Cresswell (2014)

1. The Selection of a Research Approach
PART 1
RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods
Approaches
JOHN W. CRESWELL
1

2. “Research” and “Teaching” are in many
ways quite different spheres of activity,
each adhering to its own principles,
procedures, objectives and methodologies
(McDonough & McDonough, 2014).
2

3. The figure below is based on the
nature of the research problem
Research
Approaches
Research
Designs
Research
Methods
3

4. 4

5. The Research Problem 5
• To what extent are the elements of global values
represented in ELT coursebooks of secondary and
high schools published by the Turkish Ministry of
National Education for 2018-2019 academic years?

6. The figure below is based on the
nature of the research problem
Research
Approaches
Research
Designs
Research
Methods
6
Qualitative
Case study
Visual and
written
content
analysis

7. How about the
research problem in
your MA thesis?
7

8. The Three Approaches to Research 8
(Johnson, Onwuegbuzie and Turner, 2007)

9. The Trend of Research
Approach in Social Sciences
• Quantitative approaches domination from the late 19th
century up until the mid 20th century
• The current interest in qualitative approaches with the
development of mixed methods research
(Creswell, 2014)
9

10. Qualitative Research
An approach for exploring and understanding the meaning
individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem
(Creswell, 2014)
Main Characteristics of Qualitative Research
• Emergent research design
• The nature of qualitative data
• The characteristics of the research setting
• Insider meaning
• Small sample size
• Interpretive analysis
(Dörnyei, 2007)
10

11. Quantitative Research
An approach for testing objective theories by examining the
relationship among variables
(Creswell, 2014)
Main Characteristics of Quantitative Research
• Using numbers
• A priori categorization
• Variables rather than cases
• Statistics and the language of statistics
• Standardized procedures to assess objective reality
• Quest for generalizability and universal laws
(Dörnyei, 2007)
11

12. Mixed Methods Research
An approach to inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and
qualitative data, and using distinct designs that may involve
philosophical assumptions and theoretical frameworks
(Creswell, 2014)
• The characteristics of mixed methods research are the
combination of those of previous research approaches.
The real issue is how QUAN-QUAL combination takes
place in the research.
(Dörnyei, 2007)
12

13. 13

14. 14

15. 15

16. The Framework for the Interconnection 16
(Creswell, 2014)

17. Philosophical
Worldviews
17
A proposal might include a section that addresses:
• The philosophical worldview proposed in the study
• A definition of basic ideas of that worldview
• How the worldview shaped their approach to research
(Creswell, 2014)

18. Postpositivism 18

19. Constructivism (Interpretivism) 19

20. Transformative 20

21. 21

22. Pragmatism 22

23. The Worldview? 23

24. The Worldview? 24

25. The Worldview? 25

26. The Worldview? 26

27. Which philosophy
relates to your
research style?
Why?
27

28. Research Designs 28
• Strategy of Inquiry (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011)
• The research design aims to provide an appropriate framework for a
study (Nunan, 1997).
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE MIXED METHODS
Experimental Narrative Convergent
Non-experimental Phenomenology Explanatory Sequential
Grounded Theory Exploratory Sequential
Etnographies Transformative, Embedded, Mulltiphase
Case study

29. 29
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGNS

30. Experimental Research 30

31. Non-Experimental Research 31

32. QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGNS
32

33. Narrative Research 33

34. Phenomenology 34

35. Grounded Theory 35

36. Etnographies 36

37. Case Study 37

38. 38
MIXED
METHODS
RESEARCH
DESIGNS

39. Convergent 39

40. Explanatory Sequential 40

41. Exploratory Sequential 41

42. • Transformative mixed methods
• Embedded mixed methods
• Multiphase mixed methods
42
For more advanced mixed methods
strategies…

43. Research Methods 43
(Creswell, 2014)

44. Criteria for Selecting a
Research Approach
What does your research problem need?
44

45. Criteria for Selecting a
Research Approach
• Personal Experiences
45
I AM COOL!

46. Criteria for Selecting a
Research Approach
• Audience
46
The Effects of Music upon Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition

47. References
Creswell, J. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th Edition. Sage
Publications: CA
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds). (2011). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (4th Ed.) Thousand Oaks.
CA: Sage.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. OUP.
Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of
mixed methods research, 1(2), 112-133.
McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (2014). Research methods for English language teachers. Routledge.
Nunan, D. (1997). Research Methods in Language Learning. CUP: Cambridge.
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