Description:
The concept of angled roofs remains with additional pitched roofs of 3
different angles. The columns are designed to provide lateral support
from the roof’s downward force and a slanted column is introduced
to provide additional support to the cantilever roof
Advantages:
It allows maximum sun shading and provides a gentle flow of water from the
roof to the ground.
Disadvantages:
There is no hierarchy in column and beam sizes. The design should include
primary and secondary components to ensure an accurate load transfer
throughout the structure to provide maximum load capacity.
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6. 04 Final design
Description:
The final design is a composite structure of timber and steel whereby the main structure consists of timber construction whereas steel acts as an additional
support composition which enhances the structural load support.
Advantages:
The bus shelter’s structure is sturdy and is able to sustain live and dead loads. The chosen materials complement each other in terms of aesthetics and
structural forces. The bus shelter can withstand weathering conditions while providing a comfortable and spacious area for users to wait for their bus.
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7. 5

8. 05 Design consideration
Weather
As a tropical country that has hot and humid climate, Malaysia receives intensive sunlight and rainfall throughout the year. Hence, the design and form
of the bus shelter must be able to provide a total control on the climatic factors.
Humidity
The whole structure is elevated above
ground to prevent moisture from the
ground to have direct contact with
the timber structure.
Ventilation
The elongated form and openness of
the bus shelter gives way to wind
flow and allow adequate natural
ventilation throughout the structure.
The bus shelter is also raised to allow
full capture of ventilation.
Sun
Direct solar radiation is diffused by the
bronze polycarbonate roofing sheet to
provide a cooler shelter with soften light
for users. Overhang on both front and
back side aids in the sun shading
function of the bus shelter.
Rain
Large overhang extending to the front
and back of the bus shelter is built to
avoid heavy rain to splash in. Two pitch
roofs of different angles are inclined
towards the back so that rainwater can
flow to the ground smoothly, avoiding
the entrance from both sides and front
while transferring the live load efficiently.
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9. Roof:
The roofing material must be able to withstand cfilter sunlight penetration to
provide climatic comfort to the user. Lightweight material is used to decrease
amount of dead load acts on the structure below. Rubber seal and silicon sealant
is applied between flashingand polycarbonate to prevent water from leaking in.
Roof structure:
The connections of roof structures is the product of each rafters that sits
perpendicularly onto the beam. The construction method used provides
an easy assemblyand portability towards the bus shelter.
Post & Beam:
The distribution of weight onto steel cross-shaped sections that were used as
the inner core of the column, combined by the filling of timber finishes attached
together are crucial in holding the bus shelter structure. The beams sits on one
another, contributes as the connective support from the columns to the roof. The
front columns are extended upwards in two different heights individually. The height
differences creates two spaces that are cater for the beams to support the two roofs
in different levels.
Seating:
Interactive seating is used whereby the chairs are mobile and can be rotated
when in use and not in use. When in use, the seats are separated into individual
seats which gives personal space to users; when not in use, the seats can be
folded which saves space and allows a larger capacityof users.
Flooring:
Timber flooring construction is composed of timber bearers and joists which
are connected using steel brackets. The sturdy flooring acts as a stable base
to withstand the mass of multiple users.
Foundation:
The foundation is the structure’s core which carries all dead and live loads
of the structure whereby force is constantly exerted to the foundation.
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10. 06 Material selection
Steel
Supporting columns
Advantages:
• Sustainability: Strong enough to support the
roof.
• Tough
• Durable, can withstand extreme forces or
harsh weather conditions.
• Economical: Does not deteriorate with age
like timber.
Aluminium
Glazing bar, end caps- U channel & F section
Advantages:
• Impact and corrosion-resistant
• Lightweight yet stable
• Insensitive to temperature fluctuations
• Resistant to UV radiation.
Treated hardwood (Chengal)
Beam, rafter, flooring, seating
Advantages:
• Strong: Pressure treated timber is stronger than
untreated wood and can withstand much more force.
• Cost efficient
• Versatile, can be used above ground, underground,
and in direct contact with fresh or salt water.
• Provides flexibility for design and can economically
overcome difficult site situations.
Multiwall polycarbonate sheet
Roof
Advantages:
• Provide UV protection
• Light weight, easy to transport and install
• Durable
• Cost-effective compared to glass
• Coloured and textured surface provides a comfortable
waiting area for public with uniformly distributed, soften light.
Concrete
Pad footing
Advantages-
• High compressive strength can carry heavy loads
• Withstand tensile strength
• Weather resistant (rain & wind)
• High durability
• Economical
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11. 07 Technical drawings
9
Roof plan:
Front elevation: Back elevation:
Side elevation:

