PPT REGARDING A STUDY ON AIDS, this will help students in their studies

3. Immunodeficiency disease s is a disease caused by the defects in the immune
system.Immunodeficiency result in the depression or hypofunction of the
immune system and this leads a individual susceptible to infection. It is
classified into two type:
• Primary immunodeficiency
• Secondary immunodeficiency
Primary immunodeficiency is the defect of immune system caused by the
defective gene.It causes many diseases such as reticular dysgenesis,Di george
syndrome,nezelofs syndrome etc.
Secondary immunodeficiency refer to the depression of the immune system
caused by many factors such as drugs,ageing,X-rays,malnutrition other than
genetical.
AIDS is the common secondary immunodeficiency disease.

4.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
 AIDS is an pandemic viral disease of human population. The
disease is a major health problem in many parts of the world, and
is considered as pandemic, a disease outbreak that is not only
present over a large area but is actively spreading.
 HIV breaks down the body’s immune system and makes it liable to
several life threatening infections and neurological disorder. Once
infected AIDS virus persists in the body throughout the life.

5. AIDS was first reported in June 5, 1981 in Los Angeles
in homosexual male.
L . Montagnier and colleague named the virus as
lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) in 1983.
In may 1986 , the international committee of virus
nomenclature gave the name human
immunodeficiency virus(HIV).
In 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO)
estimated that there are 33.4 million people worldwide
suffering from HIV/AIDS and 2.0 million annual
deaths due to AIDS.

6. CLASSIFICATION :Two types of
HIV have been characterized:
1.HIV-1
2.HIV-2.
HIV-1 was initially discovered . It is
more virulent, more infective, and is
the cause of the majority of HIV
infections globally .
HIV -2 has the lower infectivity .
Because of its relatively poor capacity
for transmission, and HIV-2 is largely
confined to West Africa.

7.  AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Acquired means
you can get infected with it . Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the
body’s system that fights diseases. Syndrome means a group of health
problems that make up a disease.
 AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
It is a viral disease caused by human cell leukaemia virus which is now
called as HIV .
 The AIDS virus kill the helper T -cell (HT cell) that activate other
lymphocytes and thus leads to immune deficiency.
 Most of the individuals with fully grown AIDS die within 3 years from
various infectious disease or cancer. HIV attack WBC of the host that are
responsible for immune reaction of the body ..

8. o HIV is spherical in shape and has a diameter of 90-120nm . It
consist of an envelope,a capsid and RNA.
o The outer coat of the virus, known as the viral envelope, is
composed of two layers of fatty molecules called lipids.
o HIV consists of a nucleoproteins core surrounded by a capsid. The
nucleoprotein core is made up of two short RNA strands and
associated enzyme protein reverse transcriptase .
o This enzyme helps to make double stranded DNA from the RNA.
o The capsid is encapsulated by a lipid bilayer which is impergnated
with glycoprotein.
o Each and every glycoprotein is found attached with a knob protein
or spike antigen.

10. HIV can only replicate inside human cells. The HIV infects T helper cell,
macrophages, monocytes. The virus enter the nucleus of the host cell.
There, it uses its own reverse transcriptase and convert its RNA into
DNA.
1. Binding and fusion : virus binds to a CD4 molecules . Then the virus
fuses with the cell.
2. Infection : virus penetrates cell . contents released into cell
3.Reverse transcriptase : single strands of viral RNA are converted
into double stranded DNA by the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
4. Integration : viral DNA is combined with the cell own DNA by the
integrase enzyme.

11. 5.Transcription : when the infected cell divide, the viral DNA Is
“Read” and long chain of proteins are made.
6.Assembly : sets of viral proteins chain come together.
7.Budding : immature virus pushes out of the cell, taking some cell
membrane with it. The protease enzyme starts processing the
proteins in newly forming virus.
Immature virus breaks free of the infected cell.
8.Maturation : the protease enzyme finishes cutting HIV protein
chains into individual proteins that combine to make a new working
virus.
HIV budding from an
infected cell

13. HIV is transmitted when the virus enters the body, there are
several possible ways in which the virus can enter. Most
commonly are :
 HIV infection is spread by having sexual intercourse with an infected
partner.
 Women can transmit HIV to their babies during pregnancy or birth, when
infected maternal cells enter the baby's circulation, or through
 HIV spreads through transfusion of contaminated blood or blood
components. All blood products are tested to minimize this risk.
 If tissues or organs from an infected person are transplanted, the recipient
may acquire HIV. Donors are now tested for HIV to minimize this risk.
 Injection with unsterile syringes and needle

