Reproductive systems in cats and dogs

1. Reproductive System
Dr. Radhika

2. Reproductive System
Introduction
• The reproductive system is the group of organs that produce offspring.
• In both males and females, the reproductive system is composed of primary sex organs and
primary regulatory centers.
• The primary sex organs in males: testes and genital tract
• The primary sex organs in females: ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus in females.
• The primary regulatory centers are in the brain (the pituitary gland and hypothalamus).

3. Male reproductive disorders in cats and dogs
• Cryptorchidism
• Brucellosis
• Transmissible Venereal Tumors (TVT)
Most Common conditions:

4. Female reproductive disorders in cats and dogs
• Pyometra
• Pseudo pregnancy
• Mammary Tumor
Most Common conditions:

5. Cryptorchidism
• Introduction - Retained Testes
• Cryptorchidism is the medical term that refers
to the failure of one or both testicles (testes)
to descend into the scrotum.
• Normally descend between 2 to 4 months of
age.
Male reproductive disorders in cats and dogs

6. Cryptorchidism
• Cryptorchidism- common in toy breeds- toy Poodles and Pomeranians at higher
risk.
• 75% of cases of cryptorchidism- one retained testicle
• 25% involve failure of both testicles to descend
• The right testicle is more than twice as likely to be retained Cryptorchidism
affects
• affects 1-3% of all dogs.
• Hereditary

7. Cryptorchidism- Signs
• Rarely associated with pain or other signs unless a complication develops.
• One complication of cryptorchidism is spermatic cord torsion -sudden and
severe abdominal pain.
• A retained testicle may turn cancerous.
"If both testicles are retained, the dog may be infertile."

8. Cryptorchidism

9. Cryptorchidism- Diagnosis
• The testicle cannot be felt from the outside.
• Abdominal ultrasound or radiographs (X-rays)

10. Cryptorchidism- Treatment
• Neutering and removal of the retained testicle(s) are recommended.

11. Canine Brucellosis
Introduction-
• Canine brucellosis is a contagious bacterial infection caused by the
bacterium, Brucella canis (B. canis).
• Highly contagious between dogs.
• Brucella canis is zoonotic in nature

12. Canine Brucellosis
Route of Transmission-
• B. canis bacteria is shed in the genital secretions (semen or vaginal discharges)
• Smaller amounts of bacteria shed-in urine or saliva.
• Female dog- aborted material and discharges.

13. Canine Brucellosis
Symptoms in Male Dogs
• epididymitis, an infection in part of the
testicle.
• enlarged scrotum or an enlarged testicle
• The dog may be infertile.
• In chronic cases- testicles will atrophy
Symptoms in Female Dogs
• Female dogs infected with brucellosis
develop an infection of the uterus.
• Infertility
• Abortion in the late stages of pregnancy.
• persistent vaginal discharge.

14. Canine Brucellosis
Diagnosis
• Rapid slide agglutination test or RSAT

15. Canine Brucellosis
Diagnosis
• Rapid detection kits
• ELISA
• PCR

16. Canine Brucellosis
Treatment
• Any dog that has been infected with B. canis should be considered to be infected
for life.
• the dog may shed bacteria intermittently for the rest of its life.
• acute infection can be controlled with antibiotics
• Surgical sterilization of the infected dog will decrease shedding of the organisms
into the environment, thereby reducing the risk to other dogs.

17. • Antibiotic Therapy:
Doxycycline
Doxy Must (10 tab), SkyEC MRP Rs 125
Doxy PET (10 tab), Sava vet MRP Rs 70
@10 mg/kg B.wt o.i.d in cats and dogs
Canine Brucellosis-Treatment
• Acute infection can be controlled with antibiotics

18. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Introduction:
• Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT) are tumors that arise from the dysregulated
growth of cells called histiocytes.
• Histocytes are a type of immune system cell found in many areas of the body,
including the skin.
• TVTs are malignant (cancerous) tumors.
• Different from other cancers, TVTs can spread between dogs.

19. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Spread:
• It is sexually transmitted.
• The most common cause of this cancer is direct contact with a dog with TVT, which
includes sexual contact (intercourse), licking, biting, and sniffing the tumor affected
areas.

20. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Signs:
• Irregular thickening of the –Genitalia- surrounding tissue
• excessively licking the area.
• ‘cauliflower-like’ nodules- discomfort, intermittent bleeding, or bruising.

21. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Diagnosis:
• Cytology
Samples can be collected either by cotton-tipped swab or by fine needle aspiration (FNA)
• Biopsy
The surgical excision of a piece of tumor.(Histopathology)
.
Neoplastic round cells had a high rate of proliferation with frequent mitotic figures (arrowheads)

22. "TVTs usually continue to grow and can become
increasingly bothersome without treatment."

23. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Treatment:
• Complete surgical excision and chemotherapy
• Vincristine is the first-line drug for the chemotherapy of canine transmissible venereal
tumor (CTVT).
Vincristine sulfate (0.5-0.7 mg/m2)-IV,
once weekly for 3-6 weeks

24. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Supplementary Therapy:
•Improves Quality of life in cancer patients
DOGS : 1 ml per 5 kg b.i.d
Rs 1750 for 150ml
.

25. Pyometra
• Introduction - “Pus in the Uterus”
• Pyometra is a secondary infection that
occurs as a result of hormonal changes in
the reproductive tract.
• Following estrus, progesterone is elevated
for up to two months and causes the lining
of the uterus to thicken in preparation for
pregnancy.
• If pregnancy consecutively doesn’t occur the
uterine lining continues to increase in
thickness.
• "
Female reproductive disorders in cats and dogs
https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/pyometra-in-dogs

26. Pyometra
If the cervix is open or relaxed, bacteria can easily enter the
uterus."

27. Pyometra
When does Pyometra occur?
• Pyometra may occur in any sexually intact young to middle-
aged dog; however, it is most common in older dogs.
• occurs two to eight weeks after the last estrus.

28. Pyometra
When does Pyometra occur?
• Pyometra may occur in any sexually intact young to middle-
aged dog; however, it is most common in older dogs.
• occurs two to eight weeks after the last estrus.

29. Pyometra
Classification
• Open Pyometra: Cervix open, Pus drains out
• Closed Pyometra: Cervix closed, distended abdomen
Open Pyoderma Closed Pyoderma

30. Pyometra
Classical Signs
Open Pyometra:
Pus or an abnormal discharge, soiling of skin and surroundings.
Fever, lethargy, anorexia, and depression.
Closed Pyometra:
Distended abdomen
The bacterial toxins – septicaemia.
anorectic, very listless and very depressed.
Vomiting or diarrhea may also be present.

31. Pyometra
Diagnosis
• Based on clinical signs.
• Blood picture: WBC
• Radiography
• Ultrasound

32. Pyometra
Diagnosis
Radiography Ultrasound

33. Pyometra
Treatment
• Ovariohysterectomy (spay).
• Intravenous fluids are required to stabilize the dog before
and after surgery.
• Antibiotics are usually given for two weeks after surgery.

34. • Antibiotic Therapy:
Ceftriaxone
Pyometra
Intacef Pet 500mg ,Intas, MRP Rs 40
@15 mg/kg B.wt o.i.d in dogs
25 mg/kg B.wt o.i.d in cats

35. Pyoderma
Treatment-
Pain Medication :
Carprofen- 4.4 mg/kg b.wt
Meloxicam- 0.2mg/kg b.wt
Melonex by Intas, Rs 77 Carodyl by Savavet, Rs 165

36. Pyometra
Treatment-
Fluid Therapy : (To Stabilize animal- thumb rule DNS, NS- 2-
6ml/kg/hr)

37. Mammary Tumor
Introduction-
• A mammary tumor develops because of abnormal replication of the cells that make up
the breast tissue.
• Can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

38. Canine Mammary Tumor
Introduction-
Mammary Tumor in Dog Mammary Tumor in Cat

39. Mammary Tumor
Why does it happen?.. Who is at Risk?-
• The exact causes for the development of mammary tumors in dogs are not fully
understood.
• Hormonal imbalance- progesterone, increases the risk of developing mammary.
• Risk significantly higher in senior dogs and cats > 7 yr of age.
• Breed predisposition-Chihuahuas, Poodles, Dachshunds, Cocker Spaniels, Boxer
Dogs, and Doberman
"Dogs spayed prior to their first heat have only a
0.5% risk of developing mammary tumor(s)"

40. Mammary Tumor
Symptoms
• One (or more) palpable masses underneath the skin of the abdomen.
• Mass follow along the mammary chain.
• The size of the mass(es) and appearance may vary
• Firm and nodular mass.
• Mass may ulcerate and bleed

41. Mammary Tumor
Diagnosis
• Palpation of nodular growth.
• Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
Variation in cell (anisocytosis) and
nuclear. (anisokaryosis) , mitotic
figures

42. Mammary Tumor
Treatment
• For dogs with solitary mammary tumors, surgery is by far the best treatment
• For dogs with multiple tumors of one or both mammary chains, the associated – or all –
of the mammary glands may need to be removed.
• If intact, an ovariohysterectomy is recommended
• If metastatized- chemotherapy

43. Mammary Tumor
Treatment
• For dogs with solitary mammary tumors, surgery is by far the best treatment
• For dogs with multiple tumors of one or both mammary chains, the associated – or all –
of the mammary glands may need to be removed.
• If intact, an ovariohysterectomy is recommended

44. Thank You