pdf file of information about productivity of agroforestry as influence by altitude

2. DEPARTMENT OF SILVICULTURE AND AGROFORESTRY
ASPEE COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY
NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, NAVSARI
ALTITUDE VARIATION IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY IN INDIA
Speaker
Govind Bose
3rd Semester
Ph. D. ( Forestry)
Department of Silviculture and
Agroforestry
Reg. no. 1030319002
Major Guide
Dr. V. M. Prajapati
Assistant professor ( Silviculture )
Dept. of Silviculture and Agroforestry
COF, ACHF, NAU, Navsari 396450
Co – Guide
Dr. M. B. Tandel
Assistant professor ( Forestry) & I/C Head ( SAF)
Dept. of Silviculture and Agroforestry
COF, ACHF, NAU, Navsari 396450

3. Introduction
Productivity
Agroforestry in Himalaya Region
Agroforestry in Tropics
Land Equivalent Ratio
Review of literature
Conclusion
OUTLINE

4. India is the cradle of agroforestry with diverse kinds of
agroforestry (AF) systems practised since time immemorial
(Kumar et al., 2012).
These include the tropical, subtropical, and temperate AF systems
(AFS). The altitude of landscape is a base for understanding
the relationship between climate and vegetation.
The primary function of most agroforestry practices is more
production either directly (producing wood yield, fuelwood,
edible fruits, nuts grain, rhizomes and tubers, leaves, flowers,
etc.) or indirectly (facilitating enhanced and/or sustained
production). Numerous agroforestry systems both natural as
well as planted have been developed in different agro-climatic
regions of the country, which have been found highly
productive.
1

5. The presence of woody perennials on the field contributes higher in biomass production and made
system sustainable
Production of biomass (above ground, below ground and total biomass) by different components of the
system is mainly affected by age of the perennial woody component, nature and distribution of
different components of the system and other abiotic factors.
By developing positive ecological and economical interactions between components, agroforestry
systems aim to increase production .(Sanchez, 1995).
Agroforestry systems typically use accessible and low-cost technologies and generate employment and
rural incomes
2

6. Enhancement of overall productivity
Improve soil health, quality and fertility
(through availability of soil moisture, nutrients and structure)
Enhance the diversity of soil inhabiting organism
Input, addition and enhancement of soil organic matter
Mulch residue, litter fall and livestock residue
Diversity and interaction among herbaceous crops , trees and livestocks
Complex type of systems
Agroforestry
3

7. The height of an object or point in relation to sea level or
ground level
ALTITUDE
4

8. Dagar et al. (2014)
Category Area
( million ha)
Remarks
Agroforestry in irrigated area
Agrisilviculture 2.63 Industrial use
Agrihorticulture 2.79 Fruit orchard/ fruit tree based cropping system
Tree on field boundary or bunds 1.58 Social forestry, live fences, etc.
Sub – total ( A ) 7.00
Agroforestry in rainfed areas
Agrisilviculture 2.40 Scattered tree on fields, bunds, boundaries
Agrihorticulture 1.86 Fruit orchard/ fruit tree based cropping system
Tree on field boundary or bunds 0.74 Social forestry, deliberate live fences, etc.
Silvo - pastoral 5.58 Trees on grazing/ range lands
Sub – total ( B ) 10.58
Other land uses
Home gardens 2.42 Mostly in coastal areas and N-E states
Shifting cultivation 2.27 Mostly in NEH states, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh
Afforestation of problematic soils 2.12 Plantations on salty soils, mine areas, etc.
Trees on community/ common lands 0.92 On panchayat lands, along roads, railways, etc.
Sub – total ( C) 7.73
Total agroforestry area
( A+B+C)
25.31
Table 1 – Agroforestry area (million ha ) in India
8

9. FSI (2017)
East Coast
6%
Western himalaya
9% North East Ranges
3%
Northern plains
9%
Eastern plains
5%
Western Plains
7%
Central Highlands
11%
North Deccan
9%
East Deccan
10%
South Deccan
8%
Western Ghats
4%
Eastern Ghats
4%
West Coast
9%
East Coast
6%
Fig. 1 - Physiographic zone wise agroforestry area in India
9

10. Agroforestry in himalaya Region

11. Zones Agroforestry systems Components
Jammu and Kashmir
Zone I
<1000 m
Agri – silviculture
(Sub - humid)
Forest trees: Babul (Acacia nilotica), mahanimb (Ailanthus excelsa),
siris tree (Albizia lebbeck), bihul (Grewia optiva), kachnar (Bauhinia
variegata), Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana), shisham (Dalbergia
sissoo).
Crops: Wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), pulses, millets,
medicinal and aromatic plants.
Zone II and III
1000- 2500 m
High hill temperate zone Forest trees: Himalayan poplar (Populus ciliata), white willow (Salix
alba), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Himalayan alder (Alnus
nepalensis).
Crops: Wheat, oat (Avena sativa), maize, medicinal and aromatic plants,
and yams (Dioscorea spp.).
Zone III
<2500 m
Boundry plantation
(low lying area)
Forest trees: Eastern poplar, black poplar (Populus nigra), white willow,
Indian horse chestnut (Aesculus indica), etc.
Crops: Paddy (Oryza sativa), oat, mustard (Brassica nigra), wheat, etc.
Horti – silviculture
( high altitude rainfed)
Forest trees: Himalayan poplar, black poplar, white willow, black locust
Horticulture trees: Pomegranate (Punica granatum), walnut (Juglans
regia), apricot (Prunus armeniaca), peach (Prunus persica),
Horti – silvi – agriculture
(High altitude rainfed)
Forest trees: Himalayan poplar, black poplar, white willow, black locust,
tree-of-heaven, Indian horse chestnut
Horticulture trees: Pomegranate, walnut, apricot, peach, pear, apple.
Crops: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), brinjal (Solanum melongena),
chillies (Capsicum annuum).
Kumar et al. (2018) Contd….
Agroforestry in Western Himalaya
10