14. Symptoms of AIDS are caused by the deterioration of the immune system and
the decline of T cells, which are the immune system's key infection fighters. As
soon as HIV enters the body, it begins to destroy T cells. Some common
symptoms include:
o Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week,
Dry cough
o Memory loss, depression and neurological disorders,
Pneumonia
o Profound, unexplained fatigue, rapid weight loss
o Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
o Red, brown, pink or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the
mouth, nose or eyelids
o Swollen lymph glands in the arm pits. White spots or unusual blemishes on
the tongue, in the mouth, or in the throat

15. AIDS is diagnosed by the following test:
1.CD4 T cell test
2.CD8 T cell test
3.Viral load test
CD4 Tcell test :
• It is a blood test to diagnose AIDS (HIV) .
• CD4 T cell are called of lymphocyte (WBC)
• They are thymus dependent cell and hence T cell.
• CD4 cell are helper T cell.
• CD4 cell lead the attack against infection.
• When HIV infect humans ,it infects CD4 cell.
• During infection HIV attaches itself to CD4 molecules and then
enter into the cell.
• In the CD4 cell, the HIV multiplies and daughter HIV are releasd
into the blood stream and they reinfect fresh CD4 cell.
• The HIV infected CD4 cell are killed by another class of T
lymphocyte called CD8 Tcell (killer cell).
• Doctor count the number of CD 4 cell in a cubic mm of
blood(mm³).

16. • When the CD4 cell count is below 200,the person is HIV positive.
• The percentage of CD4 cell is calculated from the total count of
lymphocytes.
CD8 T cell test
• It is a blood test to diagnose AIDS(HIV).
• CD8 cell are class of T lymphocytes(WBC).
• They are thymus dependent cell and hence T cell.
• The CD8 T cell have CD8 molecule on the surface.
• CD8 T cells are killer cells.
• They kill cancer cell and body cell infected with virus.
• The HIV normally infect CD4 cell.
• The CD8 cell kill the CD4 cell infected with virus.
• Hence, the population of CD4 cell decrease in HIV infected person.
• In a normal person ,the CD8 cells are less than CD4 cells. For every
CD8 cell there will be 1 to 2 CD4 cells . The normal CD8 cell range is
20 to 50 %. But the CD4 cell range is 30-60%.

17. As far as AIDS is concerned prevention is the best way to
keep it in control , as there is no powerful vaccine and
drugs. It can be controlled and prevented by the following
methods.
Sexual contact with prostitutes should be avoided
Syringes, needle and other materials used in the hospitals
should be sterilized.
The HIV infected patients should be kept in secluded places.
HIV free blood should be given during blood transfusion.

18. AIDS can be treated by the following method:
1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) means treating HIV infection with
drugs . The drugs do not kill the virus. They slow down the growth of
the virus. Hence the disease progression is slowed.
There are some drugs namely :
a. NUKES : NUKES were a class of ARV drugs called nucleoside
reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The drugs inhibit the nucleoside
reverse transcriptase enzyme of HIV. hence the RNA of HIV cannot
be converted into DNA and thus block the life cycle of HIV. Drugs
used are –
• ZDV (zidovudine)
• ddI(didanosine)
b. NNRTIs : NNRTIs drugs block the same step of the life cycle, but in
different way . This class is the non nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors.

19. 2. PREVENTION OF VIRAL REPLICATION:
The drug azidothymidine limits replication of virus. This drug blocked
the reverse transcription.
3. GRAFTING OF BONE MARROW :
In AIDS patient , T helper cell are depressed. This can be rectified by
transplanting bone marrow to AIDS patients..
Tenofovir tablets
manufactured by
GILEAD

20.  Direct education on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted
diseases(STD).
 Health camps
 Street plays and puppet shows
 Films and printed literature
 Motivating children to take tests and treatment
World AIDS Day, observed on December 1 each year, is
dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic
caused by the spread of HIV infection. Government and
health officials also observe the event, often with speeches
or forums on the AIDS topics. Some other ways of
creating awarness are:

21. HIV is the deadliest pandemic disease in human
bieng. It is commonly found between the age
group 25-44yr. There is no specific vaccine
developed for AIDS. Prevention is the best way
to control AIDS.