Details related to the various rivers of India and about the climate is mentioned in this chapter. these points are useful for us in deciding the level at which we can intersect the rivers by the interlinking canals so that the canal gets adequate water to feed the drought prone areas. If the canal intersects the river at the higher level then the canal gets less water to feed the drought prone area due to less catchment area of the river on the other hand if the canal intersects the river at the lower level then most of the drought prone area will not get the water for irrigation, so it is necessary to titrate the level of canal by drawing multiple canal reference line and estimating the advantage and disadvantage of each canal reference line.

1. Contentsof Section5: Reticularcanal system forInterlinkingIndianRivers.
Chapter4-Facts and figuresrelatedtoWaterbodiesof India:
4.1-F&F – RiversinIndia.
4.2-F&F – Riversof WesternGhats.
4.3-F&F – Climate inIndia.
4.4-F&F – Renewable waterresources.
Chapter 4: Facts and figures related to Water
bodies of India:
4.1. F&F – Rivers in India.
[Water bodies: Rivers in India: Rivers of India.
India has about 14,500 km of inland navigable waterways. Twelve of India's rivers are classified as
major, with the total catchment area exceeding 2,528,000 km² (976,000 mile²). All major rivers of
India originate from one of the three main watersheds:
The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges
Vindhya and Satpura range in central India
Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India
The Himalayanrivernetworksare snow-fed and flow throughout the year. The other two networks
are dependentonthe monsoonsandshrinkintorivuletsduringthe dryseason.The Himalayanrivers
that flow westward into Pakistan are the Indus, Beas, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Jhelum.
The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghana system has the largest catchment area of 1,100,000 km²
(424,700 mile²). The Ganga originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand. It flows southeast,
draining into the Bay of Bengal. The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the western Himalayas
and join the Ganga in the plains. The Brahmaputra, another tributary of the Ganga, originates in
Tibet and enters India through the far-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh. It proceeds westwards,
unifyingwiththe GangainBangladesh.The Chambal,anothertributaryof the Gangaoriginates from
the Vindhya-Satpura watershed. The river flows eastward. Westward-flowing rivers from this
watershed are the Narmada and Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat. The river
network that flows from east to west constitutes 10% of the total outflow. Source [33]
]
With RCS it is possible to utilize all the water generated for the 2,528,000 km² catchment area
effectively.The Range of hills will support the canals to run at appropriate levels and they will also
feed the water to these primary canals with the rain on their body. Thus the RCS becomes rich in
waterand since ithas the extensionall overthe nationrestingonthese rangesof hills, it will supply
water to all needy area as per their requirement.
4.2. F&F – Rivers of Western Ghats.
[Waterbodies:RiversinIndia: The WesternGhats are the source of all Deccan rivers, which include
the Mahanadi River through the Mahanadi River Delta, Godavari River, Krishna River and Kaveri
River, all draining into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers constitute 20% of India's total outflow.
The heavysouthwestmonsoonrainscause the Brahmaputraandotherriversto distend their banks,
oftenfloodingsurroundingareas.Thoughtheyprovide rice paddyfarmerswithalargelydependable

2. source of natural irrigationandfertilization,suchfloodshave killedthousandsof peopleanddisplace
millions. Source [33]
]
All the rivers in the Deccan area will participate in the RCS activity. River Mahanadi will be
intersected by the FPC1EE and the rest by the FPC1. All these rivers will be intersected by FPC4.
4.3. F&F – Climate in India.
[Climate:Temperature averagesin India; units are in degree Celsius. Based on the Köppen system,
India hosts six major climatic subtypes, ranging from arid desert in the west, alpine tundra and
glaciers in the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the
island territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates. The nation has four seasons:
winter(January–February),summer(March–May),a monsoon(rainy) season(June–September) and
a post-monsoon period (October–December).
The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia. Thus,
North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter; in summer, the same phenomenon
makes India relatively hot. Although the Tropic of Cancer—the boundary between the tropics and
subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the whole country is considered to be tropical.
Summer lasts between March and June in most parts of India. Temperatures exceed 40 °C (104 °F)
duringthe day.The coastal regionsexceed30°C (86 °F) coupled with high levels of humidity. In the
Thar desert area temperatures can exceed 45 °C (113 °F). The rain-bearing monsoon clouds are
attractedto the low-pressure systemcreatedbythe Thar Desert.The southwestmonsoonsplitsinto
twoarms, the Bay of Bengal arm andthe ArabianSeaarm. The Bay of Bengal armmovesnorthwards
crossingnortheastIndiainearlyJune.The ArabianSeaarm movesnorthwardsanddeposits much of
its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats. Winters in peninsula India see mild to warm days
and cool nights.Furthernorththe temperature is cooler. Temperatures in some parts of the Indian
plains sometimes fall below freezing. Most of northern India is plagued by fog during this season.
The highest temperature recorded in India was 50.6 °C (123.08 °F) in Alwar in 1955. The lowest was
−45 °C (−49 °F) in Kashmir. Source [33]
]
With RCS we will have better local cloud formation and better raining and less cyclonic effect.
Presently the clouds are better formed over the sea and thus they move toward the land where
there is less clouds, this sometimes will lead to cyclones. With RCS and with better formation of
cloudsoverthe landthe cloudformationwill be almostequal tothe cloudsformed over the sea and
the incidence or the severity of the cyclone will decrease.
WithVPA there betterforestcover – lessutilizationof vehicles –lesspollution –lesseffecton global
warming. Thus we can create better environment with RCS- VPA – MV – MN.
4.4. F&F – Renewable water resources.
[Natural resources: India's total renewable water resources are estimated at 1907.8 km3
/ year. Its
annual supply of usable and replenshable groundwater amounts to 350 billion cubic meters. Only
35% of groundwaterresourcesare being utilized. About 44 million tons of cargo is moved annually
through the country's major rivers and waterways. Groundwater supplies 40% of water in India's
irrigationcanals.56% of the landisarable and usedforagriculture.Blacksoilsare moisture-retentive

3. and are preferredfordryfarmingandgrowingcotton, linseed, etc. Forest soils are used for tea and
coffee plantations. Red soil has a wide diffusion of iron content. Source [33]
]
Renewablewaterresourcesandthe groundwaterresourceswill improve with RCS. Since RCS is the
surface canals all its water are accessible, usable and accountable. The water from the RCS can be
discharged according to the need, nature of soil, and the crop that we are going to grow.
Sources:
[33]Geography of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht]