production technology of jack bean

1. JACK BEAN

2. INTRODUCTION
 Jack bean is commonly grown for the young pods
and immature seeds which are used as food for
humans and animals
PODS OF JACK BEAN

3. Botanical name Canavalia ensiformis
Family Fabaceae
Origin Central America and West
Indies
Edible part Pod
Common name Horse bean, bara sem,
makham sem
(for both sword bean and
jack bean)

4. NOMENCLATURE
 Kingdom: Plantae
 (unranked): Angiosperms
 (unranked): Eudicots
 (unranked): Rosids
 Order: Fabales
 Family: Fabaceae
 Genus: Canavalia
 Species: ensiformis

5. Difference between jack bean and sword bean
Jack Bean Sword Bean
Scientific name is Canavalia ensiformis. Scientific name is Canavalia gladiata.
Jack bean is bushy in nature. Sword bean is climbing in nature.
Length of the seed hilum (scar) only
about one – third as long as the seed.
Length of the seed hilum (scar) is more
than one – half the length of the seed.
Seed colour is white. Seed colour is red.

6. WHITE JACK BEAN SEEDS RED SWORD BEAN SEEDS
BUSHY NATURE OF JACK BEAN CLIMBING NATURE OF SWORD BEAN

7. Origin and distribution
 Four species are reported from India viz, Canavalia
ensiformis, Canavalia gladiata, Canavalia maritima
and Canavalia virosa.
 Jack bean and sword bean occur in NE region of
India and are being cultivated for edible pods.

8. COMPOSITION
 The immature pods and seeds contain about 75.2 %
water, 6.9 % protein.
 It is also good source of Calcium, Zinc, Pottassium,
Magnesium and Copper.

9. USES
 The tender pods are used as vegetable.
 The young pods are usually picked about 10 days
interval for use as vegetable in curries and chutneys.
 The leaves are used as green manure as well as
fodder for animals.
IMMATURE PODS CURRY

10.  It is useful as a cover crop and as a green manure
• It is a source of an enzyme, urease, which has been
exploited commercially.
SWORD BEAN AS COVER CROP IN
BANANA

11. Health benefits

12. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
 It is a perennial, herbaceous,
bushy in nature but strong
enough and can withstand
stress.
 The root is a well branched into
soil depth of 150cm.
 The leaves are cordate, green
and large.
Bushy nature
Cordate leaf

13.  The flowers lie in axillary
racemes.
 The plant bears linear pods,
mature pods are fibrous
and unsuitable for
vegetable.
 The mature pods yields 8-
20 white seeds.
Flower
Seeds

14. CULTIVARS
 There is no improved cultivar in jack bean.

15. CLIMATE AND SOIL
It is a warm season crop and subtropical and mild
altitudinal zone of hills is suitable to grow these crop.
It is the typical short day plant and grow well with a
10 – 12 hour day length.
The crop requires mean temperature about
29 – 30 ℃.
Jack bean requires adequate soil moisture during early
vegetation as well as during flowering

16. SEED RATE AND SOWING METHODS
 The seed rate followed is one or two seeds per pit.
 It is planted at 60 × 60 cm.
 May – June and September – October are usual
sowing time.

17. MANURE AND FERTILIZERS
 FYM is applied at the rate of 5 t/ ha, N : P : K is
applied at 60 : 50 : 50 kg/ ha may be applied asw
basal dose and top dressing at several splits.

18. HARVESTING AND YIELD
 Flowering and fruiting start from about 70 days after
sowing.
 About2 to 2.5 kg pods per plant is obtained.
Harvesting stage of jack bean

19. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT
 Generally, Jack beans will keep indefinitely well
when stored in a cool, dry place.
 Never store dry beans in the refrigerator.
 Jack bean can also be dried and stored.
Processed jack bean

20. DISEASES AND PEST
 Downy mildew
Symptoms: White downy fungal growth develops on
the plant. Young shoots and flowers are infected first.
Control: resistant varieties as well as disease free seed
can be used.
Powdery mildew

21.  Pod blight: Diaporthe phaseolorum.
Symptom: Brown patches form on leaves followed by
concentric rings. Over time, pods become infected and
the seeds either do not form or are shriveled, thus
making them unmarketable.
Pod blight of soya bean

22. Effects of heat treatments and germination on trypsin inhibitor activity and
polyphenols in jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC)
 Authors: V. S. Babar, J. K. Chavan and S. S. Kadam
 Journal: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition
 December 1988, Volume 38, Issue 4, pp 319–324
The application of dry heat to seeds and meal was not
effective in inactivating the TI and reducing the
polyphenol content. Soaking for 24 h followed by cooking
for 20 min, was equally effective in destroying the TI
activity. Germination of jack bean seeds for 40 h
decreased the levels of TI and polyphenols by 31% and
35%, respectively.

23. Antifungal activity of plant and bacterial ureases
 Journal: Toxicon
 Volume 50, Issue 7, 1 December 2007, Pages 984 – 99 .
 Author: A.B.Becker
 Ureases (EC 3.5.1.5) are nickel-dependent metalloenzymes that catalyze
the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. It has been
proposed that in plants these enzymes are involved in nitrogen
bioavailability and in protection against pathogens.. Herein we
demonstrate that (Glycine max) embryo-specific soybean urease,
jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) major urease and a recombinant H.
pylori urease impair growth of selected phytopathogenic fungi at sub-
micromolar concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy of urease-
treated fungi suggests plasmolysis and cell wall injuries. Altogether, our
data indicate that ureases probably contribute to the plant arsenal of
defense compounds against predators and phytopathogens.