Cranes and Derricks Safety Codes

1
Cranes and
Derricks
Turner Townsend
Molly Swenson
Will Gaither

2
Introduction
 This presentation is intended to
inform you of all of the pertinent
codes and regulations regarding
cranes, derricks………..
 We have extensively researched
these topics to bring you all of the
information necessary to safely
operate this machinery

3
Topics of Discussion
 General requirements
 Crane and Derrick Safety
 Conveyor safety
 Elevator safety
 Hoist Safety
 Material hoists
 personnel hoists
 elevators

4
Major Causes of Crane
Accidents
 Contact with power lines
 Overturns
 Falls
 Mechanical failures

5
How Do Accidents Occur
 Instability-unsecured load, load
capacity exceeded, or ground not level
or too soft
 Lack of communication-the point of
operation is a distance from the crane
operator or not in full view of the
operator
 Lack of training
 Inadequate maintenance or inspection

6
Types of Cranes
 Mobile
 Hydraulic
 Overhead
 Gantry
 Tower

7
Crane Hazards
 Improper load
rating
 Excessive speeds
 No hand signals
 Inadequate
inspection and
maintenance
 Unguarded parts
 Unguarded swing
radius
 Working too close
to power lines
 Improper exhaust
system
 Shattered
windows
 No boom angle
indicator
 Not using
outriggers

8
General Requirements
 All equipment should be used within the
manufacturers limitations specified in the
owner’s manual
 When manufacturer’s specs. are not
available, the limitations assigned must
be based on determinations by a
competent person
 This competent person in your case will
usually be the engineer on site

9
General Requirements
 These determinations should be properly
documented and recorded
 No modifications that affect the capacity
or safe operation of the equipment must
be made without written approval from
the manufacturer
 If changes are made, plates, tags, and
decals should be changed accordingly
 The safety factor of the equipment
should never be reduced

10
Crane Safety - Specs
 All attachments on cranes must not
be used in conditions that exceed
the capacity recommended or used
in a way in which they are not
intended to be used
 All load capacities, recommended
speeds, warnings, and special
instructions should be posted in a
place where they can be easily
noticed and read

11
Crane Safety - Signals
 Hand signals to operators should
be ANSI standard signals and a
poster of these signals should be
at the job site

12
Crane Safety - Inspections
 A well trained person on site should be
responsible for inspecting the crane
before and during use and for insuring
repairs and maintenance are performed
as necessary
 All cranes should be thoroughly
inspected annually by a U.S. Dept. Of
labor approved agency and records
should be kept of these inspections

13
Crane Safety – When to
Replace Wire Rope
 Six random wires in one lay or
three in one strand are broken
 Wear of one-third of original
diameter
 Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or
any other damage that causes
distortion

14
Crane Safety – When to
Replace Wire rope
 Evidence of heat damage
 In standing ropes, more than two
broken wires in one lay after end
connections or more than one at
end connections
 Safety factors should be
determined by ANSI standard B
30.5-1968 or SAE J959-1966

15
Crane Safety – Moving Parts
 All moving parts should be
guarded if there is a chance a
person might come in contact with
these parts or cause a hazard in
any way
 Moving parts include but are not
limited to: belts, gears, shafts,
pulleys, sprockets, spindles,
drums, fly wheels, chains, etc.

16
Crane Safety – Personnel
Safety
 If the area inside the swing radius
of the rear of the crane is
accessible, this area needs to be
barricaded to prevent people from
being struck or crushed by the
crane
 All employees should be kept clear
of loads about to be lifted and of
suspended loads

17
Safety
 Enough clearance should be
provided between moving
structures of the crane and fixed
objects to allow people to pass
without harm
 If an employee is on a horizontal
boom of a crane he or she should
be protected from falling by guard
rails or a harness

18
Crane Safety – Engine Exhaust
 All exhaust pipes should be
guarded or insulated to prevent
contact with people
 If the crane is being operated in
enclosed spaces, tests should be
performed and recorded to ensure
that people are not being exposed
to dangerous fumes or being
deprived of oxygen

19
Crane Safety – Cab Requirements
 All windows should be safety glass and
should be free of distortion
 When needed for rigging, a ladder or
steps should be present to give access
to the cab roof
 Guardrails, handholds, and steps should
be present to provide easy access to the
cab
 Platforms should have anti-skid surfaces