12. Zones Agroforestry systems Components
Himachal Pradesh
Low hills
subtropical zone
<1000 m
Agri-silviculture
Agri - horticulture
Agri- horti-
silviculture
Silvipasture
Horticulture trees: Mango (Mangifera indica), litchi (Litchi chinensis), guava
(Psidium guajava ) etc.
Forest trees: Eastern poplar, shisham, siris tree, Chinese albizia (Albizia
chinensis), cherry elm (Ulmus villosa), etc.
Crops: Wheat, cabbage, okra, cauliflower,
Grasses: Green foxtail (Setaria spp.), napier (Pennisetum spp.), etc.
Sub –temperate
mid hills (1000-
1500 m)
Agri-silviculture
Agri - horticulture
Horti- silviculture
Silvipasture
Forest trees: Bihul, red cedar, white mulberry, kachnar, honeyberry, chir pine,
etc.
Horticulture trees: Common pear (Pyrus communis), common or European
plum (Prunus domestica), etc.
Crops: Wheat, maize, mustard, pea, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), etc.
Grasses: Green foxtail, Guinea grass etc.
Temperate high
hills (1500 – 2500
m)
Agri-silviculture,
Horti-agriculture,
Horti-silviculture,
Silvipasture
Forest trees: Indian horse chestnut, West Himalayan alder (Alnus nitida),
birch (Betula spp.), etc.
Horticulture trees: walnut, pear, Apple apricot, almond etc.
Crops: Rice, wheat, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), etc.
Grasses: Ribbon grass (Chrysopogon spp.), canegrass (Eragrostis spp.),
Mauritian grass (Apluda spp.), etc
Dry temperate
zone
( >2500 m)
Agri-silviculture,
Horti-silviculture,
Silvipasture
Forest trees: Poplar, juniper (Juniperus spp.), chilgoza pine (Pinus
gerardiana), sea-buckthorn etc.
Horticulture trees: Apple, apricot, almond, pistachio nut, etc.
Crops: Wheat, barley, amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), potato, buckwheat, etc.
Grasses: Wheatgrass (Agropyron semicostatum), canegrass, tufted hair
grass (Deschampsia cespitosa), blue oat grass (Helictotrichon sp.), meadow-
grass (Poa spp.), etc.
Contd….
11

13. Zones Agroforestry systems Components
Uttarakhand
Tarai and
Bhabar,
sub mountain
and low hills
(up to 1000 m)
Agri-silviculture,
Agri-horticulture
Forest trees: Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), eastern poplar, kadam, shisham, teak
(Tectona grandis), red cedar etc.
Horticulture trees: Mango, litchi, guava, jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus),
papaya, Indian gooseberry, citrus spp. (lemon, kagzi lime, orange, chakotra, galgal,
mosumbi), etc.
Crops: Rice, French bean, tomato, brinjal, chillies, pea, mustard, cauliflower,
cabbage, radish, turnip, onion, oats, wheat etc.
Sub-temperate
mid hills
(1000–1500 m)
Agri-silviculture,
Agri-horti-
silviculture,
Silvipasture
Forest trees: Bihul, red cedar, white mulberry, kachnar, lote tree or honeyberry,
Indian butter tree (Diploknema butyracea), chir pine, oblong-petal dogwood (Cornus
oblonga), etc.
Horticulture trees: Pear, plum, apricot, etc.
Crops: Rice (Oryza sativa), wheat, maize, mustard, cabbage, pearl millet etc.
Grasses: Mauritian grass (Apluda mutica), love grass (Chrysopogon spp.), speargrass
(Heteropogon spp.),
Temperate
high hills
(1500–2500 m)
Agri-silviculture,
Horti-agriculture,
Horti-silviculture,
Silvipasture
Forest trees: Indian horse chestnut, West Himalayan alder, birch, willow, banj oak,
brown oak, green oak, Himalayan ash (Fraxinus micrantha) etc.
Horticulture trees: Apple, walnut, common pear, apricot, almond, pistachio nut, etc.
Crops: Rice, wheat, maize, mustard, cabbage, pearl millet, barley, tomato, potato,
buckwheat
Grasses: Canegrass, smooth brome (Bromus inermis), tall fescue (Festuca
arundinacea), cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata), kobretia (Kobretia spp).
Dry temperate
zone (>2500 m)
Agri-silviculture,
Horti-silviculture,
Silvi-pasture
Forest trees: Sea-buckthorn, birch, willow, etc.
Horticulture trees: Apple, apricot, almond, pistachio nut, etc.
Crops: Wheat, cabbage, barley, tomato, potato, buckwheat
Grasses: Sheda grass (Dichanthium spp.), June grass (Koeleria cristata), reed grass
(Calamagrostis emodensis),
12

14. State/ tribal Agroforestry system Components
Arunachal Pradesh
Toko agroforestry Toko trees (Livistona jenkinsiana)
Crops: Ginger (Zingiber officinale), tea (Camellia sinensis), orange (Citrus
spp.), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and
maize
Kalitas Fruit tree, bamboo,
and timber based
agroforestry
Fruit trees/crops: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), mango (Mangifera
indica), mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), jujube (Zizyphus jujuba).
Bamboos: Bambusa tulda, B. nutans, B. pallida, B. balcoa
Timber trees: duabanga (Duabanga grandiflora), East Indian almond
(Terminalia myriocarpa), champa (Michelia champaca), gmelina
Crops: Winter vegetables, summer vegetables, cereal
Nyishis Fruit trees and
timber based
agroforestry
Fruit trees/crops: Guava, mango, litchi, mandarin orange, plantains,
pineapple, jujube, papaya (Carica papaya), areca nut, elephant apple, Indian
olive, lemon
Timber trees: Ceylon ironwood (Mesua ferrea), duabanga, East Indian
almond, champa, gmelina
Herbaceous crops: Vegetables, cereals oilseed crops
Apatanis Fruit tree, bamboo
based AF,
timber based
agroforestry
Fruit trees/crops: Apple (Malus pumila), common pear
(Pyrus communis), common or European plum (Prunus domestica), grape
(Vitis vinifera), mandarin orange
Bamboos: Phyllostachys bambusoides
Timber trees: Himalayan blue pine (Pinus wallichiana),
Himalayan mulberry (Morus laevigata), rasamala (Altingia excelsa)
Cereals: Rice, maize
Tangjang et al. (2018)
Agroforestry in Eastern Himalaya
13

15. State/ Altudinal level Agroforestry system Component
Sikkim
Subtropical
(300 to 900 m to
mid-hill temperate
(900 to 1800 m)
Agri-horticulture
Agri-horti-pasture
Agri-silvipasture
Agri-horti-
silviculture
Trees: Himalayan alder (Alnus nepalensis), needle wood
(Schima wallichii), wild Himalayan cherry (Prunus
cerasoides), East Indian almond
Fruits: Sikkim mandarin, guava, banana, avocado, lemon,
Indian gooseberry, fig (Ficus spp.)
Crops/grasses: Cereals, pulses, millets, oilseeds, vegetables,
broom grass (Bromus spp.)
Temperate zone
(1800 to 2700 m)
Agri-horticulture Fruits: Sikkim mandarin, apple
Crops: Potato, maize, barley, buckwheat, temperate
vegetables, cabbage leaf mustard (Brassica juncea
var. rugosa).
Sub-alpine
(2700 to 4000 m)
Horti-pasture Trees/Grasses:oak, maple, Himalayan birch, whitebeam
(Sorbus sp.), common lake sedge (Carex sp.), yellow oat grass
(Trisetum sp.), canegrass (Eragrostis sp.), devil’s walking
stick (Aralia sp.), garlic (Allium sp.), iris (Iris sp.).
Alpine (>4000 m) Livestock based
farming systems
Grasses/herbs: Meadow-grass (Poa sp.), bentgrass (Agrostis
sp.), sedge (Carex sp.), gentiana (Gentiana sp.), rumex
(Rumex sp.), Jerusalem sage (Phlomis rotata), common nettle
Vegetables: Potato, cabbage, peas, cabbage leaf mustard
Animals: Yak, sheep and mule
Avasthe (2005)
14

