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Basic Inculcation on Research Activities among Devotees.pptx
1. Basic Inculcation
on
Research Activities among
Devotees
Organized By Presented by
Department of English Education Prakash Paudel
Nilkantha Multiple Campus Lecturer, NMC
27th August, 2019
2.
3.
4.
5. Research
Starts with problem, question, hypothesis
Needs goals, plans,
Divides principal problem into many manageable
sub problems
Examining critically the various aspects of our day
to day professional work
Understanding and formulating guiding principles
that govern a particular procedure
Developing and testing new theories
6. What Research is not?
Not only searching information
Not only information collection
Not only transportation of facts from one
location to another
Not only presenting catchy words
7. Why Research?
To describe issue, problem, event
To identify gaps in the body of knowledge
To add something to the body of knowledge
9. Topic
Abstract
Introduction
background of the study
statement of the problem
objectives of the problem
research questions
justification of the study
delimitation of the study
organization of the study
operational definition of key terms
10. Literature review
Conceptual framework
Methodology
Research design
Population of the study
Sampling procedures
Types of data collection
Tools of data collection
Process of data collection
Data analysis procedure
Results
Discussion
Conclusion and implication
11. Worldviews of Research
Positivism (scientific method of investigation,
experimentation, observation, reasoning)
Post- positivism (determinism, empiricism,
generalizability, )
Constructivism
Pragmatism
Transformative
13. Features of post positivism
• theory is universal and law-like generalizations can be
made across contexts
• truth or knowledge is ‘out there to be discovered’ by
research
• cause and effect are distinguishable and analytically
separable
• results of inquiry can be quantified
• theory can be used to predict and to control outcomes
• Research should follow the scientific method
• Hypothesis formulation and testing to get the answer of
the research questions
• empirical or analytical approaches
• objective search for facts
• believe in ability to observe knowledge
• ultimate aim is to establish a comprehensive universal
theory, to account for human and social behavior.
16. Research designs
• Exploratory Design
• Historical Design
• Descriptive Design
– Descriptive Research
– Case study Research
– Developmental Research
• Longitudinal study
• Cross-sectional study
• Comparative Design
– Correlational Design
– Causal Comparative Design (ex-post facto/ explanatory)
• Survey Design
• Experimental Design
– Quasi-experimental Design
– True-experimental Design
Based on the research design, we have to describe our research paradigm, ontology,
epistemology, methodology, population and sample, tools and techniques, data collection,
data analysis and presentation, reliability and validity, ethical consideration
Quantitative (e.g. experimental, pre experimental, quasi experimental, true
experimental, single subject, non- experimental like surveys, correlational, )
Qualitative (e.g. ethnographies, case study, phenomenology, narrative research,
grounded theory, )
Mixed (e.g. explanatory sequential, convergent, exploratory sequential, transformative, )
17. Research Types
On the basis of
Application: Pure research and Applied research
Objectives: Descriptive, Exploratory,
Correlational, Explanatory
Inquiry based: Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed
Time: Historical, Present, Futuristic
18. Qualitative Research
Describes
Uses open ended questions
Inductive in nature
Anthropology, history, sociology are more inclined
Philosophical ground is empiricism, the only knowledge
that human being acquire from sensory experience
Unstructured/flexible/open methodology
Describes the variables
Covers multiple issues but gathers required information
form fewer respondents
Authentic but not completely value free
Explores experiences, meanings, perceptions and feelings
Builds theory
19. Types of Qualitative Research
Ethnography (researcher studies the shared patterns of behaviors,
language, and actions of an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a
prolonged period of time. Observation and interview methods are used)
Case study
Phenomenology (the researcher describes the lived experiences of
individuals about a phenomenon as described by participants)
Grounded theory (the researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a
process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of participants)
Historical Model
Narrative (the researcher studies the lives of individuals and asks one or
more individuals to provide stories about their live)
20. Quantitative Research
Use of statistical tools (mean, median, mode, mean deviation, standard deviation, T test,
Z test, )
Use of variables (dependent, independent, intervening, moderating,
Experimental group, control group
Has objective measurements
Uses close ended questions, predetermined methodology
Survey, experimental, …………..tools are used
Defines
Describes new situations, events, or concepts
Examines relationships among variables
Determines the effectiveness of treatments
Deductive in nature
To describe a situation, phenomenon, problem or event
To quantify the variation in phenomenon, situation, problem or issue
Psychology, epidemiology, education, economics, public health, marketing are more
inclined
The human beings achieve knowledge because of their capacity to reason
Reliability and objectivity
Explains incidence, event, nature of issues, opinions and attitudes, discovers regularities
and formulates theories
Attempts to test hypothesis, proves or disproves the theory
21. Types of Quantitative Research
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
Causal comparative
Survey
22. Research problem
To make research problem is the first step in research process
It is the signpost or identification of destination
It is like the foundation of a building
Research problem determines the type of study design that can be used, type
of sampling strategy that can be employed, research instrument can be used ,
the type of analysis that can be applied
Any question that you want answered and any assumption that you want to
challenge or investigate can become a research problem or research topic
While selecting research problem, you should think on interest, magnitude,
measurement of concepts, level of expertise, relevance, availability of data,
ethical issues
It is in between what it is and what it should be
Identify a broad field or subject area of interest to you
Dissect the broad area into subareas
Select what is of most interest to you
Raise research questions
Formulate objectives
Assess your objectives
Double check
23. Sources of research problem
People (individuals, organizations, groups,
communities)
Problems (issues, situations, associations, needs,
population composition, profiles)
Programs (contents, structure, outcomes,
attributes, satisfaction, consumers, service
providers)
Phenomena (cause and effect relationship, the
study of a phenomenon)
