Laboratory animal pracrice.pptx
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images from: https://med.stanford.edu/animalresearch/regulatory-oversight.html The Handbook of Experimental Animals The Laboratory Rat (Handbook of Experimental Animals) Necropsy of the rat, Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, N.C. : EPL, 1989. Necropsy and Sampling Procedures in Rodents, Drug Safety Evaluation: Methods and Protocols, Laurence Fiette and Mohamed Slaoui, 39-67, 2009.
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Laboratory animal pracrice.pptx
- 2. Workshop Topics Importance of lab animals Lab animal biology (Rodents) Interventions Husbandry
- 3. Classification of in vivo researches: 1. Basic or Pure research embryogenesis developmental biology. 2. Applied research Animal model of diseases Drug discovery 3. Regulatory Research Cosmetics testing Drug testing
- 11. C57 Laboratory Mice Nude Mice SCID T lymphoc yte Deficien cy B &T Lymphocyt e Deficiency
- 12. General characteristics of Laboratory Mice Body temperature 37 c° Heart rate 600 bpm weight 30-35 g Sexual maturity 7 weeks gestation period 19-21 days Age at weaning 21 days Life span 2.5 years
- 13. Ewan's Rat Wistar Rat GFP Rat Rowett nude Rats T lymphocy te Deficien cy Laboratory Rat
- 14. Body temperature 37 c° Heart rate 330 bpm weight 300-400 g Sexual maturity 13 weeks gestation period 20-22 days Age at weaning 21 days Life span 3 years General characteristics of Laboratory Rat
- 15. •Most of the rodents share a dental formula of •2 (I 1/1, C 0/0, P0/0, M 3/3) •The incisors are open rooted and grow continuously the molars dont. Incisors will develop a yellow-orange color as the animal age. Head and neck
- 16. Head and neck
- 17. •Harderian gland- porphyrin production oversecretion (chromodacryorrhea) when stressed or sick chromodacryorrhea
- 18. •Anatomy PhysiologyStomach • anatomy (limiting ridge) prevents vomiting •No gallbladder Rat Stomach Rodents are monogastric with their Stomach divided in two areas One glandular portion One nonglandular portion CoprophagyRats and mice eat their own feces. •Important for obtaining vitamin B produced by bacterial action in the colon. •Directly from anus grid floor does not prevent. •Preventing coprophagy decreases growth by 10-20. •Important in pharmacology with per OS administration. Digestive system
- 22. inguinal canals remain open •Bicornuate uterus (duplex) •6 pair of mammary glands 3 thoracic, 3 inguinal •Sexing urogenital distance (Males gt Females) •Scent glands (male accessory sex gland) Genital system •Puberty 2-3 mo. (strain variation) •Estrous cycle length 4-5 days •Copulatory plug left by male •Can palpate pregnancy by 12 days of gestation •Gestation length 19-23 days (avg21) Vaginal smears Groups of females housed with a male and monitored Rats usually mate at night After mating (post coitus) a vaginal plug forms and falls out in about 24 hrs. Place a dark paper on cage floor and look for the plug to confirm mating Then remove male
- 27. •Nest-building 5 days prepartum •1.5-4 hrs prepartum fluid discharge •Parturition takes 1-2, to several hrs. •Dystocia is rare •Average litter size is 6-12 pups •Cannibalism in rats means dam is stressed
- 29. •Incisors erupt at 6-8 days •Fully haired by 7-10 days •Eyes open at 10-12 days •Weaning at 21 days Rat Pup Development
- 31. Husbandry
- 33. Animal in cages; single or groups?
- 34. Cages
- 37. Feed Obesity and life span Kidney disease Fat and infertility Fiber and GI disease
- 38. Interventions
- 39. Rodent Restraining • Rats should be acclimatized to handling (gentling) to reduce stress. Always talk quietly, move hands slowly and handle them frequently. • Rats should be handled at the base of the tail using your fingers. Pick up rats by placing the hand firmly over the back and the rib cage and restraining the head with thumb and forefinger immediately behind the mandibles. • Holding the rat upside down keeps it distracted and reduces the chances of biting. A variety of restraint devices are available to assist in handling rats
- 40. Blood Collection Up to 10% of the circulating blood volume (10% of body weight) may be taken on a single occasion from a normal healthy animal Blood can be collected from several sites in the rat including tail vein, saphenous vein, retro-orbital sinus, brachial vessels, vena cava or cardiac puncture. Always ensure complete hemostasis before returning the rat to its home cage ●It may be necessary to warm the tail by exposing it briefly to a heat lamp or placing it in a bowl of warm (not hot) water. ●The rat should be restrained in a device or use anesthesia for the collection. ●Stroke the tail gently with thumb and finger to enhance flow of blood into the collection vial. ●A fine gauge needle(insulin) introduced through the skin at a shallow angle can be used to withdraw blood from the tail vein.
- 41. Intraperitoneal injection (IP) Intravenous injection (IV) Intramuscular injection (IM) Step 1: restrain animal Step 2: Prep area with alcohol swab Step 3: Inject!
- 42. Agent(s) Dose Comments Isoflurane 3-5% Induction 1-3% Maintenance Administer via precision vaporizer and compressed oxygen or drop method Agent(s) Dose Comments Ketamine Xylazine 75-100 mg/kg IP 5-10 mg/kg IP Provides a good surgical plane of anesthesia for most procedures Ketamine Acepromazine 75 mg/kg IP 1- 2.5 mg/kg IP Best used for prolonged restraint or minor surgical procedures Ketamine Xylazine Acepromazine 40 mg/kg IP 5 mg/kg IP 1 mg/kg IP Provides a good surgical plane of anesthesia for most procedures Ketamine Midazolam 75-100 mg/kg IP 4-5 mg/kg IP Best used for prolonged restraint or minor surgical procedures Ketamine Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor ®) (Dexdomitor ®) 75-100 mg/kg IP 0.15 mg/kg IP Provides a good surgical plane of anesthesia for most procedures Pentobarbital 40-50 mg/kg IP May provide a surgical plane of anesthesia however there is a wide range of dose variability and often a narrow safety margin; caution should be used to avoid overdoses Agent(s) Dose Comments OPIOID Buprenorphine 0.01-0.05 mg/kg SC, IP q 6-12 hr DEA required NSAID Carprofen (Rimadyl ®) 5-10 mg/kg SC, PO q 24 hr For optimal analgesia, give NSAID and buprenorphine. Meloxicam (Meloxicam ®) 1-2 mg/kg SC, PO q 24 hr Analgesic agents Inhalant anesthesi a Injectable Anesthesia
- 44. Signs of pain
- 47. Thank You