S5c5 chapter 5-facts and figures related to rivers of india.

Contentsof Section5: Reticularcanal system forInterlinkingIndianRivers.
Chapter5-Facts and figuresrelatedtoRiversof India:
5.1-F&F – Gangesbasin.
5.2-F&F – Tributariesof Gangaand PollutioninGanga.
5.3-F&F – Yamuna.
5.4-F&F – Pollutionin Yamuna.
5.5-F&F – SonRiver.
5.6-F&F – Ghaghara River.
5.7-F&F – BetwaRiver.
5.8-F&F – Chambal River.
5.9-F&F – Kosi River.
5.10-F&F – Sapthkosi.
5.11-F&F – BrahamputraRiver.
5.12-F&F – BrahmaputraRiver.
5.13-F&F – PollutioninBrahmaputraRiver.
5.14-F&F – SankoshRiver.
5.15-F&F – RiverManas.
5.16-F&F – Gangesdelta.
5.17-F&F – Future of Ganges delta.
5.18-F&F – Damodar River.
5.19-F&F – Mahanadi River.
5.20-F&F – Godavari River.
5.21-F&F – NarmadaRiver.
5.22-F&F – Tapti River.
5.23-F&F – KrishnaRiver.
5.24-F&F – Kaveri River.
5.25-F&F – Origenof riverKaveri.
5.26-F&F – Course of RiverKaveri.
5.27-F&F – Kaveri riverbasin.
5.28-F&F – Dams across riverKaveri.
5.29-F&F – Aqueductforthe waterof riverKaveri.
5.30-F&F – KRS andMettur dam.
5.31-F&F – Capacityof KRSand Mettur dam.
5.32-F&F – Kaveri tribunal.
Chapter 5:
Facts and figures related to Rivers of India:
5.1. F&F – Ganges basin.
[GangesBasin:The Ganga basinisa part of the composite Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghnabasin,which
drainsan area of 1,086,000 square kilometers.The basinliesin China, Nepal, India and Bangladesh.
It is bounded on the north by the Himalayas, on the west by the Aravalli as well as the ridge
separating it from Indus basin, on the south by the Vindhyas and Chotanagpur Plateau and on the

east by the Brahmaputra ridge. Its catchment lies in the states of Uttar Pradesh (294,364 km²),
Madhya Pradesh (198,962 km²), Bihar (143,961 km²), Rajasthan (112,490 km²), West Bengal (71,485
km²), Haryana (34,341 km²), Himachal Pradesh (4,317 km²) and Delhi (1,484 km²), the whole of
Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. The basin has a population of more than 500 million, making it the
mostpopulatedriverbasininthe world.The basincomprisesmountainousregionsof the Himalayan
ranges with dense forests, as well as the sparsely forested Shiwalik Hills and the fertile Gangetic
Plains. The central highlands lying to the South of the Great Plains consist of mountains, hills and
plateausintersectedbyvalleysandriverplains.The importantsoil typesfoundinthe basin are sand,
loam, clay and their combinations such as sandy loam, silty clay etc. The annual surface water
potential of the basinhasbeenassessedas525 km³ inIndia,out of which250 km³is utilizable water.
Arable area of the basin in India is about 580,000 km², which is 29.5% of the total cultivable area of
India.The waterrelatedissuesof the basinare bothdue to high and low flow. In India, the states of
Uttar Pradesh,BiharandWestBengal are affectedbyfloods.As Bangladesh liesatthe confluence of
BrahmaputraRiverand GangesRiver, it suffers from terrible floods almost every year. Many of the
flood problems are caused by northern tributaries of Ganga such as Kosi and Mahananda. Besides
these problemsare alsocausedbysoutherntributaries.The basinis a high earthquake risk area and
experts warn that as many as a million deaths could be expected on the Ganges plain, as the
southern flank of the Himalayas has not been active enough over past centuries to release the
energyaccumulatedbythe millimeter per week upward movement of the Indian plate. Source [34]
]
Out of 1086000 square kilometers of Ganga – Brahmaputra – Meghna basin most of the water
generated in this basin, excluding ‘the lower areas of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madya Pradesh,
Rajasthan,WestBengal,Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Bangladesh, South Nepal’ will feed the
waterto the Ganga river elevator, Ganga upper canal, Yamuna upper canal, FPC1, PC4,FPC4. That is
mostof waterof the ‘annual surface waterpotential’of the basin of 525 km³ in India can be utilized
to irrigate Indiathroughthe canalslike Gangauppercanal,Yamuna uppercanal, FPC1, PC4,FPC4 and
the utilizablewatercanbe increased toany amountthat we needfromthe presentvalue of 250km3
.
Since these canalsirrigatesmostof the landsof India,the total cultivatable areascan be increasedto
60 to 75%, that is up to 20 to 25 lakh km2
of land of India by Ganga – Brahmaputra – Megna basin
through canals like Ganga upper canal, Yamuna upper canal, FPC1, PC4, FPC4.
Most of the northerntributariesof Gangacausingthe flood will drain their water either in to Ganga
riverelevator, Gangauppercanal or in to the FPC4,thus the floodwaterwill be utilizedeffectivelyto
irrigate the landsof India and to fill all the reservoirs which comes below the level of these canals.
5.2. F&F – Tributaries of Ganga and Pollution in Ganga.
[Map showing the course of the Ganges and selected tributaries

Ganges: Countries through which it passes: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, soron, Kanauj.
Major cities: Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Rajshahi.
Length: 2510km (1560mi).
The Ganges and its tributaries drain a 1,000,000-square-kilometre (390,000 sq mi).
Source: Gangothri glacier. Location: Uttaarakhand, India. Elevation: 7756meters (25446 ft). Major
tributaries: Mahakali, karnali, kosi, gandak, ghaghra, Yamuna, son, Mahananda.
Discahrge at mouth (average): 12015m3
/sec, (424306 ft3
/ sec).
Onlytworivers,the Amazon and the Congo, have greater discharge than the combined flow of the
Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Surma-Meghna river system.
Ecology: Pollution of Ganga: The river waters start getting polluted right at the source. The
commercial exploitation of the river has risen in proportion to the rise of population. Gangotri and
Uttarkashi are good examples. Gangotri had only a few huts of Sadu's until the 1970s[2]
and the
populationof Uttrakashi has swelled in recent years. As it flows through highly populous areas the
Gangescollectslarge amountsof humanpollutants,e.g., Schistosoma mansoni and fecal coli forms,
and drinkingandbathinginitswaterstherefore carriesahighriskof infection.Whileproposals have
been made for re mediating this condition, little progress has been achieved.
The Ganges Riverisan importantcultural aspecttothe Hindupopulation,howeverresearchershave
found that the Ganges water is not clean and actually contains many harmful bacteria. The issue is
that manypeople are becoming sick by drinking and using the water from the Ganges but they will
not stop using the water because they believe it is sacred water. Doctors who are culturally
sensitive, being aware of the culture surrounding the Ganges will have a more sensitive and
understandingapproachwhendealingwithpatientswhoare sick due to the water from the Ganges
River.
The Ganges river's long held reputation as a purifying river appears to have a basis in science. The
riverwaterhas a unique andextraordinaryabilitytoretain oxygen. As reported in a National Public
Radioprogram, Dysentery andcholeraare killedoff,preventinglarge-scale epidemics. The river has
unusual ability to retain dissolved oxygen, but the reason for this ability is not known.