12. 10
Concrete pad footing
Wood braces
Supporting beam
Timber slat wall
Dovetail beam
Seating
Primary column
Timber decking
Joist
Bearer
Secondary
column
Rafter
Beam
Polycarbonate
roofing sheet
Exploded axonometric

13. 08 Construction details
Foundation
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Pad footing
• Transfer lateral load of shelter to the ground
• Main support system of the bus shelter
• Upward lift forces are resolved with heavy base
• Located below column at 6 positions on either sides of the bearer
• Each horizontal span has 3 pad footings located at both ends and the
middle
Foundation construction
• The steel plate which is mounted to the steel cross-shaped section of the
column is bolted onto the concrete slab
• Base plate anchor bolt are placed at each corner of the steel plate and are
directly anchored into the concrete slab
• The anchor bolt is concealed whereas the plane washer and nut is exposed
above the steel base plate
• This connectivity secures the foundation and primary column
• The steel plate acts as a protection for timber post to prevent direct contact
with timber column finishing
Steel rebar is used as
reinforcement within the foundation
Mounted steel plate bolted
using anchor bolts with measurement

14. 12
Timber flooring construction:
• 2 timber bearers as the primary construction support are lined on either sides
of the timber floor ends to support timber joists
• Timber joists, the secondary support rests on the primary support and are
spaced perpendicular to the timber bearer
• Timber joists creates the floorings support system with timber hardwood as
the finishing
• Timber joist are anchored to timber bearer using exposed right-angled steel
bracket
Flooring
Steel joist hanger & bolt connectivity:
• Each bearer to joist connectivity requires 4 right-angled steel brackets with
2 brackets on either side of the joist
• Flange nut and bolt is used and are bolted through the timber joist and
timber bearer
• Secured with double bolt as additional security and support to the flooring
Hardwood to timber joist connectivity- screw:
• Flat head wood screw is used to screw the decking onto the timber joist.
• The flat head wood screw creates a smooth platform with no protruding
finishing which prevents tripping.

15. 13
Hardwood decking finishing:
• Timber finishing is placed perpendicular to timber joist
• Each individual decking is secured with screw on each timber joist
• The decking is secured using screw 5 times across the length of the bus
shelter
Hardwood to timber joist connectivity- screw:
• Flat head wood screw is used to screw the decking onto the timber joist
• The flat head wood screw creates a smooth platform with no protruding
finishing prevents tripping

16. 14
Wall & Interactive Seating
Wall construction:
• The walls are timber strips which are arranged across the entire bus
shelter span with gaps between individual strips
• A lower and upper beam determines the height of the wall and acts as its
support
• Both supporting beams is bolted to the column with an embedded steel
plate
Wall connectivity:
• The individual wall strips are connected to the beams by using dovetail
joint and further secured with right-angled steel brackets
• Each wall to beam connectivity requires 4 right-angled steel brackets with
2 brackets on either side of the joist
• Secured with double bolt (4 in 1 steel bracket) as additional security and
support to the wall

17. 15
Interactive seating:
• The wall and chairs are connected to each other by a steel rod which are
then connected to the primary columns
• The interactive seating allows rotation of individual chairs to fold and
unfold from the wall
• The walls are directly supported by the beam below it while the chairs are
mainly supported by the steel rod that is embedded in the seat

