A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON MANIMUTHAR RIVER, DAM AND CANAL

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ON MANIMUTHAR DAM,
RIVER AND CANAL
A MINI-PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to the
MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
Submitted By
K. AJAY KALLAPIRAN
INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
(Reg No. 361139)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. G. ANNADURAI
Professor and Head
SRI PARAMAKALYANI CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES,
ALWARKURICHI-627412, TAMILNADU.
MAY 2019

iii
Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environnemental Sciences
Alwarkuruchi - 627 412. Tamil Nadu, India’
DST-FIST, UGC-Non-SAP, UGC-SAP,
Centre for Excellence Award in Tamil Nadu Higher Education Sponsored Department
Tel / Fax (O): 91-4634-283270, Tel (R): 91-4634-222402, Mobile: 91-9442027196
E-mail: annananoteam@gmail.com, gannadurai@msuniv.ac.in,
gurusamyannadurai@yahoo.com
Web site: http://annaduraiweb.googlepages.com/home
University Website: www.msuniv.ac.in
Dr. G. Annadurai,MSc., (Anna Univ) Ph.D., (Anna Univ) JSPS Fellow (JAPAN)
Professor and Co-Ordinator in M.Sc., Nanoscience (UGC Innovative Programme)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mini-Project dissertation entitle “Assessment of Water Quality
Parameters On Manimuthar Dam, River and Canal” is submitted for the award of Degree
of Master of Science in Environmental Science to the Manonmaniam Sundaranar University is
a record of bonafide research work carried out by K. AJAY KALLAPIRAN (Reg No.
361139), during the academic year 2018-2019 under my guidance at Sri Paramakalyani Center
for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University,Alwarkurichi-627412.No part of the project work has been submitted for the award
of any degree, diploma or similar titles and that the work has not been published in any part or
full in any scientific journals or magazines.
Research Supervisor Head of the Department
Date :
Place: Alwarkurichi External examiner

iv
K. AJAY KALLAPIRAN (Reg No. 361139)
M.Sc., (Environmental Science – Integrated programme),
Sri Paramakalyani Center of Excellence in Environmental Sciences,
Alwarkuruchi, Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
DECLARATION
I do hereby declaring that Mini-Project dissertation entitle “Assessment of Water Quality
Parameters On Manimuthar Dam, River and Canal” has been originally carried out by me
under the guidance of Dr. G. Annadurai, Professor and Head, Sri Paramakalyani Center of
Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. No part of
project work has been submitted for the award for any degree, diploma, fellowship or other
similar titles and that the work has not been published in any part or full in any other Scientific
Journals or Magazines.
Place: Alwarkurichi
Date:
(K. AJAY KALLAPIRAN)
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences
Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India- 627 412

v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the beginning, I thank my Lord Almighty whose blessings and sympathetic
direction had been with me throughout the execution of my entire project. I would
like to express my sincere gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my guide and project
supervisor Dr. G. ANNADURAI, Professor and Head, MSU, SPKCEES, for
suggesting this topic and for giving me the opportunity to continue my studies
under his guidance. Without his trust, insightful suggestions and enormous
knowledge, this Mini-project report would not have been possible.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to other faculties Dr. A. G. Murugesan,
Dr. S. Senthil Nathan, Dr. R. Soranam, Dr. M. Muralidharan, Dr. M.
Vanaja, Dr. M. Sivakavinesan, and Dr. T. Shibila for providing me with all the
necessary facilities for this project.
I extend my sincere thanks to Lab technician Mr. A. Vanarajan, who has
provided me with all the required facilities for my work.
I am much indebted to my Seniors Mss. S. Krishnaveni and Mrs. C. Aswathy
for clarifying my doubts, valuable guidance and encouragement in this project
report.
I especially thank my beloved friends J. Jenson Samraj, M. Esakki Raja,
K. Vetri, E. Mariappan, G. Mathavi, M. Senthil Kumar and M. Murugesh
for being with my support, and encouragement to finish my work during the
course of work.
I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all, who directly or
indirectly, have lent their hand in this venture.
Words seem to be inadequate to express my deep sense of indebtedness to my
beloved parents who spend their today for our tomorrow. Without their generous,
sacrifices, motivation and inspiration, this study would not have been the light of
the day.

vi
ABSTRACT
Assessment of seasonal changes in surface water quality is an important aspect for
evaluating temporal variations of river pollution due to natural or anthropogenic inputs of point
and non-point sources. In this study, surface water quality data for 16 physical and chemical
parameters collected from 22 monitoring stations in a river during the years from 1998 to 2001
were analyzed. The principal component analysis technique was employed to evaluate the
seasonal correlations of water quality parameters, while the principal factor analysis technique
was used to extract the parameters that are most important in assessing seasonal variations of
river water quality. Analysis shows that a parameter that is most important in contributing to
water quality variation for one season may not be important for another season except for DOC
and electrical conductance, which were always the most important parameters in contributing
to water quality.
A Water Quality Index (WQI) is a numeric expression used to evaluate the quality of a
given water body and to be easily understood by managers. In this study, a modified nine-
parameter Scottish WQI was used to assess the monthly water quality of the Douro River
during a 10-year period (1992-2001), scaled from zero (lowest) to 100% (highest). The 98,000
km of the Douro River international watershed is the largest in the Iberian Peninsula, split
between upstream Spain (80%) and downstream Portugal (20%). Three locations were
surveyed: at the Portuguese-Spanish border, 350 km from the river mouth; 180 km from the
mouth, where the river becomes exclusively Portuguese; and 21 km from the mouth.
In general, the water quality at all three sites was medium to poor. Seasonally, water quality
decreased from winter to summer, but no statistical relationship between quality and discharge
rate could be established. Depending on the location, different parameters were responsible for
the episodic decline of quality: high conductivity and low oxygen content in the uppermost
reservoir, and fecal coliform contamination downstream. This study shows the need to enforce
the existing international bilateral agreements and to implement the European Water Quality
Directive in order to improve the water quantity and quality received by the downstream
country of a shared watershed, especially because two million inhabitants use the water from
the last river location as their only source of drinking water. In this chapter, we have developed
our research on basic parameters on both Manimuthar Dam, River and the Canal.
KEYWORDS: Surface water quality, Water Quality Index, Electrical conductance, European
Water Quality Directive, Basic parameters.

vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
I INTRODUCTION 1
II LITERATURE REVIEW 6
III EXPERIMENTAL 8
3. CHEMICALS REQUIRED FOR ASSESSING THE 9
PARAMETERS
3.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER 11
3.2.1 DETERMINATION OF APPEARANCE 11
3.2.2 DETERMINATION OF COLOR 12
3.2.3 DETERMINATION OF ODOR 12
3.2.4 DETERMINATION OF TASTE 13
3.2.5 DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE 14
3.2.6 DETERMINATION OF pH 14
3.2.7 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS 15
4. CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER 17
4.1.1. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ALKALINITY 17
4.1.2 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ACIDITY 20
4.1.3 DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS 23
4.1.4 DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE 26
5. BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER 28
5.1.1 DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN TEST 28
5.1.2 DETERMINATION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 31
5.1.3 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 31
IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 37
V CONCLUSION 39
REFERENCE 41

viii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1.1 Exclusive technology for Dye removal 6
3.1 Methodology 13
3.1 Appearance of the Water sample 14
3.2 Color of the Water sample 15
3.3 Odor of the Water sample 15
3.4 Taste of the Water sample 16
3.5 Temperature of the Water sample 17
3.6 pH of the Water sample 17
3.7 Total Solids of the Water sample 18
4.1 (a) Phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA) 21
4.1 (b) Methyl orange alkalinity (MA) 21
4.2 (a) Methyl orange Acidity (MA) 24
4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein Acidity (PA) 24
4.3 (a) Hardness of the Water sample 26
4.3 (b) Comparison of hardness value with WHO 26
4.4 Chloride determination in the Water sample 29
5.1 Dissolved Oxygen test 32
5.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand test 35
5.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand Test 37

ix
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1.1 Schematic view of sensitizing potential of textile disperse dyes 3
1.2 Adsorption technology for Dye removal 5
4.2 (a) Methyl Orange acidity is absent 23
4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein acidity is absent 24
4.3 Hardness is present in the Water sample 26
4.4 Presence of the Chloride in the Water sample 28
5.1 Dissolved oxygen test by Winkler’s method 32
5.2 Determination of BOD 35

x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
DO Dissolved Oxygen
EBT Eriochrome Black T
EDTA Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
GPS Global Positioning System
ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research
ISI Indian Standards Institute
PA Phenolphthalein Acidity
PA Phenolphthalein Alkalinity
pH Potential of Hydrogen
PVA Polyvinyl Acetate
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board
TOC Total Organic Carbon
TS Total Solids
WHO World Health Organization

2
INTRODUCTION
There are many sources of water quality criteria and standards - they may originate in the
Member States of the European Union, or may be adopted by the Council or Parliament of the
EU, or by individual countries, or they may be issued by international bodies. Parameters of
Water Quality - Interpretation and Standards Further, these various levels specified will take
cognisance of the differing uses for which water quality must be maintained. The requirements,
as regards suitability, of water for industrial use, for drinking, for boilers and so on, may differ
widely and each may be quite demanding.
The ultimate objective of the imposition of standards (which may necessitate extensive
treatment prior to use) is the protection of the end uses, be these by humans, animals,
agriculture or industry. In the present context, however, the main considerations are in regard to
safeguarding public health and the protection of the whole aquatic environment. Both have very
high-quality requirements which complement each other to a great extent. For example, in
general terms, if a river or lake water meets the most stringent fishery requirements it will meet
all or virtually all other environmental quality objectives [EQOs). In fact, the EU Framework
Directive in the field of Water Policy1 defines a single EQO - achieving and maintaining "good
ecological status.
Water quality testing is an important part of environmental monitoring. When water quality
is poor, it affects not only aquatic life but the surrounding ecosystem as well. Also, humans can
know about the permissible limit and about some details of water and he could be aware of
taking the water which is beyond its permissible limit. Every water which is to be purified was
initially tested in an industry or company. Hence, we should consume the water which was
standardized by BIS, USEPA, ISI, ICMR, and CPCB.
1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER
The water in our bodies is essential for life. Without water, we can’t survive. Since the water
in our bodies is continually being used or lost, it needs to be continually replaced, and the best
fluid to replace it with is water. Water is involved in every bodily function from digestion and
circulation through to the control of body temperature and the excretion of waste products. The
water in our bodies is continually being used or lost from the body. Some is used or absorbed
by the functions it performs and some is lost through sweat, urine and faeces.

3
1.3 MANIMUTHAR DAM
The Manimuthar Dam is located in Manimutharu 50.8 kilometres (31.6 mi) away
from Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the biggest reservoir of the Tirunelveli
district.[1][2][3][4]
. This dam was built in 1958 near Singampatti, by the then Tamil Nadu Chief
Minister Kamaraj and K T Kosalram MP to prevent mixing of rainwater with the Bay of
Bengal during the rainy season. It can hold water up to 118 feet. The dam is 5,511 million
cubic feet. The total length of the dam is 3 km It irrigated around 65,000 acres of areas in the
northern part of the Nanguneri Taluk and Thisayanvilai and southern Veeravanallur,
Karispalpatti which are not irrigated by Pachaiyarai in Tirunelveli district.[5]
Fig.1.1 View of the Manimuthar dam
Fig.1.1 View of Manimuthar Dam
1.4 MANIMUTHAR RIVER
Manimuthar River originates on the eastern slopes of Western Ghatsin Tirunelveli
District of the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India. It is a major tributary of
the Thamirabarani River.The river begins in the dense forest on a mountain peak 1,300 metres
(4,300 ft) above sea level in Ex-Singampatti Zamindari, Ambasamudram taluk and flows 9
kilometres (6 mi) though small cataracts until it reaches the Tambaraparani River
near Kallidaikurichi. The tributaries of the Manimuthar are the Keezha River and the Varattar
River. As a tributary, the Manimuther River adds a considerable amount of water to the

4
Fig.1.2 Collecting water sample from the Manimuthar river.
Table 1.1 Water quality parameters and Drinking water standards
SL.NO PARAMETERS UNITS
DRINKING WATER
IS: 10500 - 1991
DESIRABLE MAXIMUM
1 Colour Hazen
units
5 25
2 Odour - Unobjectionable -
3 Taste - Agreeable -
4 pH value - 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxation
5 Temperature ℃ 50 72
6 Total hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 300 600
7 Chloride mg/l 250 1000
8 Dissolved Solids mg/l 500 2000
9 Alkalinity mg/l 200 600
10 TDS ppm 0-170 >1000
11 Hardness ppm <50 >300
12 DO mg/L 4 7
13 BOD mg/L 3 30
14 COD mg/ L -- --

5
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER
The Physical parameters of water includes:
(i) Appearance
(ii) Color
(iii) Odor
(iv) Taste
(v) Temperature
(vi) pH
(vii) Total solids
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER
The Chemical parameters of water includes:
(i) Alkalinity
(ii) Acidity
(iii)Hardness
(iv)Chloride
BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER
The Biological parameters of water includes:
(i) Dissolved oxygen
(ii) Biochemical oxygen demand
(iii) Chemical oxygen demand