16. Indian cold deserts fall under Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul, Spiti, and Kinnaur
districts) and Jammu and Kashmir (Leh and Kargil districts). The region is one
of the most elevated (2900 m to 5900 m ASL) and coldest regions of the earth
Singh and Dwivedi (2017)
S. no. Agroforestry system Forest trees Fruit trees Vegetable/
others
Others
1 Boundary plantation Poplar, willow Apricot , Apple Peas, cole crops Sea buckthorn
2 Windbreaks Poplar, willow Apricot , Apple vegetables Sea buckthorn
3 Horti - pastoral _ Apricot , Apple _ Alfalfa
4 Horti - silviculture Poplar, willow Apricot , Apple vegetables _
5 Horti - silvipastoral Poplar, willow Apricot , Apple _ Alfalfa
Cold Desert Agroforestry
15

17. General view of cold desert 16

18. Sea buckthorn in Agroforestry
Sea buckthorn, an ecologically viable and ethnobotanically sustainable food crop, belonging to family Elaegnaceae, is
one of the few potential resources of high mountain areas in the WH, which provides multiple benefits to the
mountain people.
It is an indigenous plant which has survived under harsh climatic conditions. The biomass of this species is used as fuel
and fodder during lean periods, and it provides economic benefits due to its medicinal properties.
This plant finds special place in agroforestry of cold arid region and is also used as bio-fence to crop fields.
Singh and Dwivedi (2017)
17

19. • Agroforestry in indian tropics

20. Climate/
zone
Agroforestry
system
Multipupose tree species Fruit/nut trees Crops
Tropical
highlands
Homegardens Ailanthus malabarica, Aftocarpus hirsutus,
Casuarina equisetifolia, Ceiba pentandra,
Arecanut Coconut,
Jackfruit, Mango,
Sapota.
Cassava,
Colocasia,
Ginger, Guinea
grass,
Medicinal piants
Farm boundary Acacia auriculiformis, Albizia lebbeck,
Albizia procera, Artocarpus heterophyllus,
Bambusa spp, Bauhinia variegata (kachnar)
Banana, Coconut,
Guava, Jack Fruit,
Litchi, Mango,
Papaya.
Cowpea, Ginger,
Paddy, Turmeric
Tropical
plains
Agrisilviculture Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia nilotica,
Ailanthus excelsa , ( Maharookh) , Albizia
lebbeck, Albizia procera. Anacardium
occidentale, Artocarpus heterophyllus,
Arecanut, Banana,
Black pepper,
Coconut.
Custardapple,
Groundnut.
Horsegram,
CowPea,
Til, Vegetables.
Silvopasture
Silvihorticulture
Homestead
Acacia leucophloea, Acacia planifrons,
Ailanthus excelsa, Albizia lebbeck,
Azadirachta indica, Casuarina equisetifolia,
Cashew, Coconut
Black pepper
Mango, Sapota
Guniea grass,
Hybrid
napier, Paragrass,
Coastal Energy
plantation
Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia planifrons ,
Ailanthus excelsa (Maharookh), Albizia
lebbeck, Anacardium occidentale, Artocarpus
heterophyllus, Azadirachta indica
Kumar (1999) Contd.
Table 2- Agroforestry systems in the tropical humid and sub-humid zones
18

21. Humid
>2500 mm
mean annual
precipitation
Silvihorlipasture
Silvihorticulture
Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia nilotica,
Ailanthus excelsa (Maharookh), Albizia
lebbeck, Albizia procera, Anacardium
accidentale, Artocarpus, Bauhinia variegata
(kachnar),
Arecanut, Balck
Pepper, Citrus,
Coconut, Guava,
Lime, Mandarin,
Orange, Papaya,
Pomegranate,
Sapota.
Coffee, Tea,
Fodder grasses,
Paddy
1500-2500
mm
Agrisilviculture
Homestead
E ucalyptus tereticornis, Gmelina arborea,
GIiricidia sepium, Leucaen a Ieucocephala,
Macaranga peltata, Paraserianthes falcataria,
Syzygium cumini, Tamarindus indica, Tectona
grandis, Ziziphus mauritiana.
Coconut, Guava
Mandarin orange,
Mango,
Pomegranate,
Sapota.
Cowpea, Forage
grasses,
Groundnut
Paddy,
Vegetables.
1500 mm Agrisilviculture
Silvopasture
Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia leucopholoea,
Acacia planifrons, Ailanthus excelsa, Albizia
lebbeck, Anacardium occidentale, Azadirachta
indica, Bauhinia variegata (kachnar),
Bajra, Cenchrus
ciliaris, Cotton,
Dinanath,
Groundnut
Pulses,
Sorghum,
Vegetableis.
Energy
plantation
Eucatyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus
tereticornis, Feronia elephantum , Gmelina
arborea, Leucaena leucocephalaa,
Paraserianthes falcataria, Prosopis cineraria,
19

22. Grewia optiva based AFS in western himalaya Agroecosystem in north eastern himalaya
Tea cultivation along Grewia optiva on sloping land in hilly humid region of kerala 20

23. Land Equivalent Ratio
LER is the relative area of land required in
monocrops to produce the same yield as an intercrop
or agroforestry system
21

24. LER > 1 indicates yield advantage
LER = 1 indicates no gain or no loss
LER < 1 indicates yield loss
22

25. Example:-
Let the yields of Teak and Rice grown as pure crops be 1200 and 1000 kg/ha respectively.
Let the yields of these crops when grown as intercrops be 1000 and 600 kg/ha respectively.
The land equivalent ratio of Teak +Rice intercropping system is as follows :
Yield of inter crop (1000)
LER of Teak = ----------------------------
Yield of sole crops(1200)
LER of Rice = 600/1000
LER of system = 1.43
LER indicates that 43 per cent yield advantage is obtained when grown as intercrops compared to
growing as sole crops.
In other words the sole crop have to be grown in 1.43 ha to get the same yield level that is obtained
from 1.00 ha of intercropping.
23

26. Table 4- Altitude level of some tree species under subtropical humid climate
Forest tree species Family Altitude level
Acacia auriculiformis Leguminosae Sea level to 700 m or more
Morus alba Moraceae Sea level to 1200 m
Leucaena leucocephala Mimosoideae Sea level to 1000 m
Dalbergia sissoo Papilionaceae Below 900 m
Gliricidia maculata Papilionaceae Sea level to 700 m
Azadirachta indica Meliaceae 650 to 1000 m
Michelia champaca Magloniaceae 200 to 1200 m
Eucalyptus hybrid Myrtaceae Sea level to 1000 m
Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Sea level to 600 m
Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Sea level to 600 m
Samanea saman Mimosaceae Sea level to 600 m
Albizzia procera Mimosaceae Sea level to 600 m
Datta and Singh (2007)
24

27. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

28. Table -1: Standing volume, biomass and productivity under traditional agrisilviculture ( AS) system ( Altitude – 1000-2000 m a.s.l.)
Species Volume (m3/ha) Biomass (t /ha) Productivity (Kg/ha/a)
N S N S N S
Timber & fuelwood trees
Melia azadarach 2.48 2.88 2.43 2.83 369 629
Pinus roxburghii 3.64 2.39 2.72 1.78 292 67
Toona ciliata 1.28 0.45 1.27 0.45 50 30
Lyonia ovalifolia 0.18 - 0.11 - 98 -
Pyrus pashia 1.24 1.35 1.84 1.97 58 511
Ficus palmata 0.44 0.40 0.48 0.42 63 11
Myrica esculenta 0.21 - 0.22 - 12 -
Prunus cerasoides 0.18 0.24 0.21 0.25 15 76
Bombax ceiba - 0.55 - 0.42 - 53
Dalbergia sissoo - 1.20 - 1.82 - 153
Populus deltoides 0.62 - 0.48 - 23 -
Cedrus deodara 0.65 - 0.46 - 23 -
Rhododendron arboreum 0.38 - 0.52 - 21 -
Fodder trees
Grewia optiva 5.54 4.52 8.59 7.01 1218 815
Celtis australis 3.15 2.86 4.58 4.16 509 378
Ficus roxburghii 2.12 1.65 2.23 1.74 353 126
Quercus leucotrichophora 1.82 1.38 3.05 2.31 537 252
Morus serrata 0.61 - 0.83 - 149 -
Alnus nepalensis 0.52 - 0.32 - 74 -
Total 25.06 19.87 30.34 25.16 3775 3101
Bijalwan et al. (2009)
AAI – DU, Allahabad, UP 25

29. 3775 3101
3553 2070
7328 6071
5565 4753
Northern (N) Southern ( S)
Trees Agricultural crop Tree + Ag. Crop Sole Agricultural crop
Aspect/ Region Productivity
1.Northern (N) 24% higher than sole agricultural crop
2.Southern ( S) 21% higher than sole agricultural crop
Bijalwan et. al. (2009)
AAI – DU, Allahabad, UP 26
Fig. - 1: Annual productivity ( Kg/ha/a ) in traditional agroforestry systems on northern and southern aspect in
mid – hill situation in Garhwal Himalaya, India ( Altitude – 1000-2000 m ASL )

30. Table -2: Crop productivity (Mg- hm-2) in Agroforestry System under subtropical humid climate
(Altitude - 40-65 m ASL)
MPTs Agri-silvi System Horti-silvi System Silvi-pastoral
System
Upland Rice Groundnut Sesamum Pineapple Turmeric Cowpea (Forage
yield)
A. auriculiformis 1.32 0.31 0.54 2.34 1.87 6.27
M. alba 1.25 0.98 0.43 4.50 2.25 4.15
L. leucocephala 1.33 1.05 0.72 7.72 2.21 8.529
D. sissoo 1.36 1.02 0.58 7.10 2.14 3.29
G. maculata 1.37 0.95 0.38 3.76 2.42 6.998
A. indica 1.33 1.03 0.58 9.29 4.17 7.09
M. champaca 1.45 1.14 0.38 3.81 2.21 9.94
E. hybrid 1.35 1.03 0.64 5.27 2.77 3.33
T. grandis 1.38 1.07 0.52 6.80 1.74 1.87
G. arborea 1.33 1.09 0.67 7.25 2.55 7.09
S. saman 1.39 1.08 0.63 8.67 2.11 3.84
A. procera 1.35 1.07 0.74 6.66 2.08 3.16
Mean 1.35 0.98 0.57 6.09 2.38 5.47
No tree cover 1.65 1.83 0.85 10.09 5.63 10.52
LSD (P=0.05) 0.08 0.25 0.38 1.24 1.51 1.84
Datta and Singh (2007)
ICAR, Research Complex, NEH, Tripura 27

31. 635
200
180
310
78.5
150 140
120
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Timber volume (m3-hm-2)
5.97
2.57
3.57
3.79
3.89
8.75
6.16
3.71
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Fuelwood ( Mg-hm-2 )
Datta and Singh (2007)
ICAR, Research Complex, NEH, Tripura
Fig. A Fig. B
28
Fig. – 2: (A & B) -Timber volume and Fuelwood of some timber producing tree species
in agroforestry systems under subtropical humid climate

32. 3.8
1.2 1.2 0.9
3.8
1.1 1.1 0.9
3.7
1.1 0.9 0.9
5.9
1.9
5
1.6
5.7
2
4.9
1.6
5.6
1.9
4.5
1.4
2000-2001
Grain yield ( Mg/ha) Straw yield ( Mg/ha)
IGAU, Raipur (C.G.) Swamy and Puri (2005)
1999-2000 2002-2003
29
Fig. – 3(a): Crop productivity grown under Agrisilviculture (G. arborea) system in winter
season (November - March) in Chhattisgarh ( Altitude – 285 -295 m ASL)

33. 0.1
0.3
0.2
0.9
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.8
0.7 0.9
1.4
0.7
0.8
0.8
1.3
0.6
0.6 0.8
1.1
2000
Grain yield ( Mg/ha) Straw yield ( Mg/ha)
IGAU, Raipur (C.G.) Swamy and Puri (2005)
1999 2002
30
Fig. - 3(b): Crop productivity grown under Agrisilviculture (G. arborea) system in rainy
season (July - October) in Chhattisgarh ( Altitude – 285 -295 m ASL)

34. Varieties Age (years) Time of Sowing Mean
(Varieties)
Mid November Late November Mid December
PBW 502 Open 4.45 2.89 2.15
2.57
4 3.48 2.52 2.09
5 2.89 2.47 1.73
6 2.78 2.07 1.35
PBW 509 Open 4.57 2.20 1.76
2.27
4 2.47 2.17 1.77
5 2.20 2.02 1.78
6 2.36 2.13 1.76
PDW 274 Open 3.79 2.76 2.08
2.36
4 2.96 2.20 1.97
5 2.76 2.03 1.85
6 2.59 1.96 1.38
PBW 343 Open 4.13 2.65 1.73
2.25
4 2.98 2.27 1.43
5 2.65 2 1.73
6 2.50 1.67 1.23
Gill et al. (2009)
PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab 31
Table – 3: Grain yield (Mg ha-1) of different wheat varieties under different aged poplar
plantation (Altitude – 247 m ASL)