18. 16
Mobility mechanism:
• Each individual chair has a fixed position but allows mobility
• A steel rod is embedded within the seats which connects the entire row
of seats to each individual wall
• It is connected across the entire span and is mounted to the column
using steel cap and I-nuts on either ends of the steel rod
• The chair is rotated with the steel rod as the main rotation system
Seating mechanism:
• When flipped to right angle, the seat interlocks with the beam located
directly above the seating,
• When the seats are being used, a downward force acts on the dovetail
beam at the back of the seats
• The interlocking system, a half dovetail joint, creates a support to support
the leverage when a person is seated
Dovetail interlocking system
Steel rod rotation system

19. Post & Beam
Primary column type: timber screen steel structure columns
Secondary column type: slanted column
A secondary column is introduced to the front column as additional support to the cantilever roof. The secondary columns counters the gravitational force,
ensuring the roof overhangs stays in place. It also contributes in the distribution of weight in roof finishing materials and also other exposures such as the
weather conditions.
The column is constructed with a steel crossed-shaped section welded by 2 L profiles
The timber finishing is bolted onto the mounted steel structure with double ended threaded rods with flanged nuts to secure the timber finishing
The inner mounted steel structure allows a higher capacity of load to be transferred from the roof to the column.
Steel crossed-shaped section: & Timber finishing: Front columns: (3) 2715mmx102mm, 2585mmx102mm; Back Columns (3): 2475mmx102mm
Secondary column: 3(50mmx1525mm)
Angle of secondary column from primary column:
36 degrees
The roof beams that sits onto the secondary
column.
The cubic wooden block that serves as an additional
support to the secondary columns, attached to both
primary and secondary columns with steel brackets.
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20. Gusset plate
The gusset plate wraps around the intersection points of the three flat sur-
faces of the wood bracing, both front and back. The use of gusset plate
allows flexibility in shaping its form. It has more coverage and exposure of
surface area. Thus, the gusset plate is able to secure the 3 wood braces in
position while reinforces the building structure in which diagonal supports
intersect.
Column connectivity & support:
45 degree acute angle ‘V’ bracket
The bracket is essential in securing the position of the secondary column.
It connects the secondary columns to the main columns and the cubic
wooden block..
The cubic wooden block placed at the intersection point of the
main column and the secondary column.
The wood braces are directly attached to the roof beam by screws.
A gusset plate that holds the three wood braces together in a fixed
position, aids in the distribution of forces.
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21. Roof
Column to roof beam:
The front and back column construction varies according to the roof pitch which slants from a higher front to a lower back. The front column has an L-cut on the
column top which gives space for the roof beam and allows a monopitch, while the back column is a full column that reaches the roof beam. The monopitch is
pitched downwards to the back column whereby it supports both the roof and the wall. Both columns are secured with 90 degrees steel L-brackets to the roof
beam. The steel brackets are exposed, showing the bolt attachment to the column’s top plate and upper beam.
Each individual columns are divided into two different levels. One supporting the
overhang roof in the front, one supporting the roof at the back, distributing the weight
above.
The beams sits directly on top of the column, reinforced by a steel screw that joints
both of the parts
The rafters sits on top of the beam with steel brackets that connects both components togeth-
er in order to secure its position and support the weight from above.
The rafters are connected to the beam by using clip angle connection
.
Roof structure
Clip angle Connection:
The joint for one wood to another is secured by the use of L brackets. It is rigid and bolted with screws at the wood’s meeting point of two ends. It eases the
installation process. It is hidden at the corner of the rafters which has a more pleasing appearance. With the use of steel joints, it provides great strength and
has high durability. .
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22. U-Channel
Breather tape
Glazing bar cap
Glazing bar base
Rubber seal
End cap
Tek Screw
(Self drill
screw)
Roof finish:
The material: used for polycarbonate sheet is 8mm polycarbonate sheet, cut into 610mm x 8mm x 1650mm (front roof)/ 1500mm (back roof). Polycarbonate
sheets are connected by aluminium glazing bars screwed on rafters.
Screw joint
1. Glazing bar base to rafter- Base screw
2. Glazing bar cap to base - Cap screw
Protection
