Chiho OCHIAI Kyoto University, Japan

1. Davos 2012
Aug 2012
A Study on the Various Types of
Community-based Disaster Management
in Mid-sized Cities in Japan
Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
Chiho Ochiai
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2. Why CBDM ?
 Increase chance of natural disasters
 After Hanshi-Awaji EQ (1995), Mountainous Area EQ (2007)
followings are recognized:
- Limitations of public support (Fire department, Police etc)
- Neighbors helped each other saved over 80% of people
- Daily established relationship are important though
all disaster periods
 Increase recognition on local community
 Needs to pay attention to the social vulnerability
There has always been a history of people in the village
having cope with Natural Hazards

3. Population in Japan (Big Cities)
 Tokyo metropolitan area (13,000,000 persons)
 Yokohama city (3,700,000 persons) Ranking 1st
 Osaka city (2,600,000 persons) Ranking 2nd
 Kyoto city (1,400,000 persons) Ranking 6th
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4. Population in Japan
 About 800 cities, 750 towns, 180 villages in Japan
- City ranking 1 - 11th around 3,000,000 > 1,000,000
- City ranking 12th - 289th around 1,000,000 > 100,000
- City ranking 290th – 800th around 100,000 > 20,000
- Town 50,000 – 1,200 - Village 50,000 - 200
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5. Background and Purpose
 Background
- One of rural area in Japan, facing depopulation and aging
- Mountain, Flat plain and Coastal areas in One city
(various geographical and social settings）
- Experienced Typhoon Disaster in 2004 and had a hard damage
 Purpose
1) To analyze Coordination Between different organizations
2) To identify the CBDM in Different local settings
3) To understand relationship between CBDM and Local activities

6. Outline of Saijo City, Ehime Prefecture
• Located in Shikoku Island, Mixture of Urban and Rural
• 2 city and 2 town have been merged into One city in 1994
• District Area : 509.78km2
• Population : 111,366 (July 2012)
• Heavily affected by Typhoon in 2004. Local Gov’t promoted VODP

7. Mountainous area
 Geographical Characteristics
‐ Famous mountain situated
‐ Rich underground water
- Two major rivers
‐ Coastal area is low
Coastal area

8. Fire Volunteer Organization and their activities
 Organization
‐ Established in 1890s
‐ Organized by HQ and 27 sub-groups
‐ 1,815 people registered
‐ Different background and history of
FVs were merged
‐ 27 FV branches
‐ Age range of 20s to 70s
 Activities
Over 50 activities/year：
‐ Extinguishing fire, Search for missing
‐ Inspection of machinery and equipment
‐ Night watch, awareness raising
‐ Conducting periodical training

10.  Women’s Member
Disaster Education in Elementary School Trying emergency food

11. 2004 Typhoon Disaster
 Outline of 2004 Typhoon Disaster
- Typhoon 21 reached on 29th September causing heavy rain
- Max. precipitation 150mm/h, Urban area 75mm/h, Total 442mm
- 5 person dead, 23 houses totally destroyed, 91 houses partially
destroyed, inundated/flooded houses 2,121houses
 CBDM activities pre-during-post Disaster by FV
Pre－During （29th to 30th Sep）to Post （1st to 10th Oct）
- Patrolling, visiting each (elderly) houses
- Collecting information → informing local condition to HQ
- Making Sand bags and bring them to houses
- Supporting heavily affected area/FV groups
- 8 AM to 5PM Search for bodies（7days）
- Supporting heavily affected area/FV groups
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12.  Number of staffs participated in activities
th st
 平成16年台風の概要
Date
29
Sep
30th
1
Oct
2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
FV - 2004年9月29日から台風21号による大雨・洪水警報が発令
70 27
(Total 最大時間雨量150mm、市街地でも75mm/h、総雨量442mmを記録
- 365 98 56 99 73 85 64 69 42 11
) (1,012 (1,050
(454) (510) (609) (682) (767) (831) (900) (942)
- 死者5名、全壊建物23棟、半壊91棟、床下浸水2,121棟 (1,023)
) )
Fire 研究の目的

Fighte 30 17 20 24 1 16 15 15 12 0 0 0
r
Police 0 20 5 20 10 35 15 24 10 0 0 0
Defens
e 0 0 0 34 0 41 27 0 0 0 0 0
Force
Local Local Local
activ activ activ
Searc Searc Searc Searc
Activi ity ity ity Search Searc Local Local Local
h for h for h for h for
ty Searc Searc Searc for a h for activi activit activi
Bodie a a a
h for h for h for Body Dead ty y ty
s Body Body Body
Bodie Bodie Bodie
12 s s s

13. Search for Bodies with FV and Self-Defense Force on 29th Sep
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14.  Local Characteristics and FV
Geographical Social Coordination with
Area Condition of FV
Characteristics Characteristics VODP
Lack of member Low population
Mountain area Few houses density
K Depopulation Aging, Average age is high
Depopulation One for all, all for
Forestry/Agri (youngest is over 60) one
Urban/Residentia Many leader from this
Residential area
l along river area No coordination, try
T New and old to distinguish groups
Self-owner or residents mixed High awareness
Employee
Urban Plain Residential Established some
area Traditionally active in area but no
H Self-owner or local and DM activities
House and farm coordination
Employee
Urban Fewer in number
Near Train Station
B Self-owner or Aging Call for member during no coordination
Employee festival
Urban Urban Fewer in number Considering
S Self-owner or Offices and shops Few member from coordination in some
Employee Aging apartment residents activities
Plain
Agriculture Residential area to Many self-owner Many member is in
I Mountainous area Average age is high VODP, coordinating
Farmer or
Employee
Plain, Agriculture Coastal & Plain Many farmer
14 area Many member is in
Average age is high

15. Linkage Pattern of FV and Other Organizations
FV only Link FV and VODP All together within RA
FV takes major role F V and VODP/RA Link up As Community member
No Linkage with other
RA
RA VODP Welfare
FV FV VODP
FV
Urban area Coastal area Rural mountainous area
High population density Farm land Depopulated
Mix of old and new Frequently flooded Aging
residents
T, H, B Z, S, I K
FV: Fire Volunteers RA: Resident’s Association
VODP: Voluntary Organization for Disaster Preparedness

16. Local Organizations and Activities
City
Fire Department
School District
Fire Volunteer
Activities by FV District
Alliance of RA FV in District
Group
Local Resident’s
Festival Association Distributing
Sports Local
Cultural newspaper
Festival Child Asso.
（VDMO）
Sports Cleaning
Activity
Various activities in different organizational
layers makes human relationships

17. Relationship between FV and Local activity
 Awareness of FV
- For our town, to protect our town/area : all-areas, gender, ages
- Go quick, be first to be on site
 Local Activities
- Elementary school activities; cultural festival and sport event)
- Local activity group
(taking children to camping and bowling organized by local adults)
- Traditional Festival
 Relationship between FV and Other Organizations
- a chance to discuss about disaster and DM
- a chance to know people and evaluate personality
- a chance to establish human relationships

18. Conclusion
 Hazards and Disaster are different
 Social characteristics and issues are also different
 People established their own way to cope with disaster
 They formation and activities are various
 Key is:
- to establish a human relationship through daily activities
- to bring up attachment and awareness to protect
- to establish multi-layered organization/activities
- to continue and make it to “Tradition” of the community
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19. Thank You
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