gross Anatomy of kidney, description of external and internal structure of kidney, the relation of right and left kidney. difference between right and left kidney, and some clinical abnormalities relate to kidney,
2. INTRODUCTION
Organs of the body involved in the formation of
urine & its elimination from body are referred to
as URINARY SYSTEM
It consist of :
2 kidneys
2 ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
3.
4. GROSS FEATURES
Is paired excretory organ
COLOUR: Reddish brown
SHAPE: Bean
LOCATED: Hypochondrium + Lumbar
PERITONEUM: Retroperitoneal
SIZE: 11cm long & 6cm wide
Right kidney is slightly lower than left because of the presence of liver
RELATION WITH RESPIRATION: moves vertically up &down with
respiration app; 2cm
5.
6. COMPONENTS OF URINARY
SYSTEM
KIDNEYS: in which urine is formed
URETER: carry urine to bladder
BLADDER: urine is store
URETHRA: carry urine from bladder to exterior
7. STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY
2 POLES
UPPER
POLE
BROAD
LOWER
POLE
POINTED
2 SURFACES ANTERIOR IRREGULAR
POSTERIOR FLAT
2 BORDERS
MEDIAL
CONVEX WITH
CENTRAL
CONCAVITY
LATERAL CONVEX
8.
9. HILUM of KIDNEY:
is a depression present in the medial
border of kidney which interiorly opens
up into large cavity called RENAL SINUS,
it transmit from front to back:
Renal vein, Renal artery, Renal pelvis
10. RELATIONS
Upper pole: supra renal
gland
Medial border:
Above hilum: supra renal
gland
Below hilum: ureter
Hilum: renal vein, renal
artery, renal pelvis
COMMON TO
BOTH THE
KIDNEYS:
13. ANTERIOR RELATION
RIGHT KIDNEY
Right supra renal
gland
Liver
2
nd
part of duodenum
Hepatic flexure of
colon
Small intestine
LEFT KIDNEY
Left supra renal gland
Spleen
Stomach
Pancrease
Splenic vessels, &
flexure
Decending colon
jejunum
16. COVERINGS
LAYERS OF KIDNEY From inward to out
FIBROUS CAPSULE: surrounds kidney can easily be
pealed off
PERIRENAL FAT: it covers capsule, fills up extra space in
renal sinus
RENAL FASCIA: is condensation of connective tissue &
encloses kidneys & supra renal gland also called “false
capsule” , it is composed of anterior & posterior layer
PARA-RENAL FAT: contains large amount of fat , fills para
vertebral gutters & forms cushion for kidney
Peri-renal fat, renal fascia & para renal fat supports kidneys &
hold them in position on posterior abdominal wall
17.
18. GEROTA / INTERNAL FASCIA:
Is a space between two layer of renal
fascia extends
Above to upper pole of supra renal gland
Below to iliac fossa
CONTENTS:
Aorta
Inferior vena cava
Kidneys
Supra renal gland
19.
20. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY
Each kidney is composed of :
1. Outer most cortex- dark brown
2. Inner medulla- light
Consist of pale striated conical masses called
PYRAMID having apex base and body.
The apex of pyramids are known as renal papilla
which projects into minor calyces.
The base of renal pyramid gives outer prolongation
in form of faint light color conical structure into
cortical part of kidney called MEDULLARY RAYS.
21.
22. Cortical substance present in between
pyramids are known as renal COLUMNS
The part of cortex which arches over the base
of pyramids & connect the renal columns with
each other called cortical Arches
Renal pyramids capped with cortical arches is
called RENAL LOBES
31. FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY
1. excretory function:
Metabolites, drugs, toxins
2. homeostatic function
Maintenance of water balance
Maintenance of electrolyte balance
Maintenance of acid- base balance
3. endocrine (hormonal) secretory function:
Renin by juxtaglomerular cells
Erythropoietin hormone by endothelial cells of peritubular
capillaries of renal cortex
Prostaglandins
4. Endocrine (hormonal) metabolic function:
The kidney converts vitamin D3 : active 1,25-
dihydroxycholecalciferol by alpha one hydroxylase enzyme in
cells of PCT under effect of PTH.
34. Nephroptosis, also known as floating kidney
and renal ptosis, is a condition in which the
kidney descends more than two vertebral
bodies (or >5 cm) during a position change
from supine to upright.
It is the a congenital disease the exact cause is
unknown.
is said to be related to insufficient support from
certain structures or the connective tissue
surrounding the kidneys.
35. POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY
Polycystic kidney disease
(PKD) is an inherited/
genetic disorder in
which clusters of cysts
develop primarily within
kidneys, causing
kidneys to enlarge and
lose function over time.
Cysts are noncancerous
round sacs containing fluid
36. Pelvic kidney
is a condition in which one or both kidneys do
not move into their proper position uring
intrauterine life.
diagnose is done through an ultrasound at 18-
20 weeks of pregnancy
Possible location is anywhere along the path
os ascent
50% of pelvic kidneys are partially blocked
S/s: UTI, abdominal pain, abominal mass
39. Rosette kidney
Both kidneys fuse together at their
hila,
They ususally remain in pelvis
This is due to early fussion of two
ureteric buds in the pelvis