Edges of polycarbonate sheets are sealed with anti dust breather tape before installing protective end closure to protect it against ingress of dust, debris and
insects. End closures used are aluminium F secction and U profile, dimensions are as shown in diagram. Rubber seal and silicon sealant is used to strengthen
the roof’s resistance to weather (rainwater and moisture.)
Flashing
Aluminium flashing is installed and sealed by horizontal rubber closure and silicon to prevent passage of water into the roofing structure.
Components of roofing system that consists of polycarbonate
roofing sheet, aluminium glazing bar, u channel, f section, rubber
seal and tek screw.
Aluminium flashing fixed on the roof equipped with horizontal
rubber closure to strengthen its performance as weather resis-
tant barrier sytem.
Section view to show roof sheets connection.
Breather tape is put on before installing end
closures to provide double layer of protection.
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23. 09 Construction process
Frame work is made according to the
size of pad footing by using recycled
materials: Cement, sand and stone.
Preparation of wood struture. Wood are measured and marked to
the correct dimensions to be cut.
Cutting of wood by following
the measurement marked on it.
Rafters are labelled for installation. Drilling holes for ‘L’ shaped bracket. Materials of columns- Steel
plates and wood.
Column construction- Timber scrreen
steel structure.
Foundation Preparation of material
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24. Flooring, Wall & Seating
Drilling of chair for placement of cap. Individual chair construction with
insertion of steel cap.
Connexcting floor finishing to the floor
frame.
‘L’ shaped bracket and screw are
used for the installation of floor
frame.
Completed floor system including
structure and finishing.
Preparation before screwing the
roof beam to column.
Wall and chair are attached to the
column.
Attaching the chair and wall struc-
ture.
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25. Preparation of roofing materials:
Polycarbonate roof sheet and alu-
minium flashing
Glazing bar base are cut and labelled
accordingly before installation.
Aluminium u channels are cut into
required length to use as end caps.
Tee bar as substitute of glazing
bar cap are labelled for installation.
Installation of glazing bar base
on rafters.
Installation of rubber seal on glaz-
ing bar base plate to block mois-
ture.
Removing the protective
film of polycarbonate.
Installation of polycarbonate sheet
on roof structure.
Roof structure and finishing
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26. Breather tape are taped to seal the
open flute ends on polycarbonate
sheeting before the installation of
glazing bar.
Installing aluminium end cap and
glazing bar.
Exposed internal components of the
glazing bar.
The glazing bar stretches over the
roof witth an enclosure at the end.
Silicon is added to seal edges that are
exposed on the roof finishes in order
to prevent further imersion of water.
Shellac is layered on top of the timber,
acting as a protective layer in order to
prevent it from deteriorating.
Temperory bus shelter completed.
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27. 10 Test Result
Test 1: Weight
During the first test, loads were placed on the structure to test its ability to carry weight. Through observation, the structure remains upright and stable while
force is acted on it.
Test 2: Weather
During the weather test, water was poured on the polycarbonate roof to test its level of resistance towards water. It allows water flows down the
smoothly without entering the shelter.
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Weather & load test:

28. The bus shelter is symmetrical- it consists of equal components
on both sides.
Six supporting columns were fixed at the middle and two
ends of the roof to ensure no force accumulates at specific points
of the structure. In this way, dead load and live load act upon the
roof can be transmitted equally to the ground and prevent it to
collapse from the middle or slant towards the sides. The dead
load includes the structure at the top part such as roof sheets;
while the live load includes rainwater and wind. The force is
transferred from the roof beams to the columns, to the ground
beams and then down to the pad foundation.
The seated user’s weight load is carried as a downward force to
the seating and is transferred to the embedded steel rod which
transfers the weight load to the supporting columns. The steel
rod holds the seating structure and allows rotation of each
individual seat. As the seat is unfolded to a 90 degrees position,
the dovetail locking system counters the uplift force of the
seating’s back part, whereby the load is transferred to a beam
which is bolted onto the supporting column. This transfer of
load allows the dispersion of load and load transfer to the beam
and column.
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Forces & strength analysis:
To rafters
To beams
Roof plan

