Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which come from the seeds of berries from Coffea species native to Africa. Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries worldwide, primarily in equatorial regions. Once picked, coffee berries are processed, dried, roasted, ground, and brewed to produce the beverage. Coffee is dark in color, bitter, and contains caffeine that provides a stimulating effect. Brazil is currently the world's largest coffee producer. Coffee farming was traditionally done under shade trees but some species are now specifically planted for this purpose. Legend attributes the discovery of coffee's energizing effects to ancestors of the Oromo people in Ethiopia.

1. Coffee
Student: Gurgu Luciana-Cătălina
Group: 8204
Coordonating teacher: Mihai Daniel Frumușelu

2.  Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from
certain Coffea species. The genus Coffea is native to tropical Africa(specifically having its
origin in Ethiopia and Sudan) and Madagascar, the Comoros, Mauritius, and Réunion in
the Indian Ocean. Coffee plants are now cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the
equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinent, and Africa. The two
most commonly grown are C. arabica and C. robusta. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked,
processed, and dried. Dried coffee seeds are roasted to varying degrees, depending on the
desired flavor. Roasted beans are ground and then brewed with near-boiling water to produce
the beverage known as coffee.
 Coffee is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and has a stimulating effect in humans,
primarily due to its caffeine content. It is one of the most popular drinks in the world, and it
can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways.
 As of 2016, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing one-third of the world
total. Coffee is a major export commodity, being the top legal agricultural export for
numerous countries. It is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing
countries.

3.  The traditional method of planting coffee is to place 20 seeds in each hole at the beginning of
the rainy season. This method loses about 50% of the seeds' potential, as about half fail to
sprout.
 A more effective process of growing coffee, used in Brazil, is to raise seedlings in nurseries
that are then planted outside at six to twelve months.
 Coffee is often intercropped with food crops, such as corn, beans, or rice during the first few
years of cultivation as farmers become familiar with its requirements.
 Coffee plants grow within a defined area between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn,
termed the bean belt or coffee belt.

4.  Originally, coffee farming was done in the shade of trees that provided a habitat for
many animals and insects.
 Remnant forest trees were used for this purpose, but many species have been
planted as well. These include leguminous trees of the genera Acacia, Albizia,
Cassia, Erythrina, Gliricidia, Inga, and Leucaena, as well as the nitrogen-fixing
non-legume sheoaks of the genus Casuarina, and the silky oak Grevillea robusta.

5.  According to legend, ancestors of today's Oromo people in a region of Kaffa in
Ethiopia were believed to have been the first to recognize the energizing effect
of the coffee plant.
 Other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to Sheikh Omar. According to an
ancient chronicle, Omar, who was known for his ability to cure the sick through
prayer, was once exiled from Mocha in Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab.
Starving, Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery but found them to be
bitter. He tried roasting the seeds to improve the flavor, but they became hard.
He then tried boiling them to soften the seed, which resulted in a fragrant brown
liquid. Upon drinking the liquid Omar was revitalized and sustained for days.

6.  Mortality- Lower risk of death
 Cardiovascular disease
 Mental health
 Parkinson's disease- Meta-analyses have consistently found that long-term coffee
consumption is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease.
 Type II diabetes- In a systematic review and meta-analysis of 28 prospective observational
studies, representing over one million participants, every additional cup of caffeinated and
decaffeinated coffee consumed in a day was associated, respectively, with a 9% and 6% lower
risk of type 2 diabetes.
 Cancer- The effects of coffee consumption on cancer risk remain unclear, with reviews and
meta-analyses showing either no relationship or a slightly lower risk of cancer onset. Studies
suggest that coffee consumption of 2 cups per/day was associated with a 14% increased risk
of developing lung cancer, but only among people who smoke.

7.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee#cite_note-xie-151