Tetanus in EQUINES and Other Mammels

1. ‫الكزاز‬ ‫مرض‬
(
‫التيتانوس‬
)
‫واألعراض‬ ‫األسباب‬
‫والعالج‬
Tetanus in Equine , Ruminant and pet Animals

2. ‫ا‬
.
‫د‬
‫عطية‬ ‫حامد‬
‫البيطرية‬ ‫لألدوية‬ ‫الخبر‬ ‫اوميجا‬ ‫بمؤسسة‬ ‫الفنى‬ ‫المستشار‬
Tetanus in Equine , Ruminant and pet Animals

3. Tetanus
•Tetanus is caused by the neurotoxin produced by
Clostridium tetani .
• Clostridium tetani is found in soil and intestinal
tracts and usually introduced into tissues through
deep puncture wounds.

4. Susceptibility
•Almost all mammals are susceptible.
•Horses and lambs seem to be the most sensitive of
all species.
•Dogs and cats are relatively more resistant than any
other domestic or laboratory mammal.

5. Pathogenesis of Tetanus in Animals
•C tetani, an anaerobe with terminal, spherical
spores, is found in soil, .
•It is introduced into the tissues through wounds,
particularly deep puncture wounds, that provide a
suitable anaerobic environment.

6. In Cattle
•In cattle introduction into the genital tract at the
time of parturition .
•In idiopathic tetanus it would appear that the
neurotoxin is produced in the rumen.

8. The effect of the toxin
•The toxin causes spasmodic, tonic contractions of the
voluntary muscles by interfering with the release of
inhibitory neurotransmitters from presynaptic nerve
endings.
•The toxin causes a generalized muscular spastic
paralysis.

9. 1-Toxin enters the axons of the
nearest motor nerves at the
neuromuscular end plate and
migrates to the neuronal cell body
within the spinal cord .
2-Toxin ascends bilaterally until it
reaches the brain .

10. Why the animal die?
•The spasms may be severe enough to cause bone
fractures.
• Spasms affecting the larynx, diaphragm, and
intercostal muscles lead to respiratory failure.
• Involvement of the autonomic nervous system
results in cardiac arrhythmias, tachycardia, .
•Tympany in ruminant can cause death

11. Incubation Period
•The incubation period varies from 1 to several weeks
but usually averages 10 to 14 days.

12. Clinical Findings in Equines
•Localized stiffness, often involving the masseter
muscles and muscles of the neck, the hind limbs, and
the region of the infected wound, is seen first.
•General stiffness becomes pronounced ~1 day later,
and tonic spasms and hyperesthesia become
evident.

13. Clinical Findings of Tetanus in
Animals
• Lockjaw:
• Spasms of head muscles cause difficulty in prehension and
mastication of food, .
• The ears are erect, the tail stiff and extended,
• The anterior nares dilated, and the third eyelid prolapsed.
• Walking, turning, and backing are difficult.
• Spasms of the neck and back muscles cause extension of the
head and neck.
• Sweating is common.

14. Tetanus
Prolapse of the
third eye lid

17. Tetanus in Goat

18. Tetanus in Goat

19. Tetanus in Sheep

20. Tetanus in Dog

22. Tetanus in Cat

23. Localized tetanus is the more common form of tetanus that
occurs in pets. Affected dogs develop muscle rigidity (stiffness)
in the limb or muscles closest to the wound. In addition to
muscle rigidity, muscle tremors may also be seen. Localized
tetanus can progress to generalized tetanus with time
Types of tetanus

24. Diagnosis of Tetanus in Animals
•The clinical signs and history of recent trauma are
usually adequate for a clinical diagnosis of tetanus.
•Toxin presence confirmed by PCR assay of wound
tissue

25. Differential Diagnosis
In Equines:
•hypocalcaemia (lactation tetany)
•Severe myositis (tying-up).
•Electrolyte imbalance(Na-K-Mg-Ca)
•Ear Tick Infestation

26. Differential Diagnosis
in cattle
1-Clinical hypomagnesaemia :
•Accompanied by tetany and convulsions, but there is
no prolapse of the third eyelid or ruminal tympany.
• Low blood calcium and magnesium levels .

27. Differential Diagnosis
in cattle
2-Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)
(polioencephalomalacia) may produce a similar
clinical.
•There is no prolapse of the third eyelid and no
ruminal tympany.