6
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

7
Engman, E.T. (1991) reported that the importance of water quality has to be considered more
than ever, and the concentration of chemicals in sewage and industrial discharges in
waterbodies needs to be taken under more precise control.
Arun Kumar et al. (2002) reported that soil reaction ranged from strongly acidic to strongly
alkaline.of lower Palar-Manimuthar watershed of Tamil Nadu.
Kumar et al. (2009) studied the quality assessment of groundwater resources in the
Manimuthar river basin, Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. Twenty six bore well samples were
analyzed for geochemical variations and quality of groundwater. Four major 29 hydrochemical
facies Ca-HCO3, Na-Cl, mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl were identified using a
piper tri-linear plot. Comparison of geochemical results with WHO, US EPA and BIS guideline
values for drinking water quality showed that all groundwater samples except few are suitable
for drinking and irrigation purposes. The major groundwater pollutions are nitrate and
phosphate ions due to sewage effluents and fertilizer applications.
Arunachalam, et al., (2000) studied the cultivable and ornamental fishes of Manimuthar river
of Tamil Nadu and also he have studied the fish habitat and diversity of Chittar river basin of
Tamil Nadu.
Meybeck and Helmer (1992) reported that the health of a river depends on the quality of its
water, which is influenced by the presence of pollutants. The quality of water is generally
assessed by a range of parameters, which express physical, chemical and biological
composition of water.
M. N. Uddin (2014) states that for COD an excess of oxidizing agent is added, the excess is
determined by another reducing agent such as ferrous ammonium sulphate. An indicator ferroin
is used in titrating the excess dichromate against ferrous ammonium sulphate. Blanks are used
also treated and titrated to get the correct value of COD.
Alparslan (2007) states that the conventional point sampling methods are not easily able to
identify the spatial or temporal variations in water quality which is vital for comprehensive
assessment and management of waterbodies. Therefore, these difficulties of successive and
integrated sampling become a significant obstacle to the monitoring and management of water
quality.

9
3. CHEMICALS REQUIRED FOR ASSESSING THE PARAMETERS
The chemicals and reagents used in the present research work were analytical grade and used
without further purification. Doubly distilled water was used as solvent to prepare most of the
solution of this work.
DO
i. Sodium thiosulfate, anhydrous, A.R., Mol. Wt: 158.11
ii. Sodium hydroxide pellets purified (0.025N); MW: 40.00
iii. Manganese sulphate purified; MW. 169.02
iv. Potassium iodide pure; M = 166.01
v. Potassium hydroxide pellets KOH = 56.11
vi. Conc. Sulphuric acid
vii. Starch indicator
BOD
i. Sodium thiosulfate, anhydrous, A.R., Mol. Wt: 158.11
ii. Sodium hydroxide pellets purified (0.025N); MW: 40.00
iii. Manganese sulphate purified; MW. 169.02
iv. Potassium iodide pure; M = 166.01
v. Potassium hydroxide pellets KOH = 56.11
vii. Starch indicator
COD
i. Potassium dichromate pure, M = 294.19 g/mol
ii. Ammonium ferrous sulphate, M.W. 392.13
iii. Ferroin indicator solution
iv. Silver sulfate pure, M= 311.79 g/mol
v. Mercuric sulphate, M.W.296.65
TOTAL ALKALINITY
i. Sodium carbonate anhydrous pure; SDFCL; M= 105.99g/mol
ii. Conc. Sulphuric acid

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iii. Phnolphthalein idicator
iv. Mehyl Orange
TOTAL ACIDITY
i. Sodium hydroxide pellets purified; MW: 105.99 g/mol;
ii. Mehyl Orange
iii. Phnolphthalein idicator
iv. Conc. Sulphuric acid
HARDNESS
i. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt extra pure, M.W. 372.24
ii. Erichrome Black T (Solochrome Black)
iii. Ammonia buffer solution
CHLORIDE TEST
i. Silver Nitrate, N=0.153
ii. Potassium chromate GR, M=194.20g/mol
3. METHADOLOGY
S.No Parameters Methods
1 Appearance Visual method
2 Color Visual comparison method
3 Odor Qualitatively measurement method
4 Taste Organoleptic
5 Temperature Temperature probe
6 pH Glass electrode method
7 Total alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L Titration method
8 Total acidity Titration method
9 Total solids Gravimetry at 103℃ - 105℃
10 Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L Titration method
11 Chloride test Titration method
12 Dissolved oxygen Winkler’s method
13 Biochemical oxygen demand Iodometric method
14 Chemical oxygen demand Titrimetric method

11
3.2 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER
3.2.1 Determination of appearance
This parameter was done by visual method based on the type of water sample. If the water
sample is collected from the sewage, it will bear dark grey in color. It is due to the presence of
bacteria present in the water sample. Some of the water sample will be pure and white, as it was
collected from dams or river. But, some posses dark brown or black if it is collected from
indutrial effluent or polluted ponds. It can be achieved by our naked eyes by its color, and total
solids present in the water sample.
S.NO SOURCE SAMPLE APPEARANCE
1 Manimuthar Dam Clear
2 Manimuthar River Clear

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3. Manimuthar Canal Clear
Table 1.2 Sample appearance of Manimuthar.
3.2.2 Determination of Color
Color in water is due to minuter amounts of humus, plankton, weeds, decaying vegetable
matter, natural metallic ions like iron, manganous and industrial wastes.
Color can be classified as “true color” and “apparent color”. True color is the real color of
water seen after filtration. Apparent color is due to dissolved substances and suspended
particles and is determined in the original sample without filtration or centrifugation. In highly
colored industrial waste waters where color is principally due to colloidal or suspended
material both true color and apparent color should be determined.
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE COLOR
1
Manimuthar
Manimuthar Dam Acceptable
2 Manimuthar River Acceptable
3 Manimuthar Canal Acceptable
Table: 3.2 Color of the Water sample
3.2.3 Determination of Odor
Odor is a quality factor affecting acceptability of drinking waer and aesthetics of
recreational waters. Water has no odor in its pure form. No instrument has so far been
developed for the measurement of odor and the measurements depend updon contact of a
stimulating substance with appropriate human receptor cell.

