1) Abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, and high temperatures are major constraints in achieving potential crop yields in India, with drought causing 5 times more yield losses than all biotic factors combined.
2) About 70% of India's cropped area is rain-fed, contributing 36% of total agricultural production. Common drought-prone states include Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat.
3) Water scarcity will be a key challenge for Indian agriculture due to low precipitation and high evapotranspiration rates across large parts of the country, with climate change projections indicating a doubling of drought by mid-century and tripling by late-century.
Pests of soyabean_Binomics_IdentificationDr.UPR.pdf
Abiotic stresses major constraint in attaining potential crop yields
1. P. Arunachalam
Assistant Professor (PBG)
ICAR-KVK, TNAU, Ramanathapuram
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2. Abiotic stresses- major constraints in attaining potential
yield of our crops
Drought Salinity High temperature
Yield losses by drought is 5 fold higher than
all biotic factors
3. About 70% of cropped area is rain-fed
The rainfed area contributes about 36% to total production
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Percentage-Drought prone
Karnataka
TN
Rajastan
AP
J & K
Gujarat
Maharastra
Haryana
West Bengal
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Orissa
Uttar Pradesh
Water is the most overriding limitation
India – under low precipitation zone and high ET
Two fold increase in drought in mid 21st century and 3 fold
in end of 21st century in many areas.
4. RAINFED AGRICULTURE
No recourse to irrigation
Drought a major constraint in
realizing potential yield
Area under Rainfed
63% of cereals and
90% of pulses and oil seeds
comes from rainfed areas
8. 58
167
294
462
58
144
206
415
Jan -Mar Apr - Jun Jul - Sep Oct - Dec
Rainfall (mm)
26
14
18
46
70
51
66
119
109
188 186
87
19 16
23
54
58
32
69
88
49
189
147
79
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Tamilnadu Sivagangai
Monsoon
Rainfall
Average
(mm)
Normal Onset Normal Cessation
SW (June-Sep) 206 1st Week of June 2nd week of Sep.
NE (Oct-Dec) 415 3rd week of Sep. 1st Week of Dec
955
823
Tamilnadu Sivagangai
10. 3. Drought management
1.Choice of crop
Cropping system
2 .Improve the adaptation of choice crop
Drought mitigation
Tools and Techniques for Farm
Resilience
11. 1. Choice of the crop
A drought tolerance genotype
gives acceptable productivity under
water limited conditions
12. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Sugarcane
Banana
Rice
Chillies
Cotton
Maize
Groundnut
Sorghum
Bajra
Ragi
Small millets
Pulses
Seasame
Water requirement (mm)
1. Choice of the crop
13. highly adaptable to the change
efficient biomass producers
Armoured with C4 photorespiratory physiology - thrive
better under moisture stress
Photosensitivity also related to soil moisture
Have multiple uses in food (including health foods),
feed, fodder (dry & green), and industrial raw materials
(including bioethanol from sweet stalk sorghum)
Eg., millets are “Resource Smart & Climate Smart”
Crop indicators - Climate resilient
1. Choice of the crop
19. OFT: Assessment of cowpea varieties for rainfed
condition in Ramanathapuram District
Salient Observations:
• Grain yield : VBN 3 : 650 kg/ha
CO (CP) 7 : 550 kg/ha
• VBN 3 found to be determinate in
growth as compared to CO (CP) 7
• Also suitable to grown under coconut
garden
Area conducted
Bogalur and Utichipuli blocks
20. FLD: Demonstration of TNAU (Blackgram) VBN 11
with ICM practices
Area
conducted
Perumalkoil,
Malangudi,
Manajkollai
Salient Observations:
• Grain yield 720 kg/ha
• Less incidence of YMV
21. In situ Moisture conservation
- Ridging / dead furrow
- Broad bed furrow
- Crop residue incorporation
- Mulching
3. Agronomic Management options
Cropping system approach
- Inter cropping
- Mixed cropping
- Crop rotation
22. • Cropping system approach
- Inter cropping
- Mixed cropping
- Crop rotation
3. Agronomic Management options