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Chloride
- 2. CHLORIDE
- 3. CHLORIDE • Intake, output and metabolism of sodium and chloride run in parallel. • The homeostasis of sodium, potassium, and chloride are interrelated. • Chloride is important in the formation of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. • Chloride ions are also involved in chloride shift.
- 4. • Chloride concentration in plasma is 96-106mEq/L. • In CSF, it is about 125mEq/L. • Chloride concentration in CSF is higher than any body fluids. Since CSF protein content is low. • Chloride is increased to maintain Donnan membrane equilibrium.
- 5. • Excretion of chloride is through urine, and is parallel to sodium. • Renal threshold for chloride is about 110mEq/L. • Daily excretion of chloride is about 5-8 g/day.
- 6. • In chloride responsive conditions, urinary chloride is less than 10 mmol/L.
- 7. Hyperchloremia • Is seen in • Dehydration • Cushing’ syndrome. Mineralocorticoids cause increased reabsorption from kidney tubules. • Severe diarrhoea leads to loss of bicarbonate and compensatory retention of chloride. • Renal tubular acidosis.
- 8. Hypochloremia • Excessive vomiting. HCl is lost, so plasma chloride is lowered. There will be compensatory increase in plasma bicarbonate. This is called hypochloremic alkalosis. • Excessive sweating. • In Addison’s disease, aldosterone is diminished, renal tubular reabsorption of chloride is decreased , and more chloride is excreted.
- 9. Chloride channels • The CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Receptor) chloride conducting channel is involved in cystic fibrosis. • In Cystic Fibrosis, a point mutation in the CFTR gene results in defective chloride transport. • So water moves out from lungs and pancreas.
- 10. • This is responsible for the production of abnormally thick mucous. • This will lead to infection and progressive damage and death at a young age.
- 11. REGULATION MECHANISMS OF ELECTROLYTES SODIUM ( Na⁺) Aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone(ADH)-water regulation Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Renal reabsorption Renal excretion POTASSIUM (K⁺) intestinal absorption Aldosterone Glucocorticoids (lesser degree) Renal reabsorption Renal excretion CALCIUM (Ca⁺⁺) Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Magnesium (helps in calcium metabolism and intestinal absorption) Intestinal absorption Renal absorption Renal excretion MAGNESIUM (Mg⁺⁺) Intestinal absorption Renal reabsorption Renal excretion CHLORIDE (Cl⁻) Intestinal absorption Renal reabsorption Renal excretion