24. Problem statement
It is the description of an issue currently existing
which needs to be addressed
It provides context of the research and it
generates research questions
It is the focal point of any research
raise a question about a relationship between
variables
The relationship between the variables should be
stated and explained clearly
suggest a method of researching the question
25. Most relevant verbs in formulating objectives
To determine
To find out
To measure
To explore
26. How to make research topic?
Research topic is research problem
Must not be more than 12 words
What types of answer our research topic expect?
What new knowledge adds to the existing
knowledge?
It must be clear, specific and directly attached
with research problems
It is a subject, subject matter of the proposed
study
27. Some research topics
The effect of computer based math instruction in
secondary schools in Nepal
Factors influencing education of the marginalized group: A
survey of Raute in Nepal
Students’ perception on examination, practices, ethics and
learning habits: an ethnographic study in NMC
Voice disorder among college teachers of Nepal
School facilities: an assessment of public school classroom
of Kathmandu metropolitan city
Inclusive practices in education
Educational development in south Korea: Drawing lesson
for educational reforms in Nepal
An evaluation of SLC results: 2070
Conflict management in the classroom
28. Inclusive practices in education
Dropout students
Effectiveness of TBLT IN writing skill
Teaching techniques used by English teacher
Activities used in teaching reading
Use of computer in teaching grammar in English
Facilities given to students of private and public
schools
Practice of home assignment in basic schools
Effectiveness of teaching vocabulary through
rhymes and songs
Problem of grapheme in pre primary level students
29. Role of child friendly environment in ELT
Practice of using technology in primary level
Practice of CAS in primary schools in Dhading
Use of instructional materials in teaching reading
Effect of English language in
Parents attitudes towards ELT
Question transformation in Tamang and English
Practice of teaching listening activities of basic level
curriculum in Dhading
Problems of pronunciation in L2 in basic level
students
30. Research topic
Meaning of education to the marginalized group: A
n ethnography of Raute in Nepal
Research Questions:
How do Raute people construct the meaning of
"Education"?
How do they relate the meaning of "Education"
to their cultural context?
What value of "Education" do they see in their
daily life?
31. Research topic
The effect of computer based math instruction in
secondary schools in Nepal,
here independent variable is computer used
method whereas dependent variable is difference
in students achievement in secondary schools
32. Literature Review
helps to know knowledge gap and to select topic then only
we can make research questions and statement of the
problem
helps to identify what knowledge is already there and what
is left to find.
paraphrase (you write in your own words someone’s
thoughts in understandable way) and give name of author
in brackets or explain in footnotes
mention the author for the contribution
If we cite something original, put in inverted comma and
mention page number
Summarize the text and give credit to the contributors
Use books, journals, theses, diary, policy documents,
audio, video sources
Use .edu/.org/.gov/google scholar (not to focus on .com)
34. Methods
Experiments
Survey
Archival research
Case study
Ethnography
Action research
Grounded theory
Narrative inquiry
Discourse analysis
Feminist standpoint research
Life history
Thematic identification
Expert review
Literary analysis
Semiotics
Autoethnography
Archeology
Genealogy
deconstruction
35. Methodology
it is the theoretical and scientific aspects of thesis
ontology, epistemology of the research findings,
research design, methods, approaches and
procedures
we have to know about research design, research
types, population and sample in case of quantitative
and informants in case of qualitative, tools of data
collection, ways of data collection, ways of analyzing
data, confirming of quality research, ethical
concerns of researcher
Methods
how to do field work, how to select sample, how to
analyse
36. Functions of methodology
To describe and justify the methodological
approach best suited to your research
questions/hypotheses
To describe and justify the research design best
suited to examine your research
questions/hypotheses
To describe and justify the specific methods
employed for data collection
To explain how the validity and reliability or
truthfulness of your data were achieved
To describe and justify your data collection
procedures
37. Data collection tools
Observation (participant and non participant)
Interview (face to face, telephone, focus group,
email internet interview)
documents, audio visual materials
Questionnaire (mailed questionnaire, collective
questionnaire)
38. Population
Sampling
Sample unit
Sample frame
Sample frame error
Sampling procedure (probability, non-probability)
Probability sampling (simple random sampling/stratified
random sampling…..proportionate stratified random sampling
and dis proportionate stratified random sampling)/area or
cluster sampling method)
Non- probability sampling (quota sampling/convenience
sampling/judgement or purposive sampling/snow ball
sampling/systematic sampling/saturation and dense)/multi
stage sampling/theoretical sampling)
Mixed sampling (systematic sampling)
40. Research Ethics
Research ethics concerns the responsibility of
researchers to be honest and respectful to all
individuals who are affected by their research
studies or their reports of the studies’ results.