A UN Climate Reportissued in 2007 indicates that the Himalayas glaciers that feed the Ganges may
disappear by 2030, after which the river's flow would be a seasonal occurrence resulting from
monsoons. Source[34]
]
RiverGanga will be usedasthe principle feeder to the FPC1. The water which is reaching the Bay of
Bengal at the rate of 12015 cumecs (424306 cusecs) can be used effectively as per our requirement
to irrigate the all the lands of India which are below the level of 500mts AMSL.
Withthisall the waterrelateddisputes will come to an end and any state can utilize any amount of
water as per their requirement at any time of the day – any day of the month – any month of the
year,statesneednotask forwater to anystate and to the central government - itwill be available in
their own state as these PC is passing through all the states. States like Tamilnadu will never ask
Karnataka to release water from krisharajasagar reservoir; states like Andrapradesh will never ask
Karnatakato release waterfromalmatti damand soon. At the same time states like karnatak who’s
some of the districts and cities are at the higher level can utilize all the water available to the
maximum extent possible by creating any number of effective water related preojects.
Creationof VPA even in areas of River Ganga catchment area and making the people not leave the
sewage and sullage water to the river will make the pollution to come down to certain extent.
5.3. F&F – Yamuna.
[Yamuna: Yamuna (yä'mənə) or Jumna (jŭm'nə) , river, c.850 mi (1,370 km) long, rising in the
Himalayas,N India,andflowinggenerallySE, through the Shiwalik Range, past Delhi, to the Ganges
River at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh state; the Chambal and Betwa rivers are its main tributaries.
Formerly an important trade artery, the Yamuna is now the source of irrigation for Uttar Pradesh
and Punjab states, and it also suffers from heavy pollution, most especially in the Delhi area. As a
result,the riveris,exceptduringthe monsoonseason,severelypollutedandgreatlyreduced in flow
below Delhi. The East Yamuna, West Yamuna, and Agra are the major canals on the river. The
Yamuna is a major tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) in northern India. With a total length of
around1,370 kilometers(851 mi),itisthe largesttributaryof the Ganges. Its source is at Yamunotri,
in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, which is north of Haridwar in the Himalayan Mountains. It flows
through the states of Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, before merging with the Ganges at
Allahabad.The citiesof Baghpat,Delhi,Noida, Mathura, Agra,Etawah,Kalpi,Hamirpur, Allahabad lie
on itsbanks.The major tributaries of thisriverare the Tons,Chambal, Betwa,andKen;withthe Tons
being the largest. A heavy freight canal, known as the SYL (Sutlej-Yamuna Link), is being built
westwards from near its headwaters through the Punjab region near an ancient caravan route and
highlands pass to the navigable parts of the Sutlej-Indus watershed. This will connect the entire
Ganges, which flows to the east coast of the subcontinent, with points west (via Pakistan). When
completed,the SYLwill allow shippingfromIndia'seastcoastto the west coast and the Arabian sea,
drasticallyshorteningshippingdistances and creating important commercial links for north-central
India's large population. Source[34]
]
Yamuna is another important feeding river of the PC1. Most of the tributaries of the Yamuna river
and the Yamuna river itsel will feed the Yamuna upper canal which we will create at 800mts AMSL
and through Yamuna U tube the water will flow to Rajastan near Jaipur to feed the FPC1 and the
level difference betweenthe startingpoint (800mts AMSL) of Yamuna U tube in the Himalaya range

of hills and end (700 mts AMSL) of the Yamuna U tube at the Aravalli range of hills in Rajastan near
Jaipur will be 100 meters to make the flow ease by gravity.
5.4. F&F – Pollution in Yamuna.
[Yamuna:Pollution;Yamunaisone of the most polluted rivers in the world, especially around New
Delhi, the capital of India, which dumps about 57% of its waste into the river. Though numerous
attemptshave beenmade tocleanit,the effortshave proventobe futile.Althoughthe government
of India has spent nearly $500 million to clean up the river, the river continues to be polluted with
garbage while mostsewage treatmentfacilitiesare underfundedormalfunctioning. In addition, the
water in this river remains stagnant for almost 9 months in a year aggravating the situation. Delhi
alone contributesaround3,296 MLD (millionlitresperday) of sewage in the river. The government
of Indiaoverthe nextfive yearshaspreparedplanstorebuildandrepairthe sewage system and the
drainsthat emptyintothe river.To address river pollution, certain measures of cleaning river have
beentakenbythe Ministryof Environment and Forests (MoEF) of the Government of India (GOI) in
12 townsof Haryana,8 townsof Uttar Pradesh,andDelhi underanactionplan (YamunaActionPlan-
YAP) whichisbeingimplementedsince 1993 bythe National RiverConservation Directorate (NRCD)
of the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) is
participating in the Yamuna Action Plan in 15 of the above 21 towns (excluding 6 towns of Haryana
includedlateronthe directionof the honorable Supreme Courtof India) withsoft loan assistance of
17.773 billion Japanese Yen (equivalenttoabout Rs. 700 crore INR) while GOI is providing the funds
for the remaining 6 towns added later. The Indian government's plans to repair sewage lines is
predicted to improve the water quality of the river 90% by the year 2010. Source [34]
]
Withbettereconomyall the waste generatedonthe banksof Yamuna by major cities like Delhi and
Agra can be managedwell.Betterandcontinuousflow of waterismade toflow in the Yamuna River
below the level of 300 mts AMSL by PC4 with the water of River Brahmaputra. Thus the river
Yamuna flows with clean water always.
5.5. F&F – Son River.
[SonRiver.The ‘SonRiver’ or ‘Sone’ of central Indiaisthe largestof the Gangessouthern tributaries.
The Son originates in Chhattisgarh state, just east of the headwaters of the Narmada River, and
flows north-northwest through Madhya Pradesh state before turning sharply eastward when it
encounters the southwest-northeast-running Kalmar Range. The Son parallels the Kalmar Range,
flowingeast-northeast through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states to join the Ganges just above Patna.
Geologically, the lower valley of the Son is an extension of the Narmada Valley, and the Kaimur
Range an extension of the Vindhya Range.
The Son River at 784 kilometers (487 miles) long is one of the largest rivers of India. Its chief
tributaries are the Rihand and the Koel. The Son has a steep gradient (35-55 cm per km) with quick
run-off andephemeral regimes,becomingaroaringriverwiththe rain-watersinthe catchment area
but turning quickly into a fordable stream. The Son, being wide and shallow, leaves disconnected
poolsof waterin the remaining part of the year. The channel of the Son is very wide (about 5km at
Dehri) butthe floodplain isnarrow,only3 to 5 km wide. In the past, the Son has been notorious for

changingcourse,as istraceable fromseveral oldbedsonitseast.Inmoderntimesthis tendency has
been checked with the anicut at Dehri, and now more so with the Indrapuri Barrage.
Indrapuri Barrage Indrapuri Barrage is one of the longest dams in India, storing a large amount of
water.It islocatednearly5 km from Dehri.Fromit flow 2 majorand several othersmall canalswhich
supply the whole of western and central Bihar with water for irrigation. Source [34]
]
Thisis the firstriverwhichisgoingto feedthe FPC1eastextensionat the level of 500mts AMSL. The
area and the reservoirs which are below the level of 500 mts AMSL will be fed by the FPC1 when
there is requirement. In the same way the FPC4 intersects the river Son at the level of 300 mts
AMSL.
5.6. F&F – Ghaghara River.
[Ghaghara River.River of Northern India, Nepal and China. A major tributary of the Ganges, it rises
as the Kauriala in the Tibetan Himalayas and flows southeast into Nepal. Cutting south across the
Siwalik Hills, it splits into two branches, to rejoin in India and form the Ghaghara proper. It flows
southeast to enter the Ganges after a 600 mi (970 km) course. Together with the Ganges and its
tributaries,itcreatedthe vastalluvial plainof northern Bihar. Along its lower course it is also called
the Sarju River and the Deoha.
Map showing the Ghaghara and Gandaki tributaries of the Ganges.
Karnali or Ghaghara is a trans-boundaryperennial riverwhichoriginatesonthe Tibetanplateau near
Manasarovar, cuts throughthe HimalayasinNepal onitswayto the confluence withthe Sarda River
at Brahmaghat in Indiawhere it forms the Ghaghra River, a major left bank tributary of the Ganges.
It isthe longest(507 km in length) and largest river in Nepal and one of the largest affluents of the
Ganges.
River course: It rises in the southern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet, in the glaciers of
Mapchachungo, at an altitude of about 3962 meters (13,000 ft) above sea level. The river flows
souththroughNepal as the Karnali River(flowsthroughone of the most remote and least explored
areas of Nepal). A 202 km long, Seti River, its feeder stream, drains the western part of the
catchment,andjoinsthe Karnali River in Doti north of Dundras hill. Another feeder stream, 264 km
long Bheri river, drains the eastern part of the Catchment and meets the Karnali River near
Kuineghat in Surkhet. .