29. 11 Conclusion
Emergent of an idea. The idea that grasps the significance of the bus shelter. The building construction was an important aspect to be considered in the
development of design. It was important to find the balance between the design and the construction method in order to produce an innovative, functional,
and holistic bus shelter that satisfies it’s best outcome.
Application of knowledge. The exploration in construction of different ways in approaching the bus shelter is vast. We had to be creative yet sensible to the
rational of the bus shelter’s construction. Research of various joints and connections, types of structural components had to be done in order to fit the concept
of the design, without neglecting the relevance of its construction.
Precision of parts. The process of building the model is where the accuracy in calculation comes into place. Calculations needed to be checked and refined
multiple times in order to ensure that every part of the bus shelter is able to be attached and come together. Trial and error is fundamental method in problem
solving. Multiple attempts that allow clarity and realization of mistakes.
Amplification of specifics. The assemble of the model facilitates the understanding of the construction process. Every detail and component, especially the
joint and connections plays a huge role in ensuring the stability and the functionality of the bus shelter. The process emphasizes the significance of construction
contributing towards the fulfillment of the visualization.
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30. 12 References
Book:
• Ching, Francis DK. Building Construction Illustrated. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1991.
• Chudley, R. Construction Technology. 4th rev.ed. Pearson and Prentice Hall. 2006.
• Lyons, Arthur. A. Materials for Architects and Builders. 2nd rev.ed. Oxford. Elsevier Butterwort Heinemann. 2004.
• Seeley, Ivor H. Building Technology. 5th rev.ed. Basingstoke, Hants: MacMillan. 1995.
• Simmon, H. Leslie. Construction: Principles, Materials and Method. 7th rev.ed. New York. John Wiley & Sons. 2001
Website
• Eklavyya Chowdhary (October 6, 2016). Accounting: What is the difference between a bolt, a screw and a stud? Retrieved May 20, 2017 from Quora website:
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-bolt-a-screw-and-a-stud
• Timber Details: Post And Beam Construction. (2016). Retrieved May 20, 2017 from http://www.vermonttimberworks.com/learn/
• Timber Frames Guide. (July 3, 2015). Retrieved May 20, 2017 from http://www.tfguild.org/faq/basics
• Whirlwind Team. (August 1, 2016). Accounting: Metal Buildings: Column and Beam Steel Frame Structures. Retrieved May 20, 2017 from Whirlwind Steel website:
https://www.whirlwindsteel.com/blog/bid/407853/metal-buildings-column-and-beam-steel-frame-structures
• Polycarbonate Roofing Sheets – How To Install. (April 21, 2015). Retrieved May 20, 2017 from https://www.softwoods.com.au/blog/polycarbonate-roof-
ing-sheets-how-to-install/
• The Constructor Civil Engineering Home. Accounting: Types of Pad Foundations. Retrieved May 20, 2017 from The Constructor website: https://theconstruc-
tor.org/geotechnical/types-of-pad-foundations/7514/
• Chengal. (2015). Retrieved May 20, 2017 from https://www.timberflooring.com.my/product/chengal/
• Floor Construction Method: Learn All About the different types of floor construction. (2016). Retrieved May 20, 2017 from DIY Network website: http://www.diy-
network.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/floors/floor-construction-methods-pictures
• Steel Timber Frame Joinery: Steel Gusset Plate. (2016). Retrieved May 20, 2017 from http://www.vermonttimberworks.com/learn/timber-frame-join-
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