13
Odor is measured in terms of “Threshold Odor Number” indicating the number of times the
dilution is carried out with odor free water, in order to get no perceptible odor. Obviously,
smaller the value of T.O.N., better is its quality. Accepted average value of T.O.N = 3.
A panel of five and preferably ten or more persons is needed to check the odor. Odor is
determined in chlorinated sample as well as that of the same sample after dechlorination which
is carried out with arsenate or thiosulfate.
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE ODOR RESPONSE
1
Manimuthar
Manimuthar Dam Unobjectionable
2 Manimuthar River Unobjectionable
3 Manimuthar Canal Unobjectionable
Table: 3.3 Odor of the Water sample
3.2.4 Determination of Taste
Taste, as a specific sensory process, is very rarely a problem in public water supplies. Most
'tastes' are concerned almost entirely with odors. Undesirable odors occur frequently in many
water supplies in Illinois, especially those depending upon surface waters as the source of
supply. Taste and odor episodes vary in intensity, persistency, and frequency of occurrence. It
is the sporadic nature of these episodes that leaves the water plant operator wondering if his
treatment techniques corrected the problem or if the problem diminished through a natural
course of time.
Some episodes are predictable. Midwestern rivers are often the source of tastes and odors
only during high flow periods following late winter thaws. In midwestern reservoirs tastes and
odors are not uncommon during fall destratification, i.e., lake turnover. Nevertheless, the
unexpected occurrence is more the rule. Great strides have been made in improving the
palatability of water.
Some water treatment facilities have features designed to remove organics, insecticides,
phenols, and industrial chemicals, but most do not. Taste and odor control continues to remain
an art in most localities with as much reliance on hope as on science.

14
S.
No
SOURCE SAMPLE TASTE RESPONSE
1
Manimutha
Manimuthar Dam Unobjectionable
2 Manimuthar River Unobjectionable
3 Manimuthar Canal Unobjectionable
Table: 3.4 Taste of the Water sample
3.2.5 Determination of Temperature
Temperature is one of the most important parameters of aquatic environment. Density,
viscosity, surface tension and vapour pressure of water, more or less, depend on the
temperature profile of the system. Further, discharge of heated effluents also brings about
thermal changes in natural waters.
Indian climate provides almost an ideal range of solar temperature, which attributes great
self-purificatino strength in the stream. A rise in temperature of water accelerates chemical
reactions, reduces solubility of gases, amplifies taste and odor, and elevates metabolic activity
of organisms.
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE Temperature (℃)
1
Manimuthar
Manimuthar Dam 31.3
2 Manimuthar River 31.6
3 Manimuthar Canal 28.4
Table: 3.5 Temperature of the Water sample
3.2.6 Determination of pH
One of the most important properties of water and wastewater is its hydrogen ion activity.
pH is the intensity of the acidic or basic character of a solution at a given temperature. The pH
scale is a series of numbers which measure acidity or alkalinity. These numbers are shown from
0 to 14 and each number represents a definite degree of acidity or alkalinity. pH (p=power;
H=hydrogen ion concentration) value is negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.
[= -log H+
]
The pH of a solution numerically equal to the negative power to which 10 must be raised in
order to express the hydrogen ion concentration. Thus, if in a solution
[H+
] = 10-5

15
Then, its pH value = 5
Mathematically, [H+
] = 10-pH
At 22℃ pure water contains both hydrogen and hydroxyl ions of 10-7
N each. The ionic
product of the two, (H+
) × (OH-
), is 10-14
. This value remains constant for all aquaous solutions.
Both alkalinity and acidity can be expressed in terms of hydrogen ion concentration. The
change of one on the pH scale means a rise or fall of concentration by 10 times.
Determination
pH can be determined by
(i) Potentiometer method
(ii) Colorimetric method
(iii) Glass electrode method
Generally, Glass electrode method is used for this purpose.
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE pH METER pH
1
Manimuthar
Manimuthar Dam 9.38
2 Manimuthar River 7.32
3 Manimuthar Canal 6.53
Table: 3.6 pH of the Water sample
3.2.7 Determination of Total solids
Principle
Total solid is the term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after operation of an
unfiltered sample and includes “total suspended solids”. portion retained by filter and “total
dissolved solids”.
Materials required
(i) Evaluating dish: Dish of 100 mL capacity made up of silica, porcelain or platinum.
(ii) Dessicator
(iii) Muffle furnace
(iv) Hot plate

16
(v) Balance.
Procedure
(i) Ignite the evaporating dish in a muffle furnace at 550 ± 50℃ for about 1 hour.
(ii) Cool it in a dessicator and weigh.
(iii) Evaporate 100 ml of unfiltered sample in the evaporating dish on water bath or hot plate.
(iv) Dry the evaporated sample for one hour in an oven at 103-105℃.
(v) Cool the dish in a desiccator and again weigh.
SOURCE SAMPLE PETRIDISH WEIGHT OF
TS
(Total Solids)Initial Weight
(W1)
Final Weight
(W2)
Manimuthar
Manimuthar Dam 54.079 54.071 0.008
Manimuthar River 44.624 44.624 0.002
Manimuthar Canal 43.923 43.924 0.001
Table: 3.7 Total Solids of the Water sample
Calculation
(i) Manimuthar Dam
Total Solids, mg/L =
= 0.4 mg
(ii) Manimuthar River
= 0.1 mg

17
(iii) Manimuthar Canal
= 0.05 mg
Result
The amount of Total Solids present in 1 L of water sample will be,
(i) Manimuthar Dam = 20 mg/L
(ii) Manimuthar River = 5 mg/L
(iii) Manimuthar Canal = 2.5 mg/L
4. CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER
4.1.1 Determination of Total Alkalinity
Alkalinity of natural water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize H+
and is primarily a
function of carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide contents of water. Some other bases which
may contribute towards alkalinity include borates, phosphates and silicates.
Most of the alkalinity is due to the dissolution of CO2 in water. CO2 combines with water to
form carbonic acid which is further dissociated into H+
and bicarbonates HCO3
–
ions.
Carbonate and bicarbonate ions in water further yield hydroxyl OH—
ions. Carbonate
produce double the OH—
ions than what produced by bicarbonates resulting in an increase in
pH.
Natural water with high alkalinity is rich in Phytoplanktons. In highly productive water the
alkalinity is more than 100 mg/L.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H2CO3 HCO3
--
+
H+
HCO3
--
CO3
--
+ H+
CO3
--
+ 2H2O H2CO3 + 2OH--
HCO3
--
+ H2O H2CO3 + OH--