Cutting southward across the Siwalik Hills, it splits into two branches, first Geruva on the left and
Kauraliaonthe rightneardownstreamChisapani)to rejoin south of the Indian border and form the
Ghaghra proper.Othertributaries originating in Nepal are the Rapti and the little Gandak. Another
importanttributaryof Ghaghara inIndiais the Sarayuriver,famousfor the location of Ayodhya (the
capital of Dasarath’s Kingdom) on its banks. It flows southeast through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
states to join the Ganga downstream of the town of` Chapra, after a course of 1080 km. It carries
more waterthan the Ganga before itsconfluence.Sarayuriver is stated to be synonymous with the
modern Ghaghara river or as a tributary of it.
The Karnali basin lies between the mountain ranges of Dhaulagiri and Nanda Devi, in the western
part of Nepal.Inthe north,itliesinthe rain shadow of the Himalayas.The basin formed by the river
has a total catchment area of 127,950 km² of which 45% is in India.
The growth and development trends of various indicators related to demographic, socioeconomic
and development programmes in the Basin in Nepal are briefly explained.
Glaciers: The Nepal Himalaya has revealed 3,252 glaciers and 2,323 lakes above 3,500 m above sea
level. They cover an area of 5,323 km2 with an estimated ice reserve of 481 km3. Out of this, the
Karnali River basin has 1,361 glaciers and 907 lakes, with glaciers covering an area of 1,740.22 km2
and an estimated ice reserve of 127.72 km3. Source [34]
]
River Ghagara feeds the FPC4 at 300mts AMSL.
5.7. F&F – Betwa River.
[Betwa River: River,northern India. Risingin westernMadhya Pradesh state, it flows northeast 380
mi (610 km) through Uttar Pradesh state into the Yamuna River near Hamirpur. Nearly half its
course is unnavigable. The Matatila Dam, a joint venture between the two states, is near Jhansi
The Betwa (Vetravati) is a river in Northern India, and a tributary of the Yamuna and joins Yamuna
near Hamirpur. Betwa River originates near Mandideep industrial area outside Bhopal city.
It isbeingconnectedtothe KenRiverinMadhya Pradesh as the firstlinkinthe ambitiousriverinking
project in India.
DAMS ON BETWA: Twobig dams"Laxmibai sagar"(popularilyknownasRajghatdam) and "Matatila"
had built on betwa. Laxmibai sagar has built in Ashoknagar district of M.P. and Matatila in lalitpur
district of U.P. Source [34]
]
FPC1 and FPC4 intersects the river at 500 and 300 mts AMSL and thus these primary canals will get
the water from the River Betwa when it is excess and feeds the river when there is necessity.

5.8. F&F – Chambal River.
[Chambal River:
River,northern India.Risinginthe westernVindhyaMountains near Indore, it flows easterly 550 mi
(900 km) before emptying into the Yamuna River, of which it is the chief tributary, west of Kanpur.
The river flows north-northeast through Madhya Pradesh, running for a time through Rajasthan,
then forming the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to
join the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh state.
It is a perennial river and originates at Manpura, south of Mhow town, near Indore, on the south
slope of the Vindhya Range in Madhya Pradesh. The Chambal and its tributaries drain the Malwa
region of northwestern Madhya Pradesh, while it’s tributary the Banas, which rises in the Aravalli
Range, drains southeastern Rajasthan. The Chambal ends a confluence of five rivers, including the
Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind,Pahuj,atPachnadanearBhareh inUttar Pradeshstate, at the border
of Bhind and Etawah districts.
National Chambal (Gharial) WildlifeSanctuary: The Chambal riverremainsone of NorthIndia’smost
unpolluted rivers, home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna. National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife
Sanctuary is famous for the rare Ganges river dolphin. The sanctuary was founded in 1978 and is
part of a large area co-administered by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, within area
of 5,400 km². Approximately 400 km of the river is within the reserve. Apart from the Ganges River
Dolphin, the other inhabitants of the sanctuary include mugger (crocodile) and gharial (Gavialis
gangeticus). Migratory birds from Siberia form its rich avian fauna.
In November 2007, Officials and rangers of the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department released 40
alligators into the River to increase the number of endangered species of alligators.
Gandhi Sagar Dam: The Gandhi Sagar dam lies on the Chambal in Neemuch District of Madhya
Pradesh. It meets the requirements of hydro-power generation at Gandhi Sagar dam, Rana Pratap
Sagar dam and Jawahar sagar and for annual irrigation of 5668.01 square kilometres in the
commands of the right main canal and the left main canal of the Kota Barrage. Source[34]
]
FPC1 and FPC4 intersectsthe Chambal Riverat 500 and300 mts AMSL and thusthese primary canals
will get the water from the River Chambal when it is excess and feeds the river when there is
necessity.
5.9. F&F – Kosi River.
Kosi River.
The Kosi River,calledKoshi inNepal,isatransboundaryriverbetween Nepal andIndia,andis one of
the largest tributaries of the Ganges. The river, along with its tributaries, drains a total area of
69,300 km2
(26,800 sq mi) up to its confluence with the Ganges in India (29,400 km2
/11,400 sq mi in
China, 30,700 km2
/11,900 sq mi in Nepal and 9,200 km2
/3,600 sq mi in India). The watershed also
includes part of Tibet, such as the Mount Everest region, and the eastern third of Nepal. The river
basin is surrounded by the ridges separating it from the Brahmaputra in the north, the Gandaki in

the west, the Mahananda in the east, and by the Ganges in the south. The river is joined by major
tributaries, approximately 48 km (30 mi) north of the Indo-Nepal border, breaking into more than
twelve distinct channels with shifting courses due to flooding. Kamlā, Bāghmati (Kareh) and Budhi
Gandak are major tributariesof Koshi inIndia,besidesminortributarieslikeBhutahi Balān. Over the
last 250 years, the Kosi River has shifted its course over 120 kilometres (75 mi) from east to west.
And the unstable nature of the river is attributed to the heavy silt which it carries during the
monsoon season.FloodinginIndiahasextreme effects.Indiaissecondinthe worldafterBangladesh
in deaths due to flooding, accounting for one fifth of global flooding deaths. The Kosi River (The
Sorrowof Bihar) isone of twomajor tributaries,the otherriver being Gandak, draining the plains of
north Bihar, the most flood-prone area of India. Formerly Kauśiki, in Nepal and Bihar in northern
Indiaisa majortributaryof the Ganges(one majortributaryof the Koshi is the Arun, a major part of
whose course isin Tibet).SevenKoshisjointogetherto form the Saptakoshi River/Sapt Koshi which
is popularly known as the Koshi.
Kamlā, Bāghmati (Kareh) and Budhi Gandak are major tributaries of Koshi in India, besides minor
tributaries like Bhutahi Balān.
Geography
In Nepal the Koshi liestothe westof Kanchenjunga.Ithassevenmajortributaries:the SunKoshi,the
Tama Koshi or Tamba Koshi,the DudhKoshi,the Indravati,the Likhu River, the Arun and the Tamur.
The Dudh Koshi joins the Sun Koshi at the Nepalese village of Harkapur. At Triveni Sun the Koshi is
joined by the Arun and the Tamar, after which the river is called the Sapta Koshi. At Barāhkṣetra in
Nepal, it descends from the mountains and it is then called simply the Koshi. These tributaries
encircle Mt Everest from all sides and are fed by the world's highest glaciers. Further down the
Triveni, the river cuts a deep gorge across the lesser Himalayan range of Mahabharat Lekh in a
lengthof 10 km (6.2 mi) and debouchesintothe plainsnear Chatra. After flowing for another 58 km
(36 mi), it enters the north Bihar plains near Bhimnagar and after another 260 km (160 mi), flows
into the Ganges near Kursela(1). The river travels a distance of 729 km (453 mi) from its source to
the confluence with the Ganges.
The Kosi riverfan locatedinthe northernpart of India(innortheast Biharand eastern Mithila) isone
of the largest alluvial cones built by any river in the world. This 180 km (110 mi)-long and 150 km
(93 mi)-wide alluvial cone shows evidence of lateral channel shifting exceeding 120 km (75 mi)
duringthe past 250 years throughmore than 12 distinctchannels.The river,whichusedtoflow near
Purnea in the 18th century, now flows west of Saharsa (1). The Kosi alluvial cone and its adjoining
area have beenstudiedindetailbyremote sensingtechniques.The data have been integrated with
the available geological and geophysical information to decipher the causes responsible for the
lateral shift of such a high-magnitude fan. A satellite image shows the old palaeo-channels of the
Koshi river with its former (before 1731) confluence with the Mahananda River north of Lava.
Source[34]
]
Kosi River will feed the FPC4 at 300mts AMSL. The FPC4 receives the water of river Kosi and its
tributariesatdifferentpointsinitscourse sothe possibilityof damage tothe primarychannel isless.
And the FPC4 will release the water at different points in its course which are fixed, so the river
changingitspath and the the possibility of the flood decreases. The excess water generated in the