35. Contd.
PBW 343 Open 4.15 2.29 1.83
2.28
4 3.16 2.10 1.66
5 2.65 2.02 1.68
6 2.58 2.02 1.03
WH 542 Open 4.27 2.48 1.80
2.31
4 3.52 2.34 1.68
5 2.48 2.09 1.7
6 2.35 1.83 1.2
Mean 3.12 2.22 1.68
Gill et al. (2009)
PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab 32

36. Systems Above
ground tree
biomass
(t/ha)
Crop Grasses Total
above
ground
Below
ground
Populus deltoides + wheat 51.46 6.23 - 57.69 12.9
Eucalyptus + wheat
(Boundary plantation)
21.67 6.00 - 27.67 4.13
Populus deltoides + wheat
(Boundary plantation)
12.83 6.49 - 19.32 3.37
Populus deltoides + lemon
grass
48.7 - 7.68 56.38 12.15
KU, Almora, UK Yadav (2010)
33
Table – 4: Biomass production (t/ha) of different agroforestry system (Altitude -1604 m ASL)

37. Treatments
Fresh rhizome yield (t/ha)
The cured yield of
turmeric (t/ha)
2015-16 2016-17 Mean 2015-16 2016-17 Mean
Agroforestry 20.04 20.87 20.46 5.29 5.42 5.35
Open System 18.51 19.27 18.89 4.99 5.09 5.04
LSD0.05 0.46 0.64 0.23 0.19
Kumar et al. (2018 )
GBPUAT, Pantnagar 34
Table - 5: Fresh and cured yield of turmeric under Harad based
agroforestry system ( Altitude – 243.84 m ASL)

38. Species
combination
Total Yield (Straw+ Grain) Mg/ha Grain Yield Mg/ha
March
2007
March
2008
March
2009
March
2010
March
2011
March
2007
March
2008
March
2009
March
2010
March
2011
ZM+PC 5.33 4.55 4.69 3.52 3.91 2.37 2.13 2.08 1.41 1.53
ZM+AE 5.72 4.36 4.28 3.55 3.74 2.47 1.75 1.78 1.35 1.39
ZM+CM 4.12 4.41 4.93 3.33 3.51 1.83 1.75 2.02 1.36 1.33
COM+PC 4.80 4.32 4.78 3.49 3.74 2.13 1.97 1.85 1.37 1.41
COM+AE 5.02 4.07 4.53 3.58 3.61 2.13 1.75 1.81 1.33 1.28
COM+CM 5.68 4.54 4.60 3.30 3.40 2.43 1.68 1.78 1.32 1.24
EO+PC 4.74 4.24 5.20 3.41 3.75 2.31 1.77 2.08 1.42 1.53
EO+AE 5.10 4.37 4.57 3.47 3.70 2.21 1.92 1.97 1.36 1.39
EO+CM 5.47 4.44 4.99 3.22 3.51 2.30 1.72 1.99 1.33 1.33
Sole wheat 5.23 4.65 5.14 3.43 4.57 2.27 2.15 2.18 1.43 1.61
Z. mauritiana (ZM), Cordia myxa (COM), E. officinalis (EO), P. cinereria (PC), A. excelsa (AE),
C. mopane (CM)
Singh et al. (2014)
AFRI, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 35
Table – 6: Total yield (straw + grain) and grain yield of wheat in agroforestry systems in
the Indian arid zone ( Altitude – 231 m ASL )

39. Treatments System productivity (Chickpea equivalent yield Kg /ha)
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
T1
2767 2661 2238 2197 2995 3045 3129
T2
2691 2692 2338 2366 3029 3038 3088
T3
7 18 36 39 863 962 1015
T4
6 18 35 38 716 791 836
T5
2757 2642 2790 2719 2593 2381 2405
T1: 10 m x 10 m bamboo + sesame–chickpea
T2: 12 m x 10 m bamboo + sesame–chickpea
T3: 10 m x 10 m sole bamboo
T4: 12 m x 10 m sole bamboo
T5: sole crop (sesame–chickpea)
Dev et al. (2020)
CAFRI, Jhansi 36
Table - 7: System productivity (D. strictus + sesame–chickpea) of D. strictus-
based agroforestry system ( Altitude – 272 m ASL )

40. ASH, 32.85
AHS, 32.01
AS, 23.65
AH, 26.99
SP, 7.48
PA, 18.31
PG, 2.74
ASH- Agri-silvi-horticulture AHS- Agri –horti-silviculture AS- Agri-silviculture
AH- Agri-horticulture SP- Silvo – pasture PA- Pure agriculture
PG- Pure grass
Fig. – 4: Biomass (Mg/ha) in different land use system ( 900-2100 m a. s. l.)
DIBMNS, Dehradun Goswami et al. (2014)
37

41. Sirsimakki,
9.47
Hallusarige,
1.62
Hegle, 3.96
Lukkeri,
8.51
Kempanaic
kenalayam,
13.17
Sellipalaya
m 10.15
Thalakudi,
3.51
Valadi, 1.33
Tamilnadu
Karnataka
Total Biomass ( t/ha)
IISc., Bangalore, India Murthy et al. (2013)
Fig. a Fig. b
38
Fig. - 5 (a&b): Total biomass ( t/ha) estimated for agroforestry systems in
villages of Karnataka and Tamilnadu

42. 3.21
3.19
6.92
5.41
8.6
3.28
6.25
6.52
Madhuca latifolia
Terminalia arjuna
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Dalbergia sissoo
Albizia procera
Hardwickia binata
Emblica officinalis
Albizia lebbeck
Productivity (t/ha/yr)
CAFRI, Jhansi, UP Rai et al. (2009)
39
Fig. – 6: Productivity ( on the basis of 15 years study ) of different tree species
in grassland under semiarid condition ( Altitude – 275 m ASL)

43. Treatments
Grain yield
( q/ha)
Straw yield
( q/ha)
Pruned
biomass
( kg/ha)
Cylindrical
volume (m3/ha)
Stand biomass
( t/ha)
No pruning 12.4 26.3 - 192.55 148.26
25% Pruning 14.9 32.0 1668.0 217.27 167.30
50% Pruning 19.1 33.1 1864.0 187.22 144.16
75%pruning 22.2 36.7 2010.0 100.87 77.67
Control 24.8 37.7 141.24 26.78 20.61
JNAU, Jabalpur, MP Patel et al. (2017)
40
Table - 8: Yield of paddy and biomass production of D. sissoo as influenced by
different pruning intensity under agrisilviculture system ( Altitude – 411.78
m ASL )

44. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
34
30
43.4
37.5
27
45.2
47
30
22.5
9 8
11.5
10
7
12 12
8
5.5
43
38
54.9
47.5
34
57.2
59
38
28
AGB t/ha BGB t/ha TB t/ha
300
320
340
360
260
280
460
320
300
Chaupra Jaidhar Ulana
Maino Manjkot Sendri
Naithana Devli Dungari
AGB- Above ground biomass
BGB- Below ground biomass
TB- Total biomass
Upper altitude (1200-1500) - Chaupra, Jaidhar, Ulana
Middle Altitude (701 -1200 m)- Maino, manjkot, Sendri
Lower Altitude (<701 m) - Naithana, Devil, Dungari
Fig. -7b: Tree Density of G. optiva
under agroforestry system with
altitudes
Rana et al. (2020)
HNB, Garhwal University, UK 41
Fig. - 7a: Biomass of G. optiva under agroforestry system with
altitudes