28. Differential Diagnosis
in cattle
3-Lead poisoning :
May also show similar clinical signs, but elevated
blood and kidney/liver lead values are diagnostic.
4- Three day sicknes

29. Differential Diagnosis
in sheep
• White muscle disease
•Polyarthritis,
•Navel ill.

30. Prognosis
•Most cases of tetanus result in death of the affected
animal.
•It can be treated If diagnosed early.
•

31. ‫المصابة‬ ‫البقرة‬ ‫مشكلة‬
‫بالكزاز‬
‫التشخيص‬ ‫وطريقة‬
‫والعالج‬

32. ‫المشكلة‬ ‫عرض‬
•
‫بقرة‬
‫حدث‬
‫لها‬
‫اجهاض‬
‫في‬
‫توأم‬
‫واحتباس‬
‫مشيمة‬
.
•
‫بدأ‬
‫التعامل‬
‫معها‬
‫علي‬
‫انها‬
‫تعاني‬
‫من‬
‫التهاب‬
‫رحمي‬
‫ووصف‬
‫عالج‬
‫لها‬
.
•
‫لكن‬
‫بعد‬
‫عدة‬
‫ايام‬
‫اتصل‬
‫صاحب‬
‫الحالة‬
‫واخبر‬
‫بان‬
‫الحالة‬
‫لم‬
‫تتحس‬
‫ن‬
‫وامتنعت‬
‫عن‬
‫االكل‬
‫وتخشبت‬
‫في‬
‫مشيتها‬
‫وقام‬
‫بالكشف‬
‫عليها‬
‫التشخيص‬
:
•
‫االصابة‬
‫بمرض‬
‫الكزاز‬
(Tetanus)

33. ‫بالكزاز‬ ‫المصابة‬ ‫البقرة‬ ‫مشكلة‬
‫والعالج‬ ‫التشخيص‬ ‫وطريقة‬
•
‫اليوم‬
‫االول‬
:
‫صعوبة‬
‫فى‬
‫الحركة‬
‫وتكتيفة‬
.
•
‫اليوم‬
‫الثانى‬
:
‫الكزاز‬
(Lockjaw)
•
‫انتصاب‬
‫الذيل‬
‫واالذنين‬
‫وبروز‬
‫الجفن‬
‫الثالث‬
•
‫اليوم‬
‫الرابع‬
‫اعراض‬
‫النفاخ‬
‫واضحة‬
‫وجفاف‬
•
‫اليوم‬
‫الخامس‬
‫الى‬
‫اليوم‬
‫السابع‬
:
•
‫االمتناع‬
‫عن‬
‫االكل‬
‫والشرب‬
‫واالخراج‬
‫واستمرار‬
‫الوقوف‬

34. ‫بالكزاز‬ ‫المصابة‬ ‫البقرة‬ ‫مشكلة‬
‫والعالج‬ ‫التشخيص‬ ‫وطريقة‬
•
‫اليوم‬
‫الثامن‬
(
‫بداية‬
‫التحسن‬
)
:
•
‫ركود‬
‫الحيوان‬
‫والوقوف‬
‫بدون‬
‫مساعدة‬
•
‫بداية‬
‫االكل‬
‫والشرب‬

35. ‫المعالج‬ ‫للطبيب‬ ‫اسئلة‬
•
‫بالنسبه‬
‫للتبرز‬
‫حصل‬
‫مره‬
‫واحده‬
‫وكان‬
‫لونه‬
‫اسود‬
‫وأعتقد‬
‫أن‬
‫الس‬
‫بب‬
‫هو‬
‫الزيالزين‬
.
•
‫التبول‬
‫ما‬
‫رأيته‬
‫أال‬
‫بعد‬
‫التماثل‬
‫للشفاء‬
.
•
‫بخصوص‬
‫الخرطوش‬
‫استخدمته‬
‫إليصال‬
‫االلكترواليت‬
‫والماء‬
‫وفي‬
‫بعض‬
‫األحيان‬
‫بخلط‬
‫سبوس‬
‫ووصيت‬
‫العامل‬
‫بإعطاء‬
‫ماء‬
‫التمر‬
‫وا‬
‫ألرز‬
.

36. ‫الحالة‬ ‫تطورات‬
•
‫االنتفاخ‬
‫زال‬
‫بعد‬
‫اليوم‬
‫التالت‬
(
‫ربما‬
‫بسبب‬
‫الزيالزين‬
)
.
•
‫البقره‬
‫ظلت‬
‫واقفه‬
‫طوال‬
‫مده‬
‫العالج‬
‫حتى‬
‫عند‬
‫إعطاء‬
‫الزيالزين‬
‫لم‬
‫تسقط‬
.
•
‫أنتى‬
‫توكسيد‬
‫الهدف‬
‫منه‬
‫منع‬
‫ارتباط‬
‫جديد‬
‫للتكوسين‬
‫وزياده‬
‫ال‬
‫مناعه‬
‫الموجبه‬
‫للحاله‬
.