FPC4 during flood season will be utilized throughout the nation till the south tip of the nation –
Kanyakumari.
5.10. F&F – Sapth kosi.
[Indian rivers: Sapt Kosi River.
Sapt Koshi
Sapt Koshi (or"Sapta Koshi") is a large river in eastern Nepal. It flows into India to join the Ganges.
The river name "Sapta" means "seven" in area languages, as seven rivers flow together out of the
eastern Himalaya to create the Sapta Koshi River. The seven rivers are the Indrawati, Bhote Koshi,
Tama Koshi,DudhKoshi,Liku,Arun,andTamor.The Sapta Koshi river flow is controlled by a system
of levees or embankments designed to control flooding and provide irrigation, and an adjustable
dam at the Koshi Barrage at the Nepal-India border.
In August2008, afterveryheavyrains,the Sapt Koshi broke through its eastern levee several miles
north of the Nepal-Indiaborder.Asthe riverchangedcourse,itflooded a large swath across Sunsari
District, Nepal, and Bihar, India, displacing millions of people. Source[34]
]FPC4 intersect the sapth
Koshi River at 300mts AMSL. The excess water which generates during the seasons of flood will be
fed in to the FPC4, thus flood in the lower area can be prevented to some extent.
5.11. F&F – Brahamputra River.
[Brahmaputra is the biggest of the Indian rivers, even bigger than the Ganga. Brahmaputra is
regarded as one of the great rivers of southern Asia (1,800 mi) long. In Sanskrit, it means "son of
Brahma".
The Journey:
The Brahmaputra River flows 2,900 km from its source in the Kailas range of the Himalayas to its
massive delta and the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh. It flows through China, India, and Bangladesh,
but itswatershedincludes Nepal, Bhutan, and Burma as well. The river drops steeply from high on
the TibetanPlateauthroughthe world'sdeepestvalley(5,075m) intonortheastIndiawhere the river
eventually merges with the Ganges and Meghna rivers to form the largest river delta in the world
(60,000km2). The plains watered by the stream yield abundant crops of rice, jute, and mustard.

The river Brahmaputra drains a vast area of nearly 9,36,800 sq. kms. It is a river of immense
importance and navigable from the Bay of Bengal to Assam, a distance of nearly 1,280 kms. It is a
splendid waterway for commerce and travel. The Course: After entering the hills of Assam
BrahmaputraflowstoGuwahati.Here liesa veryancientplace of pilgrimage, the temple of goddess
Kamakhya on a hill. The river then passes through Umananda Bhairab, with its granite foundations
risingfromthe lap of the river.The riverthenreachesPandughat, close to which lies the hill station
of Shillong. The river flows through various towns til it reaches Goalundo. It is here that the river
Ganga joins it to form the river Padma. The river then flows towards Calcutta and then finally
empties itself in the Bay of Bengal. Source[35]
]
Why we have to utilize the water of river Brahmaputra and how we can utilize the water of
brahamaputra are the things to be discussed.
We know the river branhmaputra is one of the longest (1,800 mi) everflowing rivers of the world
with large catchment area of 9,36,800 sq. kms.
We have to use the water of river bhrahamputra for many rasons.
1. Whenwe are usingall mostall the water of river Ganga to irrigate the land below 500mts AMSL.
The flow of water in the river Ganga and Yamuna itself may decrease. But there are many cities –
piligrims –fertile lands on either the sides of the river Ganga and Yamuna and people are attached
mentally and phyasically to these rivers for all the activities. We all know the water of Ganga and
Yamuna is already contaminated because of over usage of the water of these rivers, we also know
the bacterial quality of the water of Ganga is not good. With present utilization and if the flow of
water drops in these rivers then we will add problems to the existing problem. So we need to
maintainthe flowof waterinthe riverGanga and yamanaas itis or evenmore andthat work will be
done by the river Brahmaputra through PC4.
2. If we are usingwaterin large quantityfromPC1 which is filled by the rivers like Ganga – Yamuna
– Mahanadi – Narmada – Godavari – Krishna – Kaveri and if the water is not sufficient then we can
extend the PC4 till the tip of south India at an height of 300 meters AMSL and all the land which is
less than 300 meters AMSL all the west – east – north – south states will get the water of river
Brahmaputra.
3. The land betweenthe level of 500 to 300 meters AMSL will be irrigated by PC1 with its principle
feedingeverflowingrivers like Ganga and Yamuna, and all the land which is below the level of 300
(the lands between the level of 0 to 300 meters AMSL) will be irrigated by PC4 with its principle
feeing ever flowing river Brahmaputra.
For these purposeswe needtoutilize the waterof riverBrahmaputraandforextensiveutilization of
water.
5.12. F&F – Brahmaputra river.
[Brahmaputra River:

The Brahmaputra, alsocalledTsangpo-Brahmaputra, is a trans-boundary river and one of the major
rivers of Asia.
BrahmaputraRiver:From itsorigininsouthwestern Tibetasthe YarlungZangboRiver,itflows across
southernTibettobreakthroughthe Himalayas in great gorges and into Arunachal Pradesh where it
isknownas Dihang.It flowssouthwestthroughthe AssamValleyasBrahmaputra and south through
Bangladesh asthe Jamuna.There it merges with the Ganges to form a vast delta. About 1,800 miles
(2,900 km) long, the river is an important source for irrigation and transportation. Its upper course
was longunknown,anditsidentitywiththe YarlungTsangpowasonly established by exploration in
1884-86. Thisriveris oftencalledTsangpo-Brahmaputra River. In Bangladesh the river merges with
the Ganges and splitsintotwo:the Hugli and PadmaRiver.Whenitmergeswith the Ganges it forms
the world's largest delta, the Sunderbans.
The riveris prone to catastrophicfloodinginspringwhenthe Himalayansnowsmelt.Itis also one of
the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore.
River course:Tibet: The YarlungTsangpooriginatesinthe JimaYangzongglacier near Mount Kailash
in the northern Himalayas. It then flows east for about 1,700 kilometers (1,100 mi), at an average
height of 4,000 meters (13,000 ft), and is thus the highest of the major rivers in the world. At its
easternmost point, it bends around Mt. Namcha Barwa, and forms the Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon
which is considered the deepest in the world.
India:Asthe river enters Arunachal Pradesh, it is called Siang and makes a very rapid descent from
its original height in Tibet, and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for
about 35 kilometers (22 mi) and is joined by two other major rivers: Dibang and Lohit. From this
pointof confluence,the riverbecomesvery wide and is called Brahmaputra. It is joined in Sonitpur
District by the Jia Bhoreli (named the Kameng River where it flows from Arunachal Pradesh) and
flowsthroughthe entire stretchof Assam.InAssamthe river is sometimes as wide as 10 kilometers
(6.2 mi). Between Dibrugarh and Lakhimpur districts the river divides into two channels---the
northern Kherxhutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again
about 100 kilometers (62 mi) downstream forming the Majuli island. At Guwahati near the ancient
pilgrimage centerof Hajo,the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the Shillong Plateau, and is at