20
Crane Safety – Fuels and Fire
 A fuel tank filler pipe should be
located so no fuel will spill onto the
engine, exhaust, or electrical
equip. while being fueled
 A fire extinguisher of 5BC rating
should be at all operator locations
 Follow all Dept. of Transportation
rules when transporting fuels

21
Crane Safety – Electricity
 For lines rated 50 kilovolts or less
the crane and any part of the
rigging or load should be a
minimum distance of 10 feet away
 Lines over 50 kV – 10 feet plus 0.4
feet for every 1 kV over 50

22
 When the crane is being moved with no
load and the boom is lowered – 4 feet for
less than 50 kV, 10 feet up to 345 kV,
and 16 feet up to 750 kV
 A person should be designated on the
job to check the clearance of the crane
and its load and should give enough
warning to the operator when the crane
is getting close

23
 If a cage-type boom guard,
insulating link, or proximity warning
device is being used, the
requirements for clearance and
observation are not changed.
 A line is considered to energized
until the utility company says that it
is not and the line is visibly
grounded

24
and Transmitter Towers
 When work is being done on
transmitter towers an electrical
charge can be induced in the
equipment or in the materials being
handled
 Transmitters should be de-
energized and tests should be
done to determine if electrical
charges can be induced in the
crane

25
 The equipment should also be
grounded directly to the upper
rotating structure
 Grounded jumper cables should be
attached to any materials being
handled while working near
energized transmitters

26
 Crews should have nonconductive
poles with alligator clips to attach
the ground cable to the load
 Combustible and flammable
materials should be moved away
prior to operations

27
Crane Safety – Crawler,
Locomotive, and Truck Cranes
 All jibs should have positive stops
to prevent movement of more than
5 degrees above the straight line of
the jib and boom.
 Cable type belly slings do not
count

28
Crane Safety – Hammerhead
Tower Cranes
 Buffers should be at both ends of
travel of the trolley
 Cranes mounted on rail tracks
should be equipped with limit
switches limiting the travel of
thecrane on the track and stops or
buffers at each end of the tracks

29
Crane Safety – Overhead and
Gantry Cranes
 If the crane has more than one hoisting
unit, each hoist should have its rated
load marked where it can be read from
the ground or floor
 Bridge trucks should have sweeps which
extend below the top of the rail and in
front of the truck wheels
 An audible warning signal should be
used when the crane has a power
traveling mechanism unless it is a floor
operated crane

30
Crane Safety – Mobile and
Permanent Cranes on Barges
 When load ratings are reduced
because of the limits of the barge,
a new load rating chart should be
provided
 Cranes should be positively
secured

31
Crane Safety – Suspended
Personnel Platforms
 Personnel platforms should be
avoided unless all other
alternatives are not possible or are
more hazardous
 Lifting the platform should be slow,
controlled, and cautious with no
sudden movements of the crane,
derrick, or platform

32
Personnel Platforms
 Load lines should be capable of
lifting at least seven times the
maximum load unless rotation
resistant rope is being used where
it should be ten times
 Load and boom hoist drum brakes,
swing breaks, and locking devices
ahould be engaged when the
platform is stationary

33
Personnel Platforms
 The crane should be level within
one percent of level grade and on
a firm footing
 If the crane has outriggers, they
should be fully deployed

34
Personnel Platforms
 The total weight of the platform
and rigging should not exceed 50
percent of the rated capacity for
the radius of the crane or derrick
 Personnel platforms should not be
used on machines with live booms
(booms which are lowered using a
break without aid from other
devices which slow lowering
speeds)

35
Crane Safety – Instruments and
Components Required for
Personnel Platforms
 Cranes with variable angle booms
should have a boom angle
indicator that can be easily seen by
the operator
 Cranes with telescoping booms
should have an indicator that
clearly gives the boom’s extended
length at all times

36
Crane Safety – Instruments and
Components Required for
Personnel Platforms
 A positive acting device should be
used to prevent the load block from
contacting the boom tip to prevent
damage
 The load line hoist drum should
have a device on the power train,
other than the hoist brake, which
regulates the lowering rate of
speed. Free fall is prohibited!!