18
Principle
Alkalinity is determined by titrating water with a strong acid like HCl or H2SO4. It involves
the use of two indicators namely, phenolphthalein (pH 8.3) and methyl orange (pH 4.2-5.4).
The end point of pH 8.3 is called phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA) in which CO3--
is converted
into HCO3
--
. However, if the same titration is continued further using methyl orange as an
indicator, HCO3
--
react with acid to form H2CO3. The reaction is complete at pH 4.5. This is
called Total Alkalinity (TA).
Reagents required
i. Sulfuric acid (0.1N): Standardize it against sodium carbonate.
ii. Phenolphthalein indicator solution: Add 2-4 drops.
iii. Methyl orange indicator (0.05%): Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl orange in 250 mL of
distilled water.
Procedure
i. Take 20 mL of the sample in a conical flask and add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator solution. If the solution remains colorless, PA=0. If a slight pink color
appears, phenolphthalein alkalinity (due to hydroxide or carbonate) is present.
ii. Titrate the solution against sulfuric acid until the color disappears. Note the reading.
This is phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA).
iii. Then for testing the Methyl Orange alkalinity, add 3-4 drops of Methyl Orange
indicator. The orange red or yellow color is developed. If the solution remains colorless,
MA=0
Observation
In this titration, when phenolphtalein is used as indicator the color changes from light pink
to colorless and when methyl orange is used as indicator the color changes from yellow to rose
color.

19
Tabulation
(i) Table: 4.1 (a) Phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA)
SOURCE SAMPLE PA
BURETTE
READING
Volume of
H2SO4
ConsumedInitial
reading
Final
reading
Manimuthar
Manimuthar
Dam
Absent 0 0.1 0.1
Manimuthar
River
Absent 0.1 0.2 0.1
Manimuthar
Canal
Absent 0.2 0.3 0.1
(ii) Table: 4.1 (b) Methyl orange alkalinity (MA)
SOURCE SAMPLE MA
BURETTE READING Volume of
H2SO4
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Manimuthar
Manimuthar
Dam
Present 0 0.1 0.1
Manimuthar
River
Present 0.1 0.2 0.1
Manimuthar
Canal
Present 0.3 0.4 0.1
Calculation
Total Volume of Standard H2SO4 is used for the titration.
T (Total Alkalinity) = Phenolphthalein alkalinity (i)+Methyl orange alkalinity (ii)
= 0.1 + 0.1
= 0.2 mL.
Phenolphtalein alkalinity

20
(PA) as CaCO3 mg/L =
=
= 5 mg/L
Total alkalinity (T) =
=
=10 mg/L
Five combinations for PA and T
Result
i. According to the above combinations, as we divide Total alkalinity by 2, both P and T
will be equal and therefore, only the CO3
-2
ions were present in the water sample.
ii. The Total alkalinity which is present in the sample is 10 mg/L.
4.1.2 Determination of Total acidity
Acidity indicates the total available acid and H+
ions. Acidity of water is its capacity to react
with acid a strong base to fixed pH. Acidity is due to the presence of strong mineral acids, weak
acids and hydrolyzing salts of strong acids.
The salts of trivalent metals (e.g., Fe, Al) hydrolyze to release mineral acids. In natural
freshwater, the acidity is mostly due to the presence of free CO2 in the form of carbonic acid. In
acid waters, productivity is low because acidity not only inhibits nitrogen fixation it also
prevents the recirculation of nutrients by reducing the rate of decomposition.
1. P = T, only OH-1
ions present
2. P = T/2, only CO3
-2
ions present
3. P < T/2, CO3
-2
and HCO3
-1
ions present
4. P > T/2, CO3
-2
and OH-1
ions present
5. P = 0, HCO3
-1
ions present

21
Principle
Hydrogen ions of the water sample present as a result of dissociation of hydrolysis of
solutes, react with strong base such as NaOH. If the sample has strong mineral acids and their
salts, it is titrated first to pH 3.7, using methyl orange as an indicator. This is called methyl
orange acidity. If the sample is titrated directly to pH 8.3 using phenolphthalein, the end point
denotes total acidity.
Reagents required
(i) Sodium hydroxide (0.05N): Dissolve 4 g NaOH in 100 mL. Standardize with HCl.
(ii) Methyl orange indicator: Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl orange in 250 mL of distilled water.
(iii) Phenolphthalein indicator solution: Add 2-4 drops.
Procedure
(i) Take 20 ml of colorless sample of water in a conical flask and add 3-4 drops of methyl
orange indicator. If, the solution turns yellow, methyl orange acidity is absent. If the
solution turns pink, titrate it against NaOH till yellow color appears.
(i) Now add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution to the same solution and
(ii) titrate further with NaOH until the solution turns pink.
Fig. Showing that the Methyl Orange acidity is absent

22
Fig. Showing that the Phenolphthalen acidity is absent
Table: 4.2 (a) Methyl orange Acidity (MA)
SOURCE SAMPLE MA
H2SO4
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Manimuthar
Manimuthar
Dam
Absent 0 0.1 0.1
Manimuthar
River
Absent 0.1 0.2 0.1
Manimuthar
Canal
Absent 0.2 0.3 0.1

23
Table: 4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein Acidity (PA)
SOURCE SAMPLE PA
NaOH
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Manimuthar
Manimuthar
Dam
Present 0 0.1 0.1
Manimuthar
River
Present 0.1 0.2 0.1
Manimuthar
Canal
Present 0.2 0.3 0.1
Calculation
Mineral Acidity (mg/L) =
(iii) Manimuthar Canal = 5 mg/L
Total Acidity =
(CaCO3 Scale)
=
= 5 mg/L

24
Result
(i) Mineral acidity present in the Manimuthar Dam = 5 mg/L
(ii) Mineral acidity present in the Manimuthar River = 5 mg/L
(iii) Mineral acidity present in the Manimuthar Canal = 5 mg/L
(iv) Total acidity present in the Manimuthar Dam = 5 mg/L
(v) Total acidity present in the Manimuthar River = 5 mg/L
(vi)Total acidity present in the Manimuthar Canal = 5 mg/L
4.1.3 Determination of Hardness
Total hardness may be defined as the sum of the calcium and magnesium concentrations,
both expressed as calcium carbonate in milligrams per litre. The amount of hardness equivalent
to the total alkalinity is called “carbonate hardness”. The amount of hardness in excess of
total alkalinity is called “non-carbonate hardness”. In common usage, water is classified as
soft, if it contains less than 75 ppm of hardness as calcium carbonate.
Reagents required
i. Standard EDTA solution, 0.01M: Dissolve 0.3723 g Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
disodium salt extra pure in 100 mL in distilled water.
ii. Ammonia buffer solution: Add 1 ml of Ammonia buffer solution in the sample.
iii. Eriochrome Black T: Dissolve 0.5 g of EBT in 100 mL in distilled water.
Procedure
i. Take 20 mL of the sample in a conical flask.
ii. Add 1 mL of the Ammonia buffer solution.
iii. Add 2 drops of the Eriochrome Black-T indicator solution.
iv. Titrate the contents with EDTA with continuous stirring. The last few drops may be added
at 3-5 seconds interval. At the end point color changes from wine red to blue.
Observation
In this titration, the color changes from wine red to blue sharply at the end-point.

