Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you

1. KIDNEYS

2. Introduction
 Pair of excretory organs situated on posterior abdominal wall,
 One on each side of vertebral column ,behind the peritoneum. .
 Remove waste products of metabolism and excess of water and salts from
blood , maintain its ph.
 Major excretory organs .

3. Location
 Occupies epigastric , hypochondriac, lumbar and umbilical region .
 Right kidney is slightly lower then left .
 Left kidney is little longer and narrower then the right kidney .

4. Shapes & measurements
 Bean shaped
 Length 11cm
 Thick 3cm
 width 6cm
 Weight 150g in males 135g in females
 Reddish brown in colour

5. External features
 Two poles ( superior & inferior )
 Two borders (Medial & lateral borders)
 Two surfaces (Anterior & posterior surface)
 Hilum

6.  Upper poles is broad and close to suprarenal gland
 Lower pole is thin and pointed and lies above 2.5cm above
the iliac crest
Surfaces :
 Anterior surface is convex and faces anterolaterally .
 Posterior surface is flat and Posteromedial .

7.  Borders :
Medial border : convex above and below near the poles
and concave in middle . Slopes downwards and laterally
and presents a vertical fissure in its medial part called hilum
which has anterior and posterior lips .
 Lateral border : convex

8. Hilum
 Medial border of the kidney presents a deep vertical slit called hilum .
 It transmits from anterior to posterior
1. Renal vein
2. Renal artery
3. Renal pelvis ; i.e expanded upper end of ureter .

9. Anterior Relations
Ant surface of rt kidney
1. Right suprarenal gland
2. Right lobe of liver
3. Second part of duodenum
4. Hepatic (right colic flexure )
5. Jejunum
liver and jejunum are separated
from kidney by peritoneum
Ant surface of Lt kidney
1. Left suprarenal gland
2. Spleen
3. Stomach
4. Pancreas and splenic vessels
5. Left colic flexures
6. Jejunum
stomach spleen, jejunum separated
from kidney by peritoneum

10. Anterior relation of kidney

11. Posterior relation
 Right kidney related to one rib while left kidney is related to two ribs
1.Four muscles : Diaphragm , quadratus lumborum, psoas major
and transversus abdominis .
2. Three nerves: subcostal (T12) illiohypogastric (L1) ilioinguinal nerve .
subcostal nerve is accompanied by subcostal vessels
3.One or two ribs : Right kidney related to 12th rib and left kidney related to
11th and 12th rib.

12. Posterior relation to left kidney

13. Capsules
 From inwards/outwards kidney surrounded by 4 capsules
1. Fibrous capsule (true capsule)
2. Perirenal capsule
3. Renal fascia (false capsule)
4. Pararenal fat

14. Fibrous capsule
 Thin membrane which closely invests the kidney.
 Formed by condensation of fibrous connective tissue in
peripheral part of organ.
 It can be easily stripped off from kidney , but in certain disease
it becomes adherent and cannot be stripped .

15. Perirenal capsule
 Layer of adipose tissue , surrounding fibrous capsule of kidney .
 It is thickest at borders of kidney and fills up the extra space in renal sinus .

17. Pararenal fat
 Layer of fat lying outside the renal fascia .
 It is more abundant posteriorly and towards
the lower pole of kidney.

18. Arterial supply
 Supplied by renal arteries .usually there is one renal artery for each kidney
arises directly from abdominal aorta
 Renal artery divides into ant and post divisions
 Anterior division supplies apical, upper, middle and lower segments
 Post division supplies only post segments
 Branches supplies the segments called segmental arteries

20. Nerve supply
 Supplied by renal plexus of nerves reach the kidney along
the renal artery
 Renal plexus consist of both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres .
 Sympathetic fibres derived from T10-L1 segments
 Parasympathetic fibres derived from both vagus nerve

21. Thank You..!!