37
Personnel Platforms Design
 Should be designed by a
competent person (engineer)
 The suspension system should be
designed to minimize tipping of the
platform due to movement of the
crew
 The platform itself should be
capable of supporting at least five
times the maximum intended load

38
Personnel Platforms Design
 Each platform should be equipped with a
guardrail system with a toeboard to
prevent falls
 A grab rail should be inside the entire
perimeter
 Access gates should not swing outward
during lifting and should have a device to
prevent accidental opening
 Head room should be provided to allow
crew to stand upright
 Hard hats should be worn at all times

39
Personnel Platforms Loading
 The personnel platform must not be
loaded in excess of its rated load
capacity. When a personnel platform
does not have a rated load capacity then
the personnel platform must not be
loaded in excess of its maximum
intended load.
 The number of employees occupying the
personnel platform must not exceed the
number required for the work being
performed.

40
Personnel Platforms Loading
 Personnel platforms must be used only
for employees, their tools and the
materials necessary to do their work.
 Materials and tools for use during a
personnel lift must be evenly distributed
and secured within the confines of the
platform while the platform is suspended.

41
Personnel Platforms Rigging
 Wire rope, shackles, rings, master links,
and other rigging hardware must be
capable of supporting, without failure, at
least five times the maximum intended
load applied or transmitted to that
component. Where rotation resistant
rope is used, the slings must be capable
of supporting without failure at least ten
times the maximum intended load.
 All eyes in wire rope slings must be
fabricated with thimbles.

42
Platforms Trial Lift, Inspections
and Proof Testing
 A trial lift with the unoccupied personnel
platform loaded at least to the
anticipated lift weight must be made from
ground level, or any other location where
employees will enter the platform to each
location at which the personnel platform
is to be hoisted and positioned.
 This trial lift must be performed
immediately prior to placing personnel on
the platform.

43
and Proof Testing
 The trial lift must be repeated prior to
hoisting employees whenever the crane
or derrick is moved and set up in a new
location or returned to a previously used
location.
 After the trial lift, and prior to hoisting
personnel, the platform must be hoisted
a few inches and inspected to ensure
that it is secure and properly balanced.
 Hoist ropes must be free of kinks and
The primary attachment shall be
centered over the platform.

44
and Proof Testing
 At each job site, prior to hoisting employees on
the personnel platform, and after any repair or
modification, the platform and rigging shall be
proof tested to 125 percent of the platform's rated
capacity by holding it in a suspended position for
five minutes with the test load evenly distributed
on the platform (this may be done concurrently
with the trial lift).
 After proof testing, a competent person shall
inspect the platform and rigging. Any deficiencies
found shall be corrected and another proof test
shall be conducted.
 Personnel hoisting shall not be conducted until
the proof testing requirements are satisfied.

45
Crane Safety – Hoisting
Personnel Work Practices
 Employees shall keep all parts of the
body inside the platform during raising
lowering, and positioning.
 The crane or derrick operator shall
remain at the controls at all times when
the crane engine is running and the
platform is occupied.
 Hoisting of employees shall be promptly
discontinued upon indication of any
dangerous weather conditions or other
impending danger.

46
Personnel Work Practices
 Employees being hoisted shall remain in
continuous sight of and in direct
communication with the operator or
signal person.
 Employees occupying the personnel
platform shall use a body belt/harness
system with lanyard appropriately
attached to the lower load block or
overhaul ball, or to a structural member
within the personnel platform capable of
supporting a fall impact for employees
using the anchorage.

47
Personnel and Traveling
 Hoisting of employees while the crane is
traveling is prohibited, except for portal,
tower and locomotive cranes, or where
the employer demonstrates that there is
no less hazardous way to perform the
work.
 Crane travel shall be restricted to a fixed
track or runway.
 Travel shall be limited to the load radius
of the boom used during the lift.
 The boom must be parallel to the
direction of travel.

48
Material hoists, personnel
hoists, and elevators—General
Requirements
 The employer shall comply with the
manufacturer's specifications and limitations
applicable to the operation of all hoists and
elevators. Where manufacturer's
specifications are not available, the
limitations assigned to the equipment shall
be based on the determinations of a
professional engineer competent in the field.
 Rated load capacities, recommended
operating speeds, and special hazard
warnings or instructions shall be posted on
cars and platforms.

49
Material hoists
 Rules and notices shall be posted on the car
frame or crosshead in a conspicuous
location, including the statement “No Riders
Allowed.”
 No person shall be allowed to ride on
material hoists except for the purposes of
inspection and maintenance.
 All entrances of the hoistways shall be
protected by substantial gates or bars which
shall guard the full width of the landing
entrance. All hoistway entrance bars and
gates shall be painted with diagonal
contrasting colors, such as black and yellow
stripes.