25
Fig. 4.3 Hardness is present in the Water sample
Table: 4.3 Hardness of the Water sample
SOURCE SAMPLE
BURETTE READING Volume of EDTA
ConsumedInitial
reading
Final
reading
Manimuthar
Manimuthar Dam
0 0.2 0.2
Manimuthar River
0.2 0.4 0.2
Calculation
Hardness (EDTA) as mg CaCO3/L =
(i) Manimuthar Dam =
= 10 mg/L

26
(ii) Manimuthar River =
= 10 mg/L
(iii) Manimuthar Canal =
= 15 mg/L
Comparison of hardness value with WHO (World Health Organization)
Degree of Hardness Hardness mg/L CaCO3
Soft <50
Moderately Hard 50-150
Hard 150-300
Very Hard >300
Result
Thus, the amount of Temporary Hardness present in the Manimuthar sample is
(iii)Manimuthar Canal = 15 mg/L
Therefore, according to the WHO the given water sample was Soft.
4.1.4 Determination of Chloride
Most of the chloride in the soil are soluble in water and determined directly in soil solution. In
natural fresh waters high concentration of chloride is regarded as an indicator of pollution
which is due to organic wastes of animal origin. Industrial effluents may be able to increase the
chloride contents in natural waters. The chloride concentration above 250 ppm makes the water
salty in taste, however, a level upto ppm is safe for human consumption.
Principle
Silver nitrate reacts with chloride to form very slightly soluble white precipitate of AgCl. At
the end point, when all the chlorides get precipitated, free silver ions react with chromate to
form silver chromate of greenish-yellow color.

27
Reagents required
(i) Silver Nitrate, 0.153 N: Dissolve 0.34 g of dried Silver nitrate in distilled water.
(ii) Potassium chromate, 5%: Dissolve 5 g of K2CrO4 in 100 mL of distilled water.
Procedure
(i) Take 20 mL of sample in a conical flask and add 2 mL of K2CrO4 solution.
(ii) Titrate the contents against 0.0153 N AgNO3 until a persistent greenish yellow color
appears.
Fig. 4.4 Presence of the Chloride in the Water sample
Table: 4.4 Chloride determination in the Water sample
SOURCE SAMPLE
BURETTE READING Volume of AgNO3
ConsumedInitial
reading
Final
reading
Manimuthar
Manimuthar Dam
0 0.8 0.8
Manimuthar River
0.8 1.4 0.6

28
Calculation
Chloride (mg/L) =
Result
Thus, the amount of Chloride present in the Manimuthar sample is
(iii)Manimuthar Canal =14 mg/L
5. BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER
5.1.1 Determination of Dissolved oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is a very important parameter of water quality and is an index of physical
and biological processes going on in water. Non-polluted surface waters are normally saturated
with dissolved oxygen, which reaches the maximum in the late afternoon and falls again at
night because of removal by respiration. This diurnal change in the oxygen level is termed as
Oxygen pulse. Oxygen depletion takes place due to decomposition of organic matter,
respiration, presence of iron and rise in temperature.
Principle
The method is based on Winkler’s method, involving two oxidation-reduction reactions. The
manganous sulfate reacts with sodium or potassium hydroxide to give a white precipitate of
manganous hydroxide.
MnSO4 + 2 NaOH → Mn(OH)2 + Na2SO4
In the presence of oxygen in a highly alkaline solution, the white manganous hydroxide is
oxidized to brown-colored manganous oxyhydrate.

29
2 Mn(OH)2 + O2 → 2 Mn O (OH)2
In strongly acidic media, manganic ions are reduced by iodide ions of potassium iodide to
form free iodine.
Mn(OH)2 + 2 H2SO4 → Mn(SO4)2 + 3 H2O
Mn(SO4)2 + 2KI → Mn(SO4)2 + K2SO4 + I2
The amount of free iodine is equivalent to the amount of oxygen present in the sample and can
be determined by titrating with sodium thiosulphate using starch as an indicator.
2 Na2 S2 O3 + I2 → 2Na I + Na2 S4 O6
Reagents required
i. Sodium thiosulphate (0.025N): Dissolve 0.625g of sodium thiosulphate in previously
boiled distilled water and make the volume to 100 mL. Add a pellet of sodium hydroxide
as a stabilizer. Keep in a brown glass-stoppered bottle. Prepare fresh solutions every 2 or 3
weeks.
ii. Manganous sulfate: Dissolve 4.8 g MnSO4. H2O in distilled water, filter and dilute it to
100 mL The MnSO4 solution should not give a color with starch when added to an
acidified potassium iodide solution.
iii. Alkaline potassium iodide solution: Dissolve 7 g KOH and 1.5 g NaI in 100 mL of
distilled water.
iv. Conc. sulphuric acid: Dissolve 0.2g starch in 100mL of warm water.
Procedure
i. Take the water sample in a glass-stoppered BOD bottle of known volume avoiding any
bubbling. No air should be trapped in the bottle after the stopper is replaced.
ii. Add 1 mL of MnSO4 and 1 mL of alkaline KI solution well below the surface of water
using separate pipettes. If the volume of the sample is more than 200 mL add 2 mL of each
MnSO4 and KI solution.

30
iii. A precipitate will appear. Place the stopper and shake the solution thoroughly by inverting
the bottle repeatedly. At this stage, the sample can be stored for a few days, if required.
iv. Add 1-2 mL of concentrated Sulphuric acid to dissolve the precipitate.
v. Transfer gently (avoiding bubbling) the whole content or a known part of it in a conical
flask.
vi. Add a few drops of starch indicator and titrate against sodium thiosulphate solution within
one hour of the dissolution of the precipitate.
vii. Note the end point when the initial dark blue color disappears completely.
Fig.5.1 Dissolved oxygen test by Winkler’s method

31
Table: 5.1.1 Dissolved Oxygen test
SOURCE SAMPLE
BURETTE READING Volume of Thiosulphate
ConsumedInitial
reading
Final
reading
Manimuthar
Manimuthar Dam 0 0.2 0.2
Manimuthar River 0.2 1.8 1.6
Calculation
If the whole content is used for titration,
DO(mg/L) =
Where, V1 = Volume of titrant (Sodium thiosulphate);
V2 = Volume of sampling bottle;
V3 = Volume of MnSO4 and KI solutions added;
V4 = Volume of the part of the contents titrated;
N = Normality of sodium thiosulphate (0.025).
(i) Manimuthar Dam
D.O. (mg/L)