45. Table -9: Fruit and timber yield (Kg/ha) of different prevalent
agroforestry system, Navsari ,Gujarat (Altitude – 9 m ASL)
Systems Fruit yield Timber yield
Mango Sapota Lemon Eucalyptus
(pole/ha)
Teak
ASHS 9360 - - - -
ASSa - - - 16000 -
ASSb - - - - -
AHSa 6000 - - - -
AHSb 9360 - - - -
AHSc 1980 2000 2310 - -
HPS - 9360 - - - ASHS ASSa ASSb AHSa AHSb AHSc HPS
9141
585
58780
3500
9750
3840 4875
Intercrop
yield
Kg/ha
Intercrop yield Kg/ha
ASHS – Agri- silvi- horti system (Teak + Mango + Brinjal),
ASSa – Agri- silvi System (Eucalyptus + Spider lily),
ASSb – (Teak + Sugarcane),
AHSa – Agri- horti system (Mango + Rice),
AHSb – (Mango + Cabbage),
AHSc – (Mango + Sapota + Lemon + Coriander),
HPS – Horti – pastoral system (Sapota + Grass)
Fig. – 8: intercrop yield (Kg/ha) of different prevalent
agroforestry system, Navsari ,Gujarat
Panchal et al. (2017)
COF, NAU, Navsari, Gujarat 42

46. 79.7
81.4
85.4
87.9
86.7
52.9 54
57.4
59.5
54.2
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Marketable biomass ( bole ) fresh
weight ( mg/ha)
Total biomass dry weight ( Mg/ha)
Treatment Cowpea (Kg/ha) Fodder
(Mg/ha)
2005
2001 2002 2003 2004
T1 1062 655 518 387 1.53
T2 965 594 441 342 1.83
T3 926 485 405 229 1.36
T4 865 408 353 285 1.58
T5 879 296 121 134 0.88
LSD (0.05) NS 118 102 57 0.56
Treatments – Spacing of Eucalyptus
T1 – 10x1.5 m Triple row T2 – 11x1 m Pair row
T3 - 7x1.5 m Pair row T4 – 6x1 m
T5 – 3x2 m
Fig. – 9: marketable yield and total biomass of
eucalyptus planted in agroforestry at different spatial
arrangement at harvest (51 months after planting ) at
bhadrachalam, AP, India (Altitude – 108 m ASL)
Table - 10: Yield of cowpea grown in post rainy season of
2001-04 and fodder grasses in both rainy and post rainy
season of 2005 in sole and eucalyptus based agroforestry
system at bhadrachalam, AP, India
Prasad et al. (2016)
CRIDA, Hyderabad 43

47. Year T1 T2 T3 T4
Wood Branc
hes
Leave
s
Wood Branc
hes
Leave
s
Grass Wood Branc
hes
Leave
s
Gera
nium
Wood Branc
hes
Leave
s
Potat
o
1980 0 0.24 16.3
1981 7.65 3.18 6.19
1982 3.26 0.14 0.64
1983 0.68 0.12
1984 0.1
1985 0
1986 0
1987 186.0 11.9 13.0 173.7 11.7 12.3 163.4 12.5 11.3 206.8 15.2 14.3
1988 2.48 14.0
1989 4.02 0.7 11.3
1991 204 16.1 19.9 199.7 14.7 18.5 241.5 17.65 24.7 269.5 18.6 22.7
2001 315 24.2 29.9 300.5 22.1 27.8 6.5 362.3 26.5 37.1 404.3 27.9 34.1
Table - 13a:Yield (t/ha) of eucalyptus based agroforestry sytem for hills in tamilnadu ( Altitude – 2240 m ASL )
Chand et al. (2005)
NIAEPR, Pusa, New Delhi 44

48. Year T1 T2 T3 T4
Wood Branc
hes
Leave
s
Wood Branc
hes
Leave
s
Grass Wood Branc
hes
Leave
s
Gera
nium
Wood Branc
hes
Leave
s
Potat
o
1980 0 0.36 23.99
1981 20.92 4.7 8.5
1982 2.85 1.03 2.3
1983 4.92 0.2
1984 2.28
1985 0.89
1986 0.18
1987 42.7 7.15 9.38 51.39 8.6 11.29 54.1 9.05 11.88 65.34 10.94 14.35
1988 1.64 7.2
1989 2.23 0.8 8.01
1991 59.12 8.25 27.67 72.48 10.11 33.92 114.4
3
15.98 53.6 79.72 11.12 37.31
2001 78.5 18.6 38.4 108.3 22.5 42.4 1.5 145.2 25.6 56.8 107.3 23.8 42.6
Chand et al. (2005)
NIAEPR, Pusa, New Delhi
Table - 13b:Yield (t/ha) of Acacia based agroforestry sytem for hills in tamilnadu ( Altitude – 2240 m ASL )
45

49. Treatments Name of the species
Eucalyptus globulus Acacia mearnsii
T1 Eucalyptus – Forestry plantation
(Control)
Acacia - Forestry plantation
(Control)
T2 Eucalyptus + Grass + Legume
mixtures
( Silvo – pastoral )
Acacia + Grass + Legume
mixtures
( Silvo – pastoral )
T3 Eucalyptus + Geranium Acacia + Geranium
T4 Eucalyptus + potato Acacia + potato
Treatments Detail
Chand et al. (2005)
NIAEPR, Pusa, New Delhi 46

50. 13.25 8.88
4.29
11.65 10.14 20.29 9.04 15.97 13.89
5.9
25.08 22.77
19.53
25.95
19.62
26.04
21.08
21.2 20.19
21.11
22.85
14.1
6.04
20.88 14.79
34.53
13.68
28.12 22.78
7.9
Maune Dharsal Saunkati Dargi Jagdhar Khatiyargaun Sabli Guldi Hadam Dandsali
AGB of Trees ( t/ha) Biological yield (t/ha) Volume ( m3/ha)
FRI, Dehradun Ramgopal et al. (2017)
47
Fig. – 10: Above ground biomass ( AGB) and volume of trees , biological yield of
intercrops under agrisilviculture system

51. Village name Altitude (m)
Maune 1873-1981
Dharsal 1696-1800
Saunkati 1648-1817
Dargi 1637-1698
Jagdhar 1600-1656
Khatiyargam 1495-1527
Sabli 1487-1507
Guldi 1441-1475
Hadam 1455-1470
Dandasali 1435-1465
Table -14: Altitude of studied village
FRI, Dehradun Ramgopal et al. (2017)
48

