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Water Quality Survey in the
Isahaya Bay Using UAV
Haruhiro Hidaka, Susumu Ogawa
Nagasaki University
1
1
背景:諫早湾における汚染過程
Red Tide
Construction of the levee
Background
Blue-Green Algae2
2
Present Problems
1. The number of samples is limited.
2. It is difficult to measure a wide water area.
3. Research depends on the weather.
4. Water quality changes every moment.
3Actual water quality survey 3
Objectives
1. Estimate water quality at high resolution that can not be
measured with satellites.
2. Improve limit for the number of sample.
3. Capture changes of water quality in time
series.
Phantom4
4
4
Study Area
Tokyo
Levee
Isahaya
Bay
Polluted
Water
5
5
6
6
Methods
PhotoScan
Image
Synthesis
Multivariable
Analysis
Image
Capture
UAV(Phantom4)
Image
Correction PhotoShop
Polluted Water
Water Quality
Measurements
Water
Sampling
Water Quality
Map
Accuracy
Check
500 pictures 7
7
Result on Multivariate analysis
Water Quality Indices Deterministic
Coefficient
Evaluation
Chlorophyll-a R² =0.974 Very good
Conductivity R² =0.736 Good
Turbidity R² =0.997 Very Good
pH R² =0.809 Good
Salt Content R² =0.863 Good 8
8
Chlorophyll-a in Spring
(May 7, 2016)
LOW HIGH
9
Chlorophyll-a in Summer
(Aug 5, 2016)
LOW HIGH
10
Discussion
・Only RGB has limit for water quality mapping.
Thus, multivariable analysis should be added by
infrared imagery.
・Four multivariable analysis will be needed for every
seasons.
11
Conclusions
1. Continuous distribution map of water quality was obtained by
UAV
2. The temporal and spatial resolution of water quality can be
greatly improved with UAV.
3. Turbidity and chlorophyll-a had high correlations with RGB
bands. Other water quality will be improved by adding infrared
bands.
12

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Water quality survey in the isahaya bay using UAV

Editor's Notes

  1. 長崎大学の日高悠広です。UAVによる水質調査の結果を発表します。
  2. 今から研究の背景(Background)を説明します。 湾には次のような汚染過程があります。 まず、左図のように堤防が建設されました。 堤防は海域から畑を保護するために建設され、湾の流れを止めました。堤防北部の排水門が閉じていくすさまじい光景からマスメディアではギロチンと呼びました。 その結果、右図のように赤潮や有毒アオコが発生しました。見て分かるように諫早湾では非常に水質の汚染が深刻な状況にあります。また、水質改善のために水門を再び開けたほうがいいとする開門派と、農業を守るために閉門したままにすべきだという閉門派に分かれ漁民と農民が対立する深刻な状況に陥りました。
  3. 実際の水質調査の問題点としては,まずサンプル数が限られていることが挙げられます。実際に採水したところ,二時間かけて10点しかとらえることができませんでした。このように非常に時間がかかることがわかります。また広い水域を測定することが難しいことが挙げられます。諫早湾調整値は堤防だけで約7kmあります。そのような広い部分を測定するためには大規模な労力と時間がかかります。さらに,天候によってボートが出せないということもあげられます。最後に水質は刻一刻と変化していくことが挙げられます。
  4. 以上の問題点の解決策として,UAVによる水質推定を提案しました。今回使用したUAVはPhantom4です。目的としてはまず,衛星では測れない高解像度での水質の推定をすることが挙げられます。Landsat7では解像度が30mであるのに対し,UAVの解像度は3cm-15cmと200-1000倍にものぼります。次にサンプル数の限界を改善することが挙げられます。実際の採水では点でしかとらえることのできないデータを面データとしてとらえることができます。最後に3次元空間での時系列の変化をとらえることができます。UAVでは、瞬間的にとらえることができ時系列の変化をとらえるのも容易です。また、時間解像度は10分以内に収まります。
  5. 研究対象地は左の地図に示されています。一方で、 諫早湾調整池は右の画像に赤い線の境界線で示されています。 ご覧のように、湾は砂地のように見えますが、深刻な汚染水です。衛星データでは右図のように、解像度が低く、湾の内部の水は一様にしか見えません。それではUAVによる観測ではどうでしょうか?
  6. UAVで撮影した空中写真をさまざまな拡大図で表示します。まず初めに元画像です。これはUAVの飛行高度がおよそ66mあったときの写真です。拡大していっても車やボートがはっきりとわかります。ごらんのとおり、車やボートを拡大してもはっきりと映ります。とても60m以上の高さから撮影したとは思えませんよね。
  7. 今から、研究の流れを示します。 最初に行うのは、UAVによる画像取得です。 画像の数は約500枚です。次に、次の画像合成のためのPhotoShopによる画像補正行います。 PhotoShopの画像補正はtifというジオタグの入った拡張子を用いることでPhotoScanのオルソ画像と併用できます。一方、多変量解析と正確な調査(アキュラシーチェック)のために採水を行いました。 次に、RGBの画像と採水結果から多変量解析を行いました。 最後に、RGB画像データを用いた回帰モデルにより水質推定マップを作成しました。
  8. 多変量解析の結果を示します。 クロロフィルaの決定係数は0.974でした。 また、濁度は0.997でした。 一方で電気伝導度、pH、および塩分は良好な相関を示しました。クロロフィル-aと濁度の決定係数が特に高かった理由は、クロロフィルaは緑色に強く反応し、濁度は赤に強く反応するという物理的な特性によるものです。
  9. これは春季のクロロフィルaのマップです。海域の赤くなっている部分がクロロフィルaが特に多い領域です。河川沿い及び岸はクロロフィルaが少なくなっていることがわかります。
  10. 5月の研究で取得した段階における多変量解析式を代入して、夏季のクロロフィルaを推定してみました。 見た通り、川などではクロロフィルaが低く、海側では高いことが分かります。また、著しく低い紫色を示した部分は調整池外であり、 調整池に水質悪化の原因となるクロロフィルaが増殖している様子が分かります。
  11. 考察です。RGBでは水質の推定に限界があります。よって赤外画像を加えた多変量解析を行う必要があるといえます。また,今回は春のみの線形回帰式を用いましたが,春夏秋冬の四つの多変量解析式を事前に作っておくことでさらに以降の研究が正確に行えるのではないかと思われます。
  12. 結論です。連続性のある水質の分布図がUAVによって直接取得できました。UAVによって時間解像度と空間解像度が大きく向上しました。濁度とクロロフィルaは高い決定係数を持ちました。これは赤外を加えることでより向上することが考えられます。最小二乗法などの内挿法が必要ない。画素単位での測定が可能。