itsnarrowestat 1 kilometer(1,100 yd) bank-to-bank,the Brahmaputraisthe narrowestatthispoint.
Source [34]
]
Brahmaputra River becomes the principle feeding river of the PC4. The early course of the PC4 is
based on flowwaterreceivingthe watersfromthe varioustributariesof riverBramahaputra,where
as the latercourse of the PC4 isFPC4 whichisbasedon the level of the water in the canal receiving
the watersfrom the tributaries of River Brahmaputra, tributaries of River Ganga and later it leaves
some water to river ganga as per the requirement and crosses the ganga depression by an U tube
and reaches Yamuna at 300mts AMSL and this course can be continued till the tip of south India.
5.13. F&F – Pollution in Brahmaputra River.
[Brahmaputra River; when compared to the other major rivers in India, the Brahmaputra is
less polluted but it has its own problems: petroleum refining units contribute most of the
industrial pollution load into the basin along with other medium and small industries. The
main problem facing the river basin is that of constant flooding. Floods have been occurring
more often in recent years with deforestation, and other human activities being the major
causes. Source[34]]
This one advantage we have with the river Brahmaputra. The lower course of both Ganga and
Yamuna are pollutedbecause of heavyhumanactivity.Thisareaof waterwill be well flushed by the
river water of Brahmaputra which is less contaminated. To the south the water for the ganga and
Yamuna are diverted at an higher level because the upper canal and the Yamuna upper canal are
passing at the level of 900 and 800 mts AMSL where the water of both ganga and Yamuna are not
polluted and thus the southern part of north India (South to the course of river Ganga and Yamuna
that isnorth slope of aravalli –vindyarange of hills),central India and south India will get the water
of RiverGangaand Yamuna ina nonpolluted state. Thus with RCS all the rivers will attain the state
of non pollution. With MV- MN we can attain the best quality of water in the River.
5.14. F&F – Sankosh River.
[Mo Chhu
Mo Chhu is a major river in Bhutan. The word "Chhu" means "river" or "water" in Dzongkha, the
official national language in Bhutan. The river rises in Gasa district (or dzongkhag) near the border
between Bhutan and Tibet. From there, the Mo Chhu flows generally southward to Punakha in
central Bhutan,where itjoinsthe PhoChhu from the northeast. The confluence of the two streams
isimmediately below the Punakha dzong, which is the winter home of the Central Monk Body and
the Je Khenpo.The combinedstreamsare thenjoinedbythe Dang Chhu near the town of Wangdue
Phodrang, and the name of the river becomes the Puna Tsang Chhu. The river then flows through
Dagana and Tsirangdistricts.AfterleavingBhutannearthe townof Kalikhola,the riverenters Assam
in India and is known as the Sankosh. The Sankosh ultimately empties into the Brahmaputra.
Source[34]
]
FPC4 intersects River Sankosh at 300 mts AMSL and the water of the river will be fed in to it.

5.15. F&F – River Manas.
[Drangme Chhu.
Drangme Chhu river drains a large portion of central and eastern Bhutan. The word Chhu means
"river" or "water" in Dzongkha. The river rises in the western portion of Arunachal Pradesh, India,
and flowssouthwestfirstintothe Bhutanese district (or dzongkhag) of Trashiyangtse and then into
Tashigang.The southflowingKulongandthe westflowingGamri jointhe Drangme near the town of
Tashigang. Continuing to the southwest, the river forms the boundary between Tashigang and
Mongar, and then between Pemagatsel and Mongar. Along this stretch is the confluence with
another major tributary, the south flowing Kuru, and a name change to the Manas River. Shortly
before turningsouthandleavingBhutan,the riveris augmented again with the waters of the south
flowingMangde ChhuRiver.The lowestpointinBhutan is at the point where the Manas Chhu River
crosses into India (Assam) near the town of Manas. The river empties into the Brahmaputra River
some 50 air miles south of the Bhutanese border. Source[34]
]
PC4 intersects the River Manas at a level higher then 300mts AMSL, and the water of the River will
drain to it.
5.16. F&F – Ganges delta.
[Ganges Delta: Region in West Bengal state, India, and Bangladesh. An area of about 220 mi (355
km) wide alongthe Bay of Bengal,itiscoveredbythe networkof streamsformingthe mouthsof the
Ganges(Ganga) and Brahmaputra rivers.InBangladeshthe Brahmaputra is joined by the Tista River
and, from there to its junction with the Ganges, is known as the Jamuna River.
The main streams, the Ganges and the Jamuna, unite to form the Padma River. The river farthest
west that enters the Bay of Bengal is the Hugli River. Many smaller streams of the delta form a
swamp region for about 160 miles (260 km) along the coast, known as the Sundarbans. The delta
was struck in 1970 by one of history's most devastating cyclones.
x
Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh and India

The Ganges Delta(alsoSunderbanDeltaorthe Bengal Delta) isa river delta in the South Asia region
of Bengal,consistingof Bangladesh andthe state of WestBengal, India.Itisthe world'slargestdelta,
and empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus
earning the nickname The Green Delta. The delta, also known as the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta,
stretchesfromthe Hugli River on the west to the Meghna River on the east. It is approximately 220
miles (350 km) across at the Bay of Bengal. Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and Haldia in India and
Mongla in Bangladesh are the principal seaports on the delta.
Cyclones and flooding
In November 1970, the deadliest tropical cyclone of the twentieth century hit the Ganges Delta
region. The 1970 Bhola cyclone killed 500,000 people (official death toll), with another 100,000
missing.The GuinnessBookof WorldRecords estimatedthe total lossof human life from the Bhola
cyclone at 1,000,000 - [1] Another cyclone hit the delta in 1991, killing about 138,000 people—see
1991 Bangladesh Cyclone.
People have to be careful building on the river delta as severe flooding also occurs. In 1998, the
Ganges flooded the delta, killing about 1,000 people and leaving more than 30 million people
homeless.The Bangladeshgovernmentaskedfor$900 milliontohelpfeedthe people of the region,
as the entire rice crop was lost.
Climate:The GangesDeltaliesmostlyinthe tropical wet climate zone,andreceives between 60 and
80 inches (1.5 to 2 m) of rainfall each year in the western part, and 80-120 inches (2 to 3 m) in the
eastern part. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January, with April and May being the
warmestmonths.Average temperaturesinJanuary range from 57 to 77 °F (14 to 25 °C),and average
temperatures in April range from 77 to 95 °F (25 to 35 °C). July is the wettest month, on average,
when over 13 inches (330 mm) of rain falls on the delta (temperature averages from Kolkata).
Source[34]
]
With the complete establishment of RCS the chances of cyclones affecting the land especially the
Gange delta,andthe eastenstateslike OrissaandAndrapradeshwill decrease. This may be because
the entire land of India will participate in the process of cloud formation and it is due to increased
eveoparaionof waterformall the landof India.All the lands will act like the surface of sea with the
depthe of water being few centimeters, thus the pressure in the altitude will correspond and the
wind with the cloud moving from higher density to the lower density with high speed as in the
presentsituationwill nothappenandthusthe cycloneswill be preventedtocertainextentoratleast
the severity of the cyclone will decrease.
Since the watergeneratedinthe upperareasare goingto be utilized effectivelyinfillingthe primary
channels to distribute to all the area of the nation especially those which are drought prone the
incidence of flood will decrease or the severity of the flood will decrease.
5.17. F&F – Future of Ganges delta.
[Ganges delta:Future of delta:One of the greatestchallengespeople livingonthe Ganges Delta may
face in comingyearsisthe threatof rising sealevels caused mostly by subsidence in the region and
partly by climate change. An increase of half a meter could result in six million people losing their