32
Result
Thus, the amount of DO present in the Manimuthar sample is
5.1.2 Determination of Biochemical oxygen demand
It is the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms in aerobic degradation of the
dissolved or even particulate organic matter in water. The decomposable or biodegradable
organic matter serves as a food for bacteria and energy is obtained due to such oxidation. BOD
gives us an idea about the extent of oranic pollution in water. More the oxidizable organic
matter present in water, more the amount of oxygen required to degrade it biologically, hence
more the BOD.
BOD mainly depends upon the pH, presence of toxins, reduced organic matter and different
types of microorganisms. While evaluating this, samples are protected from sunlight, excessive
agitation or shaking, and kept at a fixed temperature in an incubator. This favors uniform
bacterial growth.
The completer degradation of the organic matter may require as long as 20 to 30 days.
Simple organic compounds are oxidezed in 5 days, thoughdomestic sewage undergoes 65%
degradation and complex organic compounds oxidize only upto 40% in 5 days. In practice,
usually a 5 day test gives reliable information on quality of water. The difference in oxygen
concentration of the sample at a time and after incubating it for 5 days at 20℃ is measured.
Reagents required
i. Sodium thiosulphate (0.025N): Dissolve 0.0625g of sodium thiosulphate in previously
boiled distilled water and make the volume to 100 mL. Add a pellet of sodium hydroxide as
a stabilizer. Keep in a brown glass-stoppered bottle. Prepare fresh solutions every 2 or 3
weeks.
ii. Manganous sulfate: Dissolve 36.4 g MnSO4. H2O in distilled water, filter and dilute it to
100 mL The MnSO4 solution should not give a color with starch when added to an acidified
potassium iodide solution.
iii. Alkaline potassium iodide solution: Dissolve g KOH and g NaI in 100 mL of distilled
water.

33
iv. Concentrated sulphuric acid: Dissolve 0.2g starch in 100mL of warm water.
Procedure
i. Take the water sample in a glass-stoppered BOD bottle of known volume avoiding any
bubbling. No air should be trapped in the bottle after the stopper is replaced.
ii. Add 1 mL of MnSO4 and 1 mL of alkaline KI solution well below the surface of water
using separate pipettes. If the volume of the sample is more than 200 mL add 2 mL of
each MnSO4 and KI solution.
iii. A precipitate will appear. Place the stopper and shake the solution thoroughly by
inverting the bottle repeatedly. At this stage, the sample can be stored for a few days, if
required.
iv. Add 1-2 mL of concentrated Sulphuric acid to dissolve the precipitate.
v. Transfer gently (avoiding bubbling) the whole content or a known part of it in a conical
flask.
vi. Add a few drops of starch indicator and titrate against sodium thiosulphate solution
within one hour of the dissolution of the precipitate.
vii. Note the end point when the initial dark blue color disappears completely.
Fig.5.2 Determination of BOD

34
Table: 5.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand test
SOURCE SAMPLE
BURETTE READING Volume of Thiosulphate
ConsumedInitial
reading
Final
reading
Manimuthar
Manimuthar Dam 0 1 1
Manimuthar River 1 1.8 0.8
Calculation
If the whole content is used for titration,
BOD (mg/L) =
Where V1 = Volume of titrant (Sodium thiosulphate);
V2 = Volume of sampling bottle;
V3 = Volume of MnSO4 and KI solutions added;
V4 = Volume of the part of the contents titrated;
N = Normality of sodium thiosulphate (0.025).
(i) Manimuthar Dam = 0.5 mg/L
(ii) Manimuthar river = 15 mg/L
(iii) Manimuthar Canal =1.5 mg/L
5.1.3 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
COD is a measure of measuring pollution strength of domestic and industrial effluents. It is
the measure of oxygen required in oxidizing the organic compounds present in water by means
of chemical reactions involving strong oxidizing agents, such as potassium dichromate and
potassium permanganate [24].
As almost all organic compounds can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents in acidic
medium, COD values are greater than BOD values. COD is too large, if great amount of

35
biologically resistant organic matter, such as lignin is present. COD determination is
advantageous for waters having unfavorable conditions for the growth of microorganisms.
In such waters, BOD determination cannot be made accurately. Moreover, another
advantage of COD in comparison to BOD is short time required for valuation.
Reagents required
i. Potassium dichromate solution (0.25 N)
ii. Ferrous ammonium sulfate (0.1N
iii. Potassium dichromate pure, M = 294.19 g/mol
iv. Ammonium ferrous sulfate, M.W. 392.13
v. Ferroin indicator solution
vi. Silver sulfate pure, M= 311.79 g/mol
vii. Mercuric sulfate, M.W.296.65
viii. Conc. Sulphuric acid
Procedure
(i) Dissolve 0.4 g of Potassium dichromate and 3.3 g of Mercuric sulfate in 17 mL of conc.
H2SO4.
(ii) Dissolve 1 g of Silver sulfate in 100 mL of water.
(iii) Dissolve 3.92 g of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate in 100 mL of water and 2 mL of H2SO4.
(iv) Take 5 mL of sample and 7 mL of oxidizing solution.
(v) Take a pinch amount of Silver sulfate and add 2-4 drops of Ferroin indicator. It becomes
red in color.
(vi) Titrate with the Ammonium ferrous sulfate, then the green color will be developed.
Table: 5.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand Test
SOURCE SAMPLE
BURETTE
READING
Volume of FAS
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Manimuthar
Manimuthar
Dam
0 5.1 5.1
Manimuthar
River
5.1 5.1 Nil

36
Manimuthar
Canal 5.1 5.1 Nil
Calculation
COD as mg O2/L =
Where, A = Volume of FAS used for sample (mL)
B = Volume of FAS used for blank (mL)
N = Normality of FAS
(i) Manimuthar Dam
COD as mg O2/L =
= 80 mg/L
COD as mg O2/L =
=160 mg/L
(iii) Manimuthar Canal
COD as mg O2/L =
= 144 mg/L
Result
Thus, the amount of COD present in the Manimuthar sample is

