8. 3
الكرش سالمة على دليل االجترار عملية
• Visual observation of rumination activity was the only on-
farm option available to assess rumen health.
•
مشاهدة
عملية
االجترار
فى
الحيوان
دليل
على
صحة
الكرش
.
9. Sensor
• sensor can detect changes in cow behavior, such as :
• A marked decrease in rumination time of a cow
• or sustained low rumination time compared with a
contemporary group of cows,
• can be used to help detect estrus, parturition,
and some illnesses.
12. Rumen tympany
• Definition:
• Overdistention of the rumeno-reticulum with
the gases of fermentation.
•
هو
تجمع
غير
عادي
للغازات
الناتجة
من
عمليات
التخمر
داخل
الكرش
والشبكية
بالخاصرة
اليسرى
ويؤدي
إلى
النفوق
خالل
ساعات
إذا
لم
يعالج
الحيوان
.
13. Types
• 1-Primary or frothy bloat :
• in the form of a persistent foam mixed with the
ruminal contents.
• 2-Secondary ( free-gas bloat):
• in the form of free gas separated from the
ingesta.
16. Causes of Chronic Recurrent tympany
المزمن النفاخ أسباب
(
المتكرر
)
• (1) Esophageal obstruction or stenosis (See
esophageal stenosis and choke).
• (2) Traumatic reticulo-peritonitis.
• (3) Vagal indigestion.
• (4) Diaphragmatic hernia.
• 5- Foreign bodies in the rumen
17. Causes of Recurrent tympany
• (5) A chronic ruminal tympany in young calves
due to enlargement of thymus.
• (6) Continued feeding of coarse indigestible
roughage.
• (7) The passage of unpalatable milk replacer to
the rumen, where it undergoes fermentation
and gas production.
18. Pathophysiology
• Excess amount of concentrates resulting in
fermentation leads to gas production and initial
production of high concentrations of volatile
organic acidsand as the rumen pH drops below
5.5.
19. Pathophysiology
• Diets (plant pectins or saponine in legumes)
that lead to excessive gas production that fail
to expel from the rumen, the gas bubbles
coalesce and separate from rumen fluid.
•
الغذائية األنظمة
(
البقولي في الصابونين أو النباتي البكتين
ات
)
التي
، الكرش من الطرد في تفشل التي الغازات إفراز زيادة إلى تؤدي
الكرش سائل عن وتنفصل الغاز فقاعات تتجمع
.
20. Clinical Finding
• Distended left abdomen
• No longer grazing
• A reluctance to move
• Appear distressed .
• Eyes bulging
21. Clinical Finding
• (2) In mild cases, the distended abdomin is not
distress and 5-7 cm of skin over the left flank
may be easily grasped.
• (3) In moderate bloat, the left paralumbar fossa
bulges beyond the contours of the last rib and
the tuber coxae.
26. In severe bloat
• Prominent distension of both sides of the
abdomen,
• Respiratory distress :
• Mouth breathing.
• Tongue protrusion.
• Outstretched neck.
28. Diagnosis
• 1- Case history
• 2- Clinical Signs
• 3- Stomach tube.
• 4- Post mortem
29. 3-Post mortem
• Congestion of the head and neck (especially the tongue,
eyes and tonsils.
• Pallor of the chest and abdomen.
• The abdomen is hugely distended by the rumen which may
still contain some froth in cases of frothy bloat.
• The sudden death and rapid decomposition can make
differentiation from clostridial diseases difficult.
30. Differential diagnosis
• Passing a stomach tube will distinguish between gassy
and frothy bloat.
• If it’s gassy bloat a stomach tube passed into the rumen
will allow the gas build-up to escape through the tube.
• No such gas is seen in frothy bloat.
31. Differential diagnosis
• Cattle with tetanus, rabies, oesophageal obstruction and
ruminal acidosis may also develop bloat.
• Tetanus the animal is also stiff
• Rabies there is aberrant behavior.
• Oesophageal obstruction: there is profuse salivation and
bilateral nasal discharge.
• Acidosis :there is also dehydration and liquid, rich-
smelling, brown faeces.
32. Why the cow die?
• Lack of oxygen causes the cow to fall over
where she will lie on her side with stiff, straight
legs. Without assistance, she will suffocate.
• In extreme cases, the distended rumen may
also press on the cow’s heart causing death.
34. Line of Treatment
• Removal of gases through trocar or cannula.
• Use stomach tube and remove the ruminal digesta.
• Antifoaming agent.
• Anti acid (Sodium bicarbonate).
• Purgative
• Antihistamine is used to avoid lameness.
36. 1-A trocar and cannula
• will usually have too small a bore to allow escape of the
stable foam.
• The stab wound should not be sutured.
• Clean the wound area, administer antibiotics (procaine
penicillin, oxytetracycline) for 3 days.
•
يجب
شد
الجلد
اوال
قبل
استخدام
ابرة
البذل
لتجنب
حدوث
التصاق
•
من
األفضل
التحكم
في
تسرب
الغازات
لتجنب
االنخفاض
المفاجئ
في
ضغط
الدم
ا
لمصاحب
لالنخفاض
المفاجئ
في
الضغط
داخل
البطن
42. If an outbreak of frothy bloat occurs
• All cattle on that pasture should be removed immediately.
• Put onto a high fiber diet (hay or straw.
• Any cows showing bloating signs treated with an anti-
foaming agent.
• The pasture should not be grazed for at least ten days.
43.
44. Prevention
• Cattle areas must be kept free of rubbish, in particular
plastic, string, rope and wire.
• This will help prevent free gas bloat and other cases of
indigestion.
•
يجب
أن
تبقى
مناطق
الماشية
واالغنام
خالية
من
القمامة
،
وخاصة
البالستيك
والخ
يوط
والحبال
واألسالك
.
•
سيساعد
ذلك
على
منع
انتفاخ
الغازات
الحرة
وحاالت
عسر
الهضم
األخرى
.
45. Prevention
• If possible avoid using high-risk pastures at high-risk
times.
• Pastures with a history of bloat problems or with a high
clover content should not be used for cows soon after
turnout.
• واألعالف العالية البروتينات تناول إبطاء طريق عن الرغوي النفاخ من الوقاية تتحقق
مواد دمج طريق عن أو ، اللعاب إفراز وزيادة الهضم عالية
(
تيريك إيثوكسيالت كحول
)
والرغوة السريع التخمير لمنع العلف في
.
46. Prevention
• Restrict pasture intake by limiting grazing time
• or implementing strip-grazing.
• • Fill animals on hay before turning onto
• pasture.
• • Spray the pasture daily with pasture oil (see
• Tables 1 and 2).
• • Drench each animal twice daily with an antibloat
preparation or oil.
47. Prevention
• Apply anti-bloat preparations twice daily onto
• the flank.
• • Add bloat oil into the water supply.
• • • Use anti-bloat blocks or dry loose licks.
• • Use anti-bloat capsules.
• •Use products containing monensin to the feed