Infectious disease HIV life cycle Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Antiretroviral drugs All details required for pharm d , b pharm and d pharm students. Useful to learn about AIDs and HIV virus. Ppt contains defination, etiology, pathophysiology,life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of AIDs

1. AIDs
PRESENTED BY : JEGA SHREE
PHARM D 2nd YEAR

2. ABOUT THE
DISEASEHIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
A Retro virus
Helper T4 Cell -white blood cell that activates the immune
response and that is the primary target cell of HIV infection
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
It is a chronic condition caused by the retro virus HIV and
characterized by profound immunosuppression that leads to
infections, secondary neoplasmas and neurological manifestation
The AIDs was first recognized in 1981 in US

3. HIV
● HIV is a human retro virus.
● Two types : HIV I and HIV II which are
genetically different but has related form.
● HIV II is transmitted less effectively than
HIV I.
● HIV is a typical retro virus with a small RNA
genome of 9300 basepairs.
● Is a spherical and contains neucleocapsid
core surrounded by a lipid bilayer or
envelop derived from host cell membrane.

4. LIFE CYCLE
OF HIV

5. LIFE CYCLE OF HIV

6. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• Transfusion of blood and
blood products
• Sharing of unsterilized
needles and syringes
• Organ transplantation
PARENTERAL
TRANSMISSION
• Unprotected sex
• Multiple sex partners
SEXUAL
TRANSMISSION
• In Utero
• During delivery
• Breastmilk
VERTICAL
TRANSMISSION

7. SYMPTOMS
ACUTE HIV
INFECTION
EARLY SYMPTOMS 2-4 WEEKS AFTER FIRST
EXPOSURE
-Fever -Swollen glands
-Headache -Maculopapuar truncal
-Sore throat rash
-Excessive fatigue -In some case, lack of
-Chills symptoms
-Muscle pain
CHRONIC HIV
PERIOD AFTER ACUTE INFECTION
Symptoms can vary in severity, ranging from mild
to severe , depending on how advanced the
infection is.
-coughing or breathing difficulty
-high fever and weight loss
-diarrhea and fatigue
In some case no symptoms are seen
AIDs
FINAL STAGE OF INFECTION
-persistent high fever and severe chills
-white spot in mouth
-severe fatigue and rashes
-Regular coughing and breathing problem
-weight loss and night sweat
-Persistent headache and memory problem

8. DIAGNOSIS
SPECIFIC TEST
 ANTIGEN DETECTION
- After a single massive infection viral antigen p24 and RT may be detected in the blood
about 2 weeks
-IgM antibodies appear in about 4-6weeks to be followed by IgG antibodies
 VIRUS ISOLATION
 ELISA(Enzyme linked immunoassay)
 WESTERN BLOT
 RT-PCR
NON SPECIFIC TEST
 Total leucocyte and lymphocyte count to demonstrate leucopenia and a lymphocyte count usually
below 2000/mm^3
 T cell subset assay. Absolute CD4+T cell count will be usually less than 200/mm^3.
 Platelet count will show thrombocytopenia.
 Raised IgA and IgG level.
 Diminished CMI as indicated by skin test.
 Lymph node biopsy showing profound abnormalities

9. TREATMENT
There is no cure for AIDs , but ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) can slow
down the progression of the disease.
ART involves taking a combination of medication that target different stages of the HIV
lifecycle.
ART can help individuals with HIV live longer and healthier lives , and can also reduce the
risk of transmitting HIV to others.

10. ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENT
ENTRY INHIBITOR
Prevent HIV from entering healthy T cell in the body
Eg. Enfuvirtide(fuzeon)
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR
NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NsRTIs)
Incorporate into a viral DNA terminating its construction
Eg. Lamivudine – abacavir
NON NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTIs)
Action is similar to NRTIs; bind directly to reverse transcriptase
Eg. Nevirapine
NUCLEOTIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR(NtRTIs)
Eg. Tenofovir
PROTEASE INHIBITOR (PI)
Prevent assembly and release of new viral partical
Eg. ritonavir-saquinavir

11. ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENT
INTEGRASE INHIBITORS
Work by disabling a protein called integrase , which HIV uses to insert its genetic material
into CD4 T cells.
Eg. Raltegravir
PREVENTION
• Follow safe sex practice.
• Avoid multiple sex
• Avoid sharing needle or syringes
• Use sterile needles for tattoos or piercings
• Proper examination of blood and organ donor should me done
• Do not share razor blades
• Get regular screening test
• Use gloves to examine the patients with open wounds
• Proper sterilization of dental and surgical instruments

12. THANK
YOU