52. Species Agrisilvicultural
system
Agrihorticultural
system
Silvipastoral
system
Homegarden
system
Volume (m3/ha ) Volume (m3/ha ) Volume (m3/ha ) Volume (m3/ha )
Artocarpus heterophyllus 81.25 32 - 68.75
Azadirachta indica 62.5 - - 62.5
Dalbergia sissoo 62.5 - 37.5 62.5
Gmelina arborea 62.5 - - 100
Leucaena leucocephala 112 - - -
Litchi chinensis - 16 - 20
Mangifera india - 20 12 20
Melia azadarech 68.75 - - -
Syzygium cumini 48 52 - 75
Tectona grandis 31.2 - - 37.5
Singh and Oraon (2017)
BAU, Ranchi, Jharkhand 49
Table – 15a: Volume (cubic meter/ ha )production of different tree species under different
agroforestry systems in Lohardga district of Jharkhand ( Altitude – 647 m ASL)

53. Name of crops Local
name
Agrisilvicultural
(q/ha)
Agrihorticultural
(q/ha)
Silvipastoral
(q/ha)
Homegarden
(q/ha)
Kharif crop
Oryza sativa Paddy 24.17
Zea mays Maize 20.65 20.5
Zingiber officinale Ginger 3.45 3.41
Capsicum annuam Chilly 8.47 7.95
Colocasia schott Kacchu 3.85 3.55
Rabi crop
Triticum aestivum Wheat 19.9
Brassica nigra Mustard 5.55
Solanum tuberosum Potato 15.85 14.85
Pisum sativum Pea 9.07 8.62
Lycopersicum esculentum Tomato 13.15 12.15 12.55
Allium cepa Onion 10
Solanum melongena Brinjal 4.85 4.75
Cynodon dactylon + Cyperus scarious Grasses 340
Singh and Oraon (2017)
BAU, Ranchi, Jharkhand 50
Table – 15b: Yield of different agricultural crop, horticultural crop and grasses under different agroforestry systems in
Lohardga district of Jharkhand ( Altitude – 647 m ASL)

54. 40.74
24.35
25.66
29.65
30.74
43.9
29.37 29.84
32.67
33.84
49.48
30.44
31.99
37.06
38.43
52.5
37.97 38.27
41.71
44.02
Control
Aonla + Shisham
Aonla + Khejri
Guava + Shisham
Guava + Khejri Control
Aonla + Shisham
Aonla + Khejri
Guava + Shisham
Guava + Khejri
Grain ( q/ha) Straw ( q/ha)
635
446.5
464
487
559
Green Fodder ( q/ha )
Wheat Barley Oat
Fig. -11: Yield in different Agri – horti – silviculture combination under agroforestry system
( Altitude – 275 m a. s. l. )
RRS, Buria, Yamunanagar, India Dalal et al. (2019)
51

55. 0
2
4
6
8
10
Gamhar + Mango +
Groundnut
Gamhar + Mango +
Maize
Gamhar + Mango Sole mango
9.11
Fruit
yield
(t/ha)
2014
2015
0
1
2
3
4
Gamhar + Mango +
Groundnut
Gamhar + Mango +
Maize
Gamhar + Mango Sole Gamhar
3.2
Volume
(m3/ha/year)
2014
2015
Fig. -12a: Fruit yield of mango under agroforestry system and sole plantation ( Altitude – 78.77 m ASL )
Fig.- 12b: Volume of Gamhar (Gmelina arborea) under agroforestry system and sole plantation
BCKV, Nadia, WB Sharma et al. (2017)
52

56. Land use system
/ Treatments
Total biomass production ( t/ha)
Altitude level
A1 ( 365 – 635 m )
Altitude level
A2 ( 636 – 914 m )
Mean
Agriculture 27.02 16.94 21.98
Horticulture 76.4 72.1 74.25
Agrisilviculture 66.76 48.2 57.48
Silvopastoral 56.35 30.67 43.51
Agrihorticulture 74.1 69.02 71.56
Agrihortisilviculture 92.12 80.84 86.48
Grassland 2.78 4.26 3.52
Mean 80.04 67.78
SEm+ CD ( P<0.05)
T 2.84 8.24
A 1.42 4.12
TxA 4.01 11.66
Dr. YSPUHF, Solan, HP Singh et al. (2019)
53
Table - 16: Total biomass production ( t/ha)of different land use systems
along altitudinal gradient in north western himalaya

57. Treatment
s
Above ground biomass (t/ha) Below ground biomass (t/ha) Total biomass (t/ha)
A1 A2 A3 Mean A1 A2 A3 Mean A1 A2 A3 Mean
(1900 -
2170 m)
(2170 -
2440 m )
(2440-
2710 m)
(1900 -
2170 m)
(2170 -
2440 m )
(2440-
2710 m)
(1900 -
2170 m)
(2170 -
2440 m )
(2440-
2710 m)
T1 6.66 4.98 4.98 5.54 1.33 1.75 1.00 1.36 7.99 6.73 5.99 6.79
T2 18.78 23.58 18.93 20.43 6.22 7.78 6.25 6.75 25.00 31.36 25.17 27.18
T3 26.05 18.73 21.67 22.15 8.59 6.29 7.15 7.34 34.64 25.02 27.89 29.18
T4 85.49 59.79 36.18 60.49 23.08 15.68 10.04 16.27 108.60 75.48 46.21 76.75
T5 31.27 59.93 162.80 84.65 6.87 16.16 35.47 19.50 38.13 75.95 198.20 104.10
T6 5.38 8.94 1.87 5.40 2.70 4.47 0.95 2.71 8.08 13.41 2.82 8.10
Mean 28.94 29.33 41.06 8.13 8.69 10.14 37.01 37.99 51.05
SE (d) CD0.05 SE (d CD0.05 SE (d CD0.05
T 5.86 11.91 1.46 2.96 7.30 14.85
A 4.15 8.42 1.03 2.10 5.17 10.50
TxA 7.18 10.15 1.79 2.53 8.95 12.65
Treatments details
T1 – Agriculture T2 – horticulture T3 – Agri-horticulture
T4 –Agri-horti-silviculture T5 - Silvipasture T6 – barren land
Table - 17: Biomass production of high-altitude dry temperate land use systems across three altitude in North Western Himalaya
Chisanga et al. (2018)
Dr. YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan, HP 54

58. Land use system Altitudinal ranges (m)
1000-1300 1300-1600 1600-1900 1900-2200 Mean
Total Biomass production (Mg/ha)
Cereal-cereal 27.03 28.30 25.51 9.80 22.66
Cereal- vegetable 14.81 16.39 15.20 4.46 12.71
Vegetable- vegetable 8.20 12.92 14.33 5.70 10.28
Orchard + cereal-cereal 103.0 105.0 98.00 90.87 99.23
Orchard + cereal- vegetable 94.41 100.1 96.51 89.53 95.14
Orchard + vegetable- vegetable 91.27 91.09 96.29 86.41 91.27
Pure orchard 89.73 87.50 89.59 89.50 89.08
Mean 61.20 63.05 62.21 53.75
SE_+ CD0.05
Landuse system 0.90 1.80
Altitude 0.68 1.37
Interaction 1.80 3.61
RGSC, BHU, Mirzapur, UP Rajput et al. (2015)
55
Table - 18: Effect of different landuse system, altitude gradient and their interaction
effect on Total biomass production in north western Himalayas

59. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
G.Y. S.Y. B.Y. G.Y. S.Y. B.Y.
1.311
2.282
3.593
1.108
1.954
3.062
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
Elevation – 1000-1500 m, Northern Aspect (N) Elevation – 1000-1500 m, Southern Aspect (S)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
G.Y. S.Y. B.Y. G.Y. S.Y. B.Y.
1.031
1.932
2.963
0.944
1.784
2.728
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
Elevation – 1500-2000 m, Northern Aspect (N) Elevation – 1500-2000 m, Southern Aspect (S)
Fig. - 13b: Proudctivity (t/ha) of wheat under traditional AFS in 1500 – 2000 m elevation on northern and southern aspect
Fig.- 13a : Proudctivity (t/ha) of wheat under traditional AFS in 1000 – 1500 m elevation on northern and southern aspect
Bijalwan and Dobriyal (2014)
IIFM, Bhopal 56

60. Systems Altitude level
(m)
Above ground biomass
( t/ha)
Below ground biomass
( t/ha)
Total biomass
(t/ha)
Agri-silviculture <650 53.29 13.47 66.76
650-1800 44.51 13.38 57.89
1800-2200 56.87 16.72 73.59
>2200 89.59 24.58 105.9
Agri-horticulture <650 60.58 13.51 74.10
650-1800 44.21 12.95 57.16
1800-2200 52.12 15.29 67.41
>2200 69.70 21.90 91.60
Agri-silvi-horticulture <650 - - -
650-1800 57.45 16.92 74.37
1800-2200 67.97 20.20 88.17
>2200 - - -
Agri-horti-silviculture <650 70.91 21.21 92.12
650-1800 58.74 17.60 76.34
1800-2200 71.91 21.38 93.29
>2200 - - -
Silvi-pasture <650 45.04 11.30 56.35
650-1800 67.14 17.33 84.46
1800-2200 77.63 21.17 98.80
>2200 118.80 24.44 143.29
Table – 19: Biomass production ( t/ha) of different agroforestry systems in Himachal Pradesh
Gupta et al. (2017)
Dr. YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan
57

61. System Altitude level
(m)
Aboveground
Biomass ( t/ha)
belowground
Biomass ( t/ha)
Total Biomass
( t/ha)
Agri-silviculture 338 34.05 11.97 46.02
468 -1250 67.86 20.98 88.84
1500-2400 89.59 24.58 105.9
Silvipasture 338 32.72 11.50 44.22
468-1250 50.30 15.63 65.93
1600 86.84 30.76 117.60
1100-2300 102.00 21.23 123.31
1500-2400 103.20 34.42 137.50
Table – 20: Biomass production ( t/ha) of Agri-silviculture and silvipasture system at
different altitude level
Dr. YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan Gupta et al. (2017)
58

62. Tree species uses Altitudinal range ( m asl )
A1 (380-500) A2 (500-1000) A3 (1000-1500) A4 (1500-2000)
Boehmeria rugulosa Fodder 342 165.2 - -
Fuelwood 156.4 59.6 - -
Timber volume
(m3)
1.4 1.6 - -
Melia azedarach Fodder 216 196.4 74.3 -
Fuelwood 121.7 93.4 36 -
Timber volume
(m3)
3.7 3.0 1.4 -
Ougeinia oojeinensis Fodder 108.0 415.6 348.1 90.5
Fuelwood 55.4 219.6 183.4 44.9
Timber volume
(m3)
6.5 7.9 4.6 1.1
Toona ciliata Timber volume
(m3)
8.3 3.7 5.0 -
Quercus
leucotrichophora
Fodder - - 303.0 791.0
Fuelwood - - 145.12 426.23
Timber volume
(m3)
- - 3.91 8.92
Table – 21: Productivity (Kg/ha/yr) of different tree species under agri-silviculture
system
Agroforestry Division, ICAR, NEH, Meghalaya Sachan et al. (2007)
59

63. uses Altitudinal range ( m asl )
380-500 500-1000 1000-1500 1500-2000
Fodder 17.61 21.10 21.72 15.08
Fuelwood 8.11 10.62 11.82 7.98
Fibre 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.05
Timber
volume (m3)
16.21 16.33 14.85 10.09
Table – 22: Total Productivity (Q/ha/yr) of agri-silviculture system along an
altitudinal gradient
Agroforestry Division, ICAR, NEH, Meghalaya Sachan et al. (2007)
60

64. Altitude (1200 - 2000 m) Altitude (286-1200 m)
3.68
0.13
0.524
1.37
0.326
Agrisilvi Agri-horti-silvi Agri-silvi Agri- horti- silvi Agri-horti
Fig. -14: Biomass production (t/ha) of different agroforestry system
HNB, Garhwal University, Uttarakhand Vikrant et al. (2018)
61

65. Crops Altitude ranges (m) Agronomic yield ( Kg/ha)
Food grains
Maize 300-1900 1957
Rice <800 815
Fingermillet 1000-1300 780
Wheat 1000-1500 1025
Barley 1200-1900 1413
Pulses
Blackgram 700-1300 562
Horsegram 500-1000 430
Field peas 300-1900 611
soyabean 600-1200 960
Table – 23: Productivity of crops under agroforestry system of Mamlay
watershed of sikkim
GBPIHED, Sikkim unit, Sikkim Sundriyal et al. (1994)
62

66. Crop Altitude ranges (m) Agronomic yield ( Kg/ha)
Vegetables
Potato >1200 5190
Cauliflower 300-1900 5524
Cabbage 300-1900 6356
Lady’s finger 300-1900 3240
Spices
Ginger <1250 3745
Large cardamom >1200 220
Turmeric <1000 510
Garlic 300-1900 840
Capsicum 300-1900 215
Sundriyal et al. (1994)
GBPIHED, Sikkim unit, Sikkim
Table – 24: Productivity of crops under agroforestry system of Mamlay
watershed of sikkim
63

67. The geographic and climatic conditions change sharply along the
altitude. This change leads to change in composition of tree-crop
combinations in different agroforestry system.
Various Agroforestry systems like Agri-silviculture, Agri-
horticulture, Silvopasture, Horti-pasture, Agri-horti-silviculture
are commonly practiced along altitudinal gradient.
Productivity of agroforestry systems depends on a number of
factors including the growth habit of the species, site quality, age,
management practices, interaction between trees & understory
crops.
Productivity of Agroforestry System decrease towards higher
altitude.
64