Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that children progress through four distinct stages as they interact with their environment. The stages are sensorimotor (birth to age 2), preoperational (ages 2 to 7), concrete operational (ages 7 to 11), and formal operational (age 12 and up). At each stage, children demonstrate qualitatively different ways of thinking and reasoning. While influential, Piaget's theory has some limitations, such as underestimating children's early cognitive skills and not fully accounting for social and cultural influences on development.

1. 3: Cognitive Development - Piaget Outline What is cognition? Piaget’s Theory Features of the theory Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operations stage Formal operations stage Problems with the theory Learning Outcomes

2. What is cognition? Virtually everything we do involves thinking or cognitive functioning Recalling a phone number Remembering a list Following directions Reading your watch (how much time until…?) How do children become able to do all these things? Why are some better at some tasks? Why are some quicker to develop?

3. A Constructivist Approach Jean Piaget’s theory remains the standard against which all other theories are judged Often labeled constructivist because it depicts children as constructing knowledge for themselves Children are seen as Active Learning many important lessons on their own Intrinsically motivated to learn

4. Nature and Nurture Piaget believed that nature and nurture interact to yield cognitive development Adaptation: The tendency to respond to the demands of the environment to meet one’s goals Organization: The tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge

5. Sources of Continuity Three processes work together from birth to propel development forward Assimilation: The process by which people translate incoming information into a form they can understand Accommodation: The process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences Equilibration: The process by which people balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

6. Discontinuities The discontinuous aspects of Piaget’s theory are distinct, hierarchical stages Central properties of Piaget’s stage theory: Qualitative change Broad applicability across topics and contexts Brief transitions Invariant sequence Hypothesized that children progress through four stages of cognitive development, each building on the previous one

7. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Birth to 2 years Infants know the world through their senses and through their actions. For example, they learn what dogs look like and what petting them feels like. Preoperational 2 - 7 years Toddlers and young children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery. They also begin to be able to see the world from other people’s perspectives, not just from their own.

8. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Concrete Operational 7 - 12 years Children become able to think logically, not just intuitively. They now can classify objects into coherent categories and understand that events are often influenced by multiple factors, not just one. Formal Operational 12+ years Adolescents can think systematically and reason about what might be as well as what is. This allows them to understand politics, ethics, and science fiction, as well as to engage in scientific reasoning.

9. Sensorimotor Substages Sub Age Description 1 Birth – 1 month Infants begin to modify the reflexes with which they are born to make them more adaptive. 2 1 – 4 months Infants begin to organize separate reflexes into larger behaviors, most of which are centered on their own bodies.

10. Sensorimotor Substages Sub Age Description 3 4 – 8 months Infants becoming increasingly interested in the world around them. By the end of this substage, object permanence , the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view, typically emerges. 4 8 – 12 months During this substage, children make the A-Not-B error , the tendency to reach to where objects have been found before, rather than to where they were last hidden.

11. Object permanence Objects are tied to infant’s awareness of them “ out of sight, out of mind” Hidden toy experiment 4 months: no attempt to search for hidden object 4-9 months: visual search for object 9 months: search for and retrieve hidden object A-not-B task (Diamond, 1985) 9 months: A/B error after 1/2 second delay 12 months: 10 second delay needed to produce error

12. Piaget’s A-Not-B Task

13. Sensorimotor Substages Sub Age Description 5 12 – 18 months Toddlers begin to actively and avidly explore the potential uses to which objects can be put. 6 18 – 24 months Infants become able to form enduring mental representations. The first sign of this capacity is deferred imitation , the repetition of other people’s behavior a substantial time after it occurred.

14. Preoperational Stage A mix of impressive cognitive acquisitions and equally impressive limitations A notable acquisition is symbolic representation , the use of one object to stand for another, which makes a variety of new behaviors possible A major limitation is egocentrism , the tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own point of view A related limitation is centration , the tendency to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event Preoperational children also lack of understanding of the conservation concept , the idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties

15. Piaget’s Three-Mountain Task

16. Egocentric Conversations

17. The Balance Scale: An Example of Centration

18. Procedures Used to Test Conservation

19. Concrete Operational Stage Children begin to reason logically about the world They can solve conservation problems, but their successful reasoning is largely limited to concrete situations Thinking systematically remains difficult

20. Inhelder and Piaget’s Pendulum Problem The task is to compare the motions of longer and shorter strings, with lighter and heavier weights attached, in order to determine the influence of weight, string length, and dropping point on the time it takes for the pendulum to swing back and forth Children below age 12 usually perform unsystematic experiments and draw incorrect conclusions

21. Formal Operational Stage Cognitive development culminates in the ability to think abstractly and to reason hypothetically Individuals can imagine alternative worlds and reason systematically about all possible outcomes of a situation Piaget believed that the attainment of the formal operations stage, in contrast to the other stages, is not universal

22. Implications for Education Piaget’s view of children’s cognitive development suggests that children’s distinctive ways of thinking at different ages need to be considered in deciding how best to teach them In addition, because children learn by mentally and physically interacting with the environment, relevant physical activities, accompanied by questions that call attention to the lessons of the activities, are important in educational practice

23. Critique of Piaget’s Theory Although Piaget’s theory remains highly influential, some weaknesses are now apparent The stage model depicts children’s thinking as being more consistent than it is Infants and young children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognized Object permanence in 3-month-olds (Bower, 1974) Number conservation in 4 year olds (McGarrigle & Donaldson, 1974)

24. Critique of Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s theory understates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development Piaget’s tasks are culturally biased Schooling and literacy affect rates of development e.g. Greenfield’s study of the Wolof Formal operational thinking is not universal e.g. Gladwin’s study of the Polynesian islanders Piaget’s theory is vague about the cognitive processes that give rise to children’s thinking and about the mechanisms that produce cognitive growth

25. Learning outcomes Demonstrate an understanding of Piaget’s theory. Be familiar with the experiments carried out by Piaget Show an awareness of the strengths and weaknesses of the theory.

26. Source; http://ibs.derby.ac.uk/