37. ‫المرض‬ ‫ظهور‬ ‫بداية‬

38. ‫النفاخ‬

39. ‫الكزاز‬

40. ‫للشراب‬ ‫وسيلة‬

41. ‫البقرة‬ ‫وركود‬ ‫التحسن‬ ‫بداية‬

42. Clinical signs in cattle
‫االبقار‬ ‫فى‬ ‫االساسية‬ ‫االعراض‬
•Stiffness and reluctance to move are normally the
first signs
•Twitching and tremors of the muscles
•Lockjaw
•Prominent protruding third eyelid
•Unsteady gait with stiff held out tail
•Bloat.

43. ‫العالج‬ ‫بعد‬
‫الطعام‬ ‫وتناول‬ ‫الكامل‬ ‫التحسن‬
‫العالج‬ ‫من‬ ‫الثامن‬ ‫اليوم‬ ‫بعد‬

44. Line of Treatment
•Wound care( if present)
•Large doses of antibiotics, usually penicillin.
•Tetanus antitoxin injected usually intravenously and
intramuscularly.
•Sedative & Muscle relaxant
•Supportive treatment

45. Objective of Treatment
‫العالج‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهدف‬
•Cattle appear to respond better to treatment than
•horses and sheep.
•Three objectives:
1- Elimination of Cl. Tetani.
2- Neutralization of unfixed neurotoxin.
3- Induction and maintenance of muscle relaxation

46. 1- Wound cleaning
•Clean Dressing( Soap and water)
•Hydrogen peroxide

47. 2- Antibiotic
•Procaine Penicillin:
•22,000 IU/kg IM /12h

48. 3- Tetanus Antitoxin
•Tetanus Antitoxin injected usually intravenously and
intramuscularly.
•For treatment, administer:
• 10,000 to 50,000 units to horses and cattle,
• 3,000 to 15,000 units to sheep and swine.

49. Example
Tetanus Antitoxin, Equine Origin is for
use in horses, cattle, sheep, goats and
swine for the prevention and
treatment of tetanus.
It is recommended for use whenever
a non-immunized animal,

50. Example
Tetanus Antitoxin Behring contains 1000
I.U. antibodies against tetanus per ml.

51. 4-Sedative & Muscle relaxant
•Xylazine:
•is an analogue of clonidine and an agonist at the α2
class of adrenergic receptor.
• It is used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle
relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses,
cattle .

52. Dose of Xylazine
Intravenous (IV):
The dose of 0.12 mg/kg is effective
for most ruminants.
Intramuscular:
Cattle: 0.3 mg /Kg
Horse: 0. 6 mg /Kg
Sheep: 1 mg/Kg

53. 2-Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine (0.4mg/kg body weight intravenously.
1.0mg/kg body weight intramuscularly) three to four times
daily.
0r:
Acetyl promazine (0.05mg/kg):
body weight), administered twice daily for eight to ten
days or until the severe clinical signs have disappeared.

54. Mg sulphat 20%
Injection S/C 100 ml as m relaxant

55. 5-Fluid Therapy
•Intravenous fluids are often used to prevent
dehydration .
• Feeding tube may be required if the animal is unable
to eat.

56. Keep in Dark place
•Animals should be kept in dark quiet surroundings
with ample bedding and sufficient space to avoid
injuring themselves if convulsions occur.

57. Control of Tetanus in Animals
‫الكزاز‬ ‫بمرض‬ ‫االصابة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫طرق‬

58. 1- Toxoid Vaccination
‫السموم‬ ‫مضاد‬ ‫تطعيم‬
•Mares should be vaccinated during the last 6
weeks of pregnancy, and foals at 5–8 weeks of
age.
•Two injections given approximately four to six
weeks apart followed by a booster at one year
and further boosters annually.

59. 2-Tetanus Antitoxin
‫الكزاز‬ ‫سم‬ ‫بمضاد‬ ‫األمهار‬ ‫تطعيم‬
• In high-risk areas, foals may be administered tetanus
antitoxin immediately after birth and every 2–3
weeks until they are 3 months old, at which time
they can be administered toxoid.
•It give immediate passive immunity lasting about 7
to 14 days.
• 1500 units administered subcutaneously or
intramuscularly is the recommended dose for
prevention.

60. Any Question?