The document discusses the concepts of roots, bases, and stems in morphology, explaining their differences and roles in word formation. It distinguishes between free and bound roots, providing examples from English and Latin origins. The explanations highlight the structural aspects of words and their components, including affixes and meanings.

1. Morphology:
Root, Base and
Stem
By: Ibrahim Muneer
ibrahimmuner98@gmail.c

2. In the next slide, I will explain about root, base and stem.

3.  Words are made up of roots, bases, stems, derivational endings, inflectional endings,
and occasionally clitics. Not everyone agrees on these forms or on the names of
them. This includes Katamba.
 If we include base-extenders (stem-extenders_ as some kind of near-morph or
submorph , then a root is that part of a word from which all affixes and stem-extenders
have been removed. A root differs partially from a stem in that a stem must have
lexical meaning. A root has no lexical meaning and the semantic range of the root is
vague if there is any at all. A stem may contain derivational affixes.
Root
Stems
Bases
The Root is underneath everything
The Bass is the first word form.
The Stem can be branch out

4. Root
Free Root
1- Can stand alone (
meaningful )
2- other bound morphemes (
affixes ) can be attached to it .
3- Of English origin
E.g.
Beauty
Beautiful
Beautify
Beautification
Bound Root
1- Can not occur a lone ( not
meaningful).
2- They can alone be
attached to.
3- Usually of Latin or Greek
origin.
E.g.
ceive and vise
in
receive, deceive, advise,
revise

5. SuffixPrefix
inflectional
Suffixes

7. Bound Root
Cyclus (Greek )
Free Root
Cycle ( English
)
Base
Cycle
Stem
Bicycle / Cyclist
Bicycles = cycle ( root
)
Cyclists = cycle ( root
)
Bicycles = cycle (
base )
Cyclists = cycle (
base )
Bicycles = bicycle ( stem
)
Cyclistes = cycliste (
stem )

8. Bound Root
Stabilis ( Latin )
Free Root
Stable ( English )
Base
Stable
Stem
Stabilize
Stabilize = stable ( root
)
Stability = stable ( root )
Stabilize = stable(
base )
Stability = stable(
base )
Stabilizes = stabilize (
stem )
Stabilized = Stabilize (
stem )

10. Free Root
Win
Free Root
Win ( English )
Base
Win
Stem
Win
Winners = Win ( root ) Winners = Win ( base )
Wins = Win ( stem )
Winners = Winner ( stem )

12. Word Root Why? Stem Why?
Untouchable
s
Touch un, able, s removed Untouchable -s, removed
Touched Touch -ed removed Touch -ed removed
Agreements Agree -ment, s removed Agreement -s removed
Drives Drive -s removed Drive -s removed

13. Word Root Why? Stem Why?
Unpredictabl
e
Electives
Bigger
Unchangeabl
e
Boy’s
Disagreed