50
Material hoists
 The operator's station of a hoisting
machine shall be provided with overhead
protection equivalent to tight planking not
less than 2 inches thick. The support for
the overhead protection shall be of equal
strength.
 Car arresting devices shall be installed to
function in case of rope failure.
 All material hoist towers shall be
designed by a licensed professional
engineer.

51
Personnel hoists
 Cars shall be permanently enclosed on all
sides and the top, except sides used for
entrance and exit which have car gates or
doors.
 A door or gate shall be provided at each
entrance to the car which shall protect the
full width and height of the car entrance
opening.
 Hoistway doors or gates shall be not less
than 6 feet 6 inches high and shall be
provided with mechanical locks which cannot
be operated from the landing side, and shall
be accessible only to persons on the car.

52
Personnel hoists
 Hoist towers outside the structure shall
be enclosed for the full height on the side
or sides used for entrance and exit to the
structure.
 At the lowest landing, the enclosure on
the sides not used for exit or entrance to
the structure shall be enclosed to a
height of at least 10 feet.
 Cars shall be provided with a capacity
and data plate secured in a conspicuous
place on the car or crosshead.
 An emergency stop switch shall be
provided in the car and marked "Stop."

53
Personnel hoists—Ropes
 The minimum number of hoisting ropes
used shall be three for traction hoists
and two for drum-type hoists.
 The minimum diameter of hoisting and
counterweight wire ropes shall be 1/2-
inch.
 Following assembly and erection of
hoists, and before being put in service,
an inspection and test of all functions
and safety devices shall be made under
the supervision of a competent person.

54
Personnel hoists—Ropes
 Minimum Factors of Safety for
Suspension Wire Ropes
Rope Speed
(ft./min.)
Minimum factor
of safety
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
7.60
7.75
7.95
8.10
8.25
8.40
8.60
8.75
8.90
9.20
9.50
9.75
10.00
10.25
10.45
10.70

55
Topic Three
 Details about this topic
 Supporting information and
examples
 How it relates to your audience

56
Real Life
 Give an example or real life
anecdote
 Sympathize with the audience’s
situation if appropriate

57
What This Means
 Add a strong statement that
summarizes how you feel or think
about this topic
 Summarize key points you want
your audience to remember

58
Next Steps
 Summarize any actions required of
your audience
 Summarize any follow up action
items required of you

59
Base mounted drum
hoists
 Exposed moving gears must be guarded
 All controls located within easy reach of
operation station
 Electric motor operated hoists must be
provided with:
 Device to disconnect all motors from line
upon power failure & not permit to restart
until brought to “off” position
 Overspeed preventive device
 Remotely operated hoists stop when any
control is ineffective

60
Overhead hoist
 Safe working load of the hoist must
be indicated on the hoist
 Supporting structure which hoist is
attached must have a safe working
load equal to that to that of the
hoist
 Support must be arranged to
provide free movement of hoist
and not restrict hoist from lining
itself up with the load

61
Overhead hoist cont.
 Hoist only installed in locations that
allows operator to stand clear of
load at all times
 Air hoists must be connected to an
air supply of sufficient capacity and
pressure to safely operate the
hoist.

62
Conveyors
 Means for stopping the motor
provided at the operator’s station
and equipped with audible warning
signal to be sounded immediately
before starting
 Emergency stop switches arranged
so the conveyer cannot be started
again until actuating stop switches
has been reset to “on” position

63
Conveyors cont.
 Screw conveyors must be guarded
to protect employees contact with
flashing lights
 Guards required for conveyors that
pass over or through employee
work areas
 During repairs conveyors must be
locked out and tagged “Do Not
Operate”

64
Clearance Between
Electrical Power Lines &
Cranes
 “For lines rates 50KV. or below,
minimum clearance between the
lines and any part of the crane or
load must be 10’…”
 10’ minimum applies in any
direction from any applicable line

65
Uniformity in Interpretation
of 29 CFR 1926.550(a)(9)
 Assure all uniformity between all
10 regions in the interpretation

66
Interpretation of “Normal
Operating Conditions”
 It provides a interpretation of the
term “Normal Operating
Conditions” for Overhead and
Gantry Cranes, and Derricks in the
general industry

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