homes in Bangladesh. Higher temperatures related to climate change could also bring about more
severe flooding of the delta, because of increased melting of snow and glaciers in the Himalayas.
Important gas reserves have been discovered in the delta, which could play a major role in the
future of the region, and hopefully help lift many of the poor people living in the delta out of
poverty. Several major oil companies have invested in exploration of the Ganges delta region.
Source[34]
]
Creation of VPA - RCS – CRS - CRTS – MV – MN will make the nation to participate in the process of
decreasingthe “Global warming” through less usage of vehicles, less pollution, more formation of
forest areas, less urbanization and so on. Thus the rise in the sea level and melting of ice caps and
glaceriescanbe prevented.Allthe nationshave tofollow the principles or measures to prevent the
‘Global warming’ and India has to do it under emergency basis.
5.18. F&F – Damodar River.
[Indian Rivers: Damodar River: River, northeastern India. It rises, with its many tributaries, in the
Chota Nagpur plateau of Jharkhand and flows east 368 miles (592 km) through West Bengal to join
the Hugli Riversouthwest of Kolkata (Calcutta). Its valley includes India's most important coal- and
mica-mining fields and is an area of active industrial development.
Country India
States Jarkhand, west Bengal.
Major cities Dhanbad, Asansol,
Durgapur.
Landmarks Tenughat dam, Panchet
dam, Durgapur barrage,
Rondia anicut.
Length 592km (368mi)
Discharge at Hooghly river.
Source Chandwa, Palamau
Major tributaries Barakar River.

Damodar River originates near Chandwa village, Palamau district, on the Chota Nagpur Plateau in
the Jharkhand state in eastern India, and flows eastward for about 592 km through the states of
Jharkhand and West Bengal to the estaury of the River Hooghly. It has a number of tributaries and
subtributaries, such as Barakar, Konar, Bokaro, Haharo, Jamnai, Ghari, Guaia, Khadia and Bhera.
In some of the local languages of Jharkhand it is called Damuda, damu means sacred and da means
water.The Damodar earlierusedtoflow throughBengal ona directwestto east course and join the
River Hughli near Kalna. However, it has changed its course and in its lower reaches most of the
water flows into the Mundeswari river, which combines with other rivers and finally most of the
Damodar waterflowsintothe RupnarayanRiver.The balance waterflowsthrough what is known as
Damodar into the Hughli south of Kolkata.
The Barakar isthe most importanttributaryof the Damodar. It originates near Padma in Hazaribagh
districtandflowsthroughJharkhandbefore meeting the Damodar near Dishergarh in West Bengal.
The Damodar and the Barakar trifurcates the Chota Nagpur plateau. The rivers pass through hilly
areas withgreatforce,sweeping away whatever lies in their path. Two bridges on the Grand Trunk
Road nearBarhi inHazaribaghdistrictwere torndownby the Barakar, the great stone bridge in 1913
and the subsequent iron bridge in 1946.
The Chota NagpurPlateaureceivesanaverage annual rainfall of around 1400 mm, almost all of it in
the monsoon months between June and August. The huge volume of water that flows down the
Damodar andits tributariesduringthe monsoonsusedtobe a furyin the upperreachesof the valley
but in the lower valley it used to overflow its banks and flood large areas.
Damodar River was earlier known as the River of Sorrows as it used to flood many areas of
Bardhaman, Hughli, Howrah and Medinipur districts. Even now the floods sometimes affect the
lower Damodar Valley but the havoc it wreaked in earlier years is now a matter of history.
The floodswere virtually an annual ritual but in some years the damage was probably more and so
many of the great floods of the Damodar are recorded in history – 1770, 1855, 1866, 1873-74, 1875-
76, 1884-85, 1891-92, 1897, 1900, 1907, 1913, 1927, 1930, 1935 and 1943. In four of these floods
(1770, 1855, 1913 and 1943) most of Bardhaman town was flooded.
Damodar Valley:
The Damodar Valley is spread across Hazaribagh, Koderma, Giridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro and Chatra
districts in Jharkhand and Bardhaman and Hooghly districts in West Bengal and partially covers
Palamu, Ranchi, Lohardaga and Dumka districts in Jharkhand and Howrah, Bankura and Purulia
districts in West Bengal with a command area of 24,235 km².
The Damodar Valley contains large reserves of coal and mica, and the area is a highly developed
industrial belt.Manyrefertothe DamodarValleyasthe Ruhr of Indiabecause of its similarities with
the Ruhr mining-industrial area of Germany. The dams on the Damodar River have several
hydroelectric power plants. Of late, the Damodar has become one of the most polluted rivers of
India, with chemicals, mine rejects and toxic effluents flowing into the river from mines and
industrieslocatedin the valley. Efforts are being made to reduce the level of pollution in the river

The Damodar Valleyliesinthe ChotaNagpurPlateau of the state of Jharkhand,India.It also extends
to some parts of the state of West Bengal. The valley derives its name from the Damodar River,
whicharisesfromthe plateauof ChotaNagpur.The Damodar Valleyisone of the mostindustrialised
parts of India. Three integrated steel plants (Bokaro, Burnpur and Durgapur) of Steel Authority of
India Limited (SAIL) and other factories are located in the valley.
Damodar Valley contains a variety of mineral deposits, including very large deposits of coal and
refractorymaterials.The largest(almost the only)reservesof cokingcoal inthe country are found in
the Jhariacoalfieldsinthe valley. The valley also generates 60% of India’s medium grade coal. Coal
IndiaLimited operatesinthe valleyin a big way. Several dams have been constructed in the valley,
for the generation of hydroelectric power. The valley is called “the Ruhr of India”. Damodar Valley
Corporation, popularly known as DVC, came into being on July 7, 1948 by an Act of the Constituent
Assembly of India(ActNo.XIV of 1948) as the firstmultipurpose rivervalley project of independent
India. It is modelled on the Tennessee Valley Authority of the USA.
The initial focusof the DVCwere floodcontrol,irrigation,generation, transmission and distribution
of electricity, eco-conservation and afforestation, as well as job creation for the socio-economic
well-beingof the people residing in and around areas affected by DVC projects. However, over the
past few decades, power generation has gained priority. Other objectives of the DVC, however,
remain part of its primary responsibility. The dams in the valley have a capacity to moderate peak
floods of 650,000 to 250,000 ft3
/s. DVC has created irrigation potential of 3640 km2
.
The first dam was built across the Barakar River, a tributary of the Damodar River at Tilaiya in 1953.
The secondone was builtacrossthe Konar River,anothertributaryof the Damodar River at Konar in
1955. Two dams across the rivers Barakar and Damodar were built at Maithon in 1957 and Panchet
in 1959. Both the dams are some 8 km upstream of the confluence point of the rivers. These four
majordams are controlledbyDVC. Durgapurbarrage was constructeddownstreamof the four dams
in1955, across the Damodar riverat Durgapur in1955, withheadregulatorsforcanalson eitherside
for feedinganextensive systemof canals and distributaries. In 1978, the Government of Bihar (that
was before the formation of the state of Jharkhand) constructed the Tenughat dam across the
Damodar Riveroutside the control of DVC.Itproposestoconstruct a dam across the Barakar Riverat
Belpahari in Jharkhand state. Source[34]
]
The east extension of FPC1 will intersect the River damodhar at 500mts AMSL, and the FPC4 will
intersect the river at 300mts AMSL. The water from the FPC1 and FPC4 can be used to flush the
river. All the industries which are present in the Damodar valley will get sufficient water in all the
monts of the year through FPC1 and FPC4. The flood that is going to occur in this river will be
effectivelydrainedbythe FPC1andFPC4 and the wateris usedall across the nation below the level
of 500 mts AMSL. All the damsand the area below the levelof 500mts AMSL will get the water from
FPC1 and all the land and the area below the level of 300mts AMSL will get the water from FPC4.
Constructionof newdamswill notbe requiredwiththe complete establishmentof RCS because RCS
will act like a continuous source of water for all the land below 500mts AMSL. Most of the time we
will not get wast land for agriculture above the level of 500mts AMSL and if it is present and if that
place requireswaterthenwe mayhave topreserve the rainwaterfor future use and that rain water