37
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

38
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The physical, chemical, and biological parameters are very important for assessing the water
quality. The main purpose of analyzing the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of
water is to determine its pollution status [25]. In fact, the final status of a water body is
conditioned by these factors and the status of the water is really the result of the interaction of
these factors. The physico-chemical and toxicological parameters are important for assessing
the water quality. The main purpose of analyzing the physical, chemical and toxicological
characteristics of water is to determine its pollution status. In fact, the final status of a water
body is conditioned by these factors and the status of the water is really the result of interaction
of these factors. Steady change in the atmospheric temperature with the change in the seasons
results in the corresponding change in the water temperature. There is a very close similarity
between the temperature of atmosphere and water due to the depth of reservoir as also the small
amount of macrophytic vegetation and follows the same pattern as observed for natural lakes
by Saad (1973) and Misra et.al. (1975). The differences in atmospheric temperature and water
temperature especially in winter are under the influence of high specific heat of the water and
winter overturn condition of reservoir. (Table: 4.5, 4.6) It influences aquatic life and
concentration of dissolved gases such as CO2, O2 and chemical solutes. The water temperature
was always below the ambient temperature but followed the meteorological conditions.
According to Welch (1952) smaller water bodies react quickly with the change in the
atmospheric temperature. High summer temperature and bright sunshine accelerate the process
of decay of organic matter resulting into the liberation of large quantities of CO2 and nutrients.
A rise in temperature of the water leads to the speeding up of the chemical reaction in water,
reduces the solubility of gases and amplifies the tastes and odors.

40
Water quality monitoring is of vital imperativeness as it gives particular data about the
nature of water. Different sorts of physical, substance and organic data are joined to determine
at a differing qualities list. The composite impact of huge physical, synthetic and natural
parameters is reflected in the index. Diversity indices for water quality, monitoring can be used
for resources allocation, location ranking, standard enforcement, trend analysis, public
information and scientific research. The present work describes the dominant physico–chemical
variables and their relation with phytoplankton density and community along a pollution
gradient. Study was also done on the surface plankton populace in the oceanic environment of
Waghur and Tapi waterway water. The mechanical effluents from different commercial
ventures in and around Jalgaon contain various poisonous substances once went into the river
Waghur and Tapi affecting the water quality. As an outcome, the plankton population of the
Waghur and Tapi River has been influenced in wording of abundance and differing qualities by
evaluating the microscopic fish file as the water quality criteria with reference to freshwater
bodies dirtied by different industrial and domestic actions. Species diversity is of considerable
importance in assessing the extent of damage to natural system by human interference severe
disturbances cause a marked decline in the diversity. Biodiversity, a concept used to describe
the dimension of living organisms in a given area, takes into consideration mixture of the life
structures, the qualities they contain and the environment they are found. However, there are no
registered effluents that are forced into the water bodies at the stretches of rivers in North
Maharashtra Region. But small open drainages from the bank of river are big in number that
they have to consider as non-point sources of pollution. Indiscriminate defecation, littering of
solid wastes all around and into the rivers, cremation and dumping of carcasses, mass bathing,
cattle wallowing and agriculture washouts of pesticides, fertilizers and 215 insecticides are a bit
anthropogenic stresses which have been studied in detailed of river Waghur and Tapi. Narrow
fluctuations in air temperature across seasons revealed that the dominant climatic factor in this
temperate high altitude river system is not air temperature. A correlation of precipitation
between distinctive seasons unmistakably demonstrated that precipitation is the major climatic
component commanding in the framework. Southwest storm season was the season of most
extreme changes in precipitation throughout the years emulated by the northeast storms and the
minimum change was in the premonsoon all through the study period. Thusly the water level
consistently vacillates diurnally and regularly and the vacillations were discovered unusual. A
consistent water level is exceptionally fundamental for the feasible presence of the waterway as
a common organic framework supporting the natural life asylum, its financial use as water
body supporting universal tourism,

42
REFERENCE
[1] Pinto F, Thais F, Sawdust Derivative for Environmental Application (2016);
“Functionalization and Removal of textile dye from aqueous solution”, An Acad Bras Cienc;
Vol.88, Issue 3, pp:1211-1220.
[2] A. B. Akolkar et al (2014-15) “Report on Assessment of Pollution from Textile Dyeing
Units in Tirupur, Tamil Nadu and Measures taken to Achieve Zero Liquid Discharge”, Central
Pollution Control Board Zonal Office (South), Bengaluru.
[3] Sunantha G and Vasudevan N, “Assessment of Bacterial indicators and Physico-Chemical
parameters in Tirupur, Erode and Chennai, Tamil Nadu (India)”. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.enmm.2016.10.005. Manuscript accepted for publication.
[4] Geetha. An et al. (2008) “Assessment of Underground Water Contamination and Effect of
Textile Effluents on Noyyal River Basin In and Around Tirupur Town, Tamilnadu” Vol. 5,
Issue 4, pp:696-705.
[5] Abhijit M. (2017) “Textbook on Basics of Environmental Science”. DOI: 10.1007/978-81-
322-2707-6.
[6] Raja Guru P and Subbram V (2000), “Ground Water Quality in Tirupur” Environmental
Awareness on Quality Management of Irrigation Water, Edited by Lakshmanaperumalsamy
and Krishnaraj, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore.
[7] Tushar K Sen, et al. (2014) “Review on Dye Removal from Its Aqueous Solution into
Alternative Cost Effective and Non-Conventional Adsorbents”. Chem Proc Engg pp:1-11
[8] Rahmanian N Analysis of Physiochemical Parameters to Evaluate the Drinking Water
Quality in the State of Perak, Malaysia. Vol No.2015; DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716125. Manuscript accepted for publication.
[9] Kramer, Donald L. (1987) “Dissolved oxygen and fish behavior”, Environmental Biology of
Fishes. DOI: 10.1007/BF00002597, ISSN: 03781909

43
[10] Logesh. S et al (2011) Environmental issues and its impacts associated with the textile
processing units in Tirupur, 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and
Development, IPCBEE.
[11] Rajaram, T et al (2008) “Water pollution by industrial effluents in India: Discharge
scenarios and the case for participatory ecosystem specific local regulation”. Futures; Vol.40
Issue.1; pp: 56-69.
[12] Furn K, Hultgren. J (2004) “Effects of dyeing and bleaching industries on the area around
the Orathupalayam Dam in Southern India”. Minor Field Studies - International Office,
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
[13] Kant R (2012) “Textile dyeing industry an environmental hazard” Natural Science. DOI:
10.4236/ns.2012.41004, ISSN: 2150-4091.
[14] Lal R (2016) “Environmental sustainability” Textbook of Climate Change and Multi-
Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture: Climate Change and Sustainability in
Agriculture. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41238-2_1, ISBN: 9783319412382.
[15] Wang Z et al (2012) “Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treatment”, Textbook of Advances in
Treating Textile Effluent, DOI: 10.5772/22670.

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