will remainonthe surface forlongtime since the undergroundwaterissaturatedwiththe waters of
the RCS.
5.19. F&F – Mahanadi River.
[Indian rivers: Mahanadi river
Mahanadi River - Nasa Satellite view
The Mahanadi River ("great river") is a river in eastern India. It is one of the longest rivers in India
and drains a substantial part of peninsular India. The Mahanadi rises in the highlands of
Chhattisgarh.Itflowsthrough Orissatoreach the Bay of Bengal. The length of the river is about 860
km. Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Orissa.
Nearthe city of Sambalpur, the world’s largest earth dam - the Hirakud Dam - empounds the river.
High towers, Gandhi Minar and Ashok Minar, are placed at either end for inspection of the dam.
The Mahanadi risesinDhamtari Districtof Chhattisgarh.The fertileplainsof the Mahanadi valleyare
home to intensive rice cultivation. The Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers together form a large delta
where they meet the Bay of Bengal. The city of Cuttack lies at the head of this delta. This delta
housesone of the largest mangrove forestsinpeninsularIndia,andis a major rice producing area of
the eastern coast of India.
The Mahanadi Riverirrigatesafertile valley where crops of rice, oilseed, and sugarcane are grown.
River delta
Mahanadi Riverbasin lies in the states of Chhattisgarh (75,136 km²), Orissa (65,580 km²), Bihar (635
km²) and Maharashtra (238 km²) for a total of 141589 km² which is nearly 4.3% of the total
geographical area of the country. Its main tributaries are the Seonth, the Jonk, the Hasdeo, the
Mand, the Ib, the Ong, and the Tel.
Physiographically, the delta can be divided into four regions, namely, the Northern Plateau, the
EasternGhats, the Coastal Plainandthe Erosional Plainsof Central Table Land.The firsttwo are hilly
regions. The coastal plain is the central interior region of the delta, traversed by the river and its
tributaries.The mainsoil typesfoundinthe basinare redandyellow soils,mixedredandblack soils,
laterite soils and deltaic soils.

RiverBhargabi is one of the longest river in Orissa. It supplies all the water for the Puri district and
other districts nearby.
2008 Flood
In September2008 a floodinthe Mahanadi Delta affected half the districts of Orissa. 16 people are
feared dead, 80,000 have been evacuated, and hundreds of thousands of people have been
displaced.The state governmentaskedthe Central Governmenttoname the Orissa Flood a national
disasterandprovide Rupees1500 crore (INR15 billion)asrelief.The mostaffecteddistrictsof Orissa
are Cuttack, Jagatsingpur, Puri, Kendrapara, Boudh & Angul. At Tikarapada in Angul distric about
3000 people were evacuated.
Water
An average annual surface water potential of 66.9 km³ has been assessed in this basin. Out of this,
50.0 km³ isutilisable water.Culturable areainthe basinisabout80,000 km²,whichis 4% of the total
culturable area of the country.
Presentuse of surface waterinthe basinis 17.0 km³.Live storage capacityin the basinhas increased
significantly since independence. From just about 0.8 km³ in the pre-plan period, the total live
storage capacity of the completed projects has increased to 8.5 km³. In addition, a substantial
storage quantity of over 5.4 km³ would be created on completion of projects under construction.
Additional storage to the tune of over 11.0 km³ would become available on execution of projects
under consideration. The hydropower potential of the basin has been assessed as 627 MW at 60%
load factor.
Kendrapara district was most efficted in 2008 flood. Source[34]
]
River Mahanadhi and all its tributaries will feed the FPC1 east extension at 500mts AMSL during
rainy seasons thus the floods are avoided and FPC1 will feed all the reservoirs and the land in
summer season. In the same way FPC4 will be fed by the river Mahanadi and its tributaries at the
level of 300mts AMSL and all the land and the reservoirs which are below 300mts AMSL will be fed
by the FPC4. All the water generated in the river basin can be utilized effectively through RCS.

5.20. F&F – Godavari River.
[Godavari:Godavari River,900 mi (1,450 km) long,risinginthe WesternGhats in Maharashtra state,
W central India, and flowing SE across the Deccan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal. The Manjra and
Indravati riversare itschief tributaries.Below Rajahmundry, 50 mi (80 km) from the coast, the river
divides into two streams that form a large delta. The delta, site of some of the earliest European
settlements in India, has an extensive navigable irrigation-canal system, linking the region to the
Krishna River delta to the southwest. A dam NW of Rajahmundry provides water for irrigation and
generates hydroelectricity.
Although the river arises only 80 kilometers from the Arabian Sea, it flows 1,465 km to empty into
the Bay of Bengal.
River basin and tributaries
Detailed list of Tributaries
o Indravati River
o Pranahita River
o Wainganga River
o Wardha River
o Manjira River
o Kinnerasani River
o Sileru River
o Sabari River
o Bindusara River
o Moosi River
o Taliperu River
The Indrawati, Wainganga, Wardha, Pench, Kanhan and Penganga rivers, discharge an enormous
volume of water into the Godavari system.

The Godavari River has a drainage area of 313,000 km² in six states- Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Orissa. The Manjra river is its major tributary.
Source[34]
]
Godavari is one of the major rivers which feed the FPC1 above the level of 500mts AMSL and FPC4
above 300mts AMSL.
5.21. F&F – Narmada River.
[Indian rivers: Narmada River:
The Narmada is a river in central India and the fifth largest river rising in Madhya Pradesh state, in
the Indiansubcontinent.Itformsthe traditionalboundarybetweenNorth India and South India and
flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km before draining through the Gulf of Cambay (Khambat)
into the Arabian Sea, 50 km west of Bharuch city of Gujarat. It is one of only three major rivers in
pensinsularIndiathatrunsfromeast to west(largestwestflowingriver) alongwiththe Tapti andthe
Mahi River. It is the only river in India that flows in a rift valley flowing west between the Satpura
and Vindhyaranges.Itflowsthroughthe statesof Madhya Pradesh (1,077 km), Maharashtra, [74 km
-35 km border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra and 39 km border between Madhya
Pradesh and Gujarat and in Gujarat 161 km].
The source of the Narmada is a small tank called Narmada Kund located on the Amarkantak hill
(1057 m) in the Shahdol district of eastern Madhya Pradesh. The river descends from the
Amarkantak hill range at the Kapildhara falls over a clif and meaders in the hills flowing through a
tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between
Ramnagar and Mandla, 25 km further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep
waterdevoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north-east in a
narrow loop towards Jabalpur. Close to this city, after a fall of some 9 metre (29 ft) called the
Dhuandhara, the fall of mist, it flows for 3 km in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium
limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks; from a width of about 90 meters above, it is
compressedinthischannel of 18 meters only. Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea,
the Narmada entersthree narrowvalleysbetweenthe Vindhyanscarpsin the north and the Satpura
range in the South.The southernextensionof the valley is wider at most places. These three valley
sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills.
Emergingfromthe Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about 320 km
with an average width of 35 km in the south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna-Bareli
plain terminating at Barkhara hills opposite Hoshangabad. However, the hills again recede in the
Kannodplains.The banksare about 12 metre high. It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many
of itsimportanttributariesfromthe southjoinit and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the
Satpura hills.Amongthemare:the Sher, the Shakkar, the Dudhi, the Tawa (biggest tributary) & the
Ganjal. The Hiran, the Barna, the Choral, the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries
joining from the north.

BelowHandiaandNemawarto Hiranfall (the deer'sleap),the riverisapproachedby hills from both
sides.Inthisstretchthe character of the riverisvaried. The Omkareshwar island, sacred to the Lord
Shiva, is the most important river island in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the
stream,quickeninginpace,rushesoverabarrierof rocks. The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the
Khandwaplain.Attwopoints,atMandhar, about 40 km below Nemawar, and Dadrai, 40 km further
down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about 12 m.
A few kilometers further down near Bareli and the crossing ghat of the Agra to Mumbai road
(National HighwayNo3,the Narmada entersthe Mandleshwarplain,the secondbasinabout180 km
long and 65 km wide in the south. The northern strip of the basin is only 25 km. The second valley
sectionisbrokenonlybySaheshwarDhara fall. The early course of about 125 km up to Markari falls
is met with a succession of cataracts and rapids from the elevated table land of Malwa to the low
level of Gujarat plain. Towards the west of this basin, the hills draw very close but soon dwindle
down.
Below Makrai, the river flows between Baroda and Nandod and then meanders through the rich
plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state. The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial
deposits, hardenedmud, gravels of nodular limestone and sand. The width of the river spans from
about 1.5 km at Makrai to 3 km near Bharuch and to an estuary of 21 km at the Gulf of Cambay. An
old channel of the river, 1 to 2 km south from the present one, is very clear below Bharuch. The
Karanjanand the Orsingare the mostimportanttributariesinthe original course.The formerjoinsat
Rundh and the latter at Vyas in Baroda district of Gujarat, opposite each other and form a Triveni
(confluenceof three rivers) onthe Narmada. The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of
significance. Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet.
Narmada basin
The Narmada basin, hemmed between Vindya and Satpuda ranges, extends over an area of 98,796
km², lying on the northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau. The basin covers large areas in the
states of Madhya Pradesh (86%), Gujarat (14%) and a comparatively smaller area (2%) in
Maharashtra. In the rivercourse of 1312 kmexplained above, there are 41 triburaries, out of which
22 are from the Satpuda range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range.
The basinhas five well definedphysiographicregions. Theyare:(1) The upperhillyareascoveringthe
districtsof Shahdol,Mandla,Durg,Balaghatand Seoni,(2) The upper plains covering the districts of
Jabalpur,Narsimhapur,Sagar,Damoh,Chhindwara, Hoshangabad,Betul,Raisenand Sehore, (3) The
middle plains covering the districts of East Nimar, part of west Nimar, Dewas, Indore and Dhar, (4)
The lower hilly areas covering part of the west Nimar, Jhabua, Dhulia, Narmada and parts of
Vadodara, and (5) the lower plains covering mainly the districts of Narmada Bharuch, and parts of
Vadodara. The hill regions are well forested. The upper, middle and lower plains are broad and
fertile areas,wellsuitedforcultivation.The Narmadabasinmainlyconsistsof blacksoils.The coastal
plains in Gujarat are composed of alluvial clays with a layer of black soils on the surface.
The valley experiences extremes of hydrometeorological and climatic conditions with the upper
catchment having an annual precipitation in the range of 1000 to 1850 mm and with half or even

less than half in its lower regions (650-750mm); the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the
upperregiontodry deciduousteakforestvegetationinthe lowerregionistestimonytothisfeature.
The Irrigation Commission (1972) identified the Narmada basin in Madhya Pradesh as drought
affectedanda large part of NorthGujarat,Saurashtra and Kutchas semi-arid or arid scarcity regions
on account of extreme unreliability of rainfall, rendering them ‘chronically’ drought prone and
subject to serious drinking water problems. Source[34]
]
FPC1 intersectthe riverNarmada at the level of 500 meters AMSL. All those tributaries to Narmada
and the riverNarmadaitself feedsthe FPC1andthe riverNarmada and itstributariesbelow the level
of 500 will receive the water from FPC1 with its principal feeders as river Ganga and Yamuna. Thus
all the droughtprone areas of the statesof madyapradesh,maharastra,Gujarath and rajastan which
are belowthe levelof 500 mts AMSL will getadequate irrigationfromthe FPC1.Duringrainyseasons
the water which generates in excess will be utilized all across the nation for the areas which are
below 500mts AMSL.
5.22. F&F – Tapti River.
[Tapti River:The Tapti Riverisa riverincentral India.It isone of the major rivers of peninsular India
with a length of around 724 km. It is one of only three rivers - the others being the Narmada River
and the Maui River that runs from east to west.
The riverrises inthe eastern SatpuraRange of southern Madhya Pradesh state,andflowswestward,
draining Madhya Pradesh's Nimar region, Maharashtra's Kandesh. The Tapti River originates in the
Betul district from a place called Multai.
River basin and tributaries: The Tapti River basin encompasses an area of 65,145 km², which is
nearly two percent of the total area of India. The basin lies in the states of Maharashtra (51,504
km²), Madhya Pradesh (9,804 km²) and Gujarat (3,837 km²).
The basin lies mostly in the northern and eastern districts Maharashtra state, including Amravati,
Akola, Buldhana, Washim, Jalgaon, Dhule, Nandurbar, and Nashik districts, but also includes the
Betul and Burhanpur districts of Madhya Pradesh and the Surat district of Gujarat.
List of tributaries: The principal tributaries of the Tapti River are the Purna River, Girna River,
Panzara River, Waghur River, Bori River and Aner River. Other tributaries include:
 Shiva River in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra State
 Gomai River in Nandurbar
 Vaki River in Nandurbar
 Arunavati River in Dhule district of Maharashtra state
 Burai River in Dhule
 Panzara River in Jalgaon, Dhule districts of Maharashtra state
 Kaan River in Dhule
 Bori River in Jalgaon
 Aner River in Jalgaon, Dhule

 Girna River in Nasik, Malegaon, and Jalgaon district of Maharastra state.
 Titur River in Jalgaon
 Mausam River in Malegaon
 Waghur River in Jalgaon, Aurangabad
 PurnaRiverin Amravati,Akola,Buldhana,Jalgaondistrictsof Maharashtrastate and Madhya
Pradesh State. Joins Tapti River at Changdev in Jalgaon
 Nalganga River in Buldhana
 Vishwaganga River in Buldhana,
 Nipani River in Buldhana
 Mann River in Buldhana, Akola districts of Maharashtra state
 Mas River in Buldhana, Akola
 Utawali River in Buldhana, Akola
 Vishwamitri River in Akola
 Nirguna River in Washim,Akola
 Gandhari River in Akola
 Aas River in Akola
 Vaan River in Buldhana, Akola, Amravati districts of Maharashtra state
 Morna River in Akola , Washim
 Shahanur River in Akola, Amravati
 Bhavkhuri River in Amravati
 Katepurna River in Akola, Washim districts of Maharashtra state
 Umaa River in Akola, Washim
 Pendhi River in Akola, Amravati
 Chandrabhaga River in Amravati
 Bhuleswari River in Amravati
 Aarna River in Amravati
 Gadga River in Amravati district of Maharashtra state
 Sipna River in Amravati
 Khapra River in Amravati
 Khandu River in Amravati
 Tigriy River in Amravati
 Surkhi River in Amravati
 Burshi River in Amravati district.
 Nesu River in Surat district of Gujarat state
 Maharashtra state
Ganjal River in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh state Source[34]
]
Some of the tributariesof Rivertapti whichintersects the FPC1 will drain their water in to FPC1 and
all the areas and reservoirswhichare below the level of 500 mts AMSL will get the water from FPC1.

5.23. F&F – Krishna River.
[Indian rivers: Krishna
A riverof southernIndia rising in the Western Ghats and flowing about 1,287 km (800 mi) eastward
to the Bay of Bengal.
An interestingthingtonotice isthat4 otherriverscome out from the cow (bull's) mouth apart from
the Krishna river and they all travel some distance before merging into Krishna. The rivers are
Koyana, Venna(Veni), Savitri and Gayatri.
Ecologically, this is one of the disastrous rivers in the world, in that it causes heavy soil erosion
during the monsoon season. It flow fast and furious, often reaching depths of over 75 feet (23 m).
Ironically,there isasayingin Marathi (language of Maharashtra) "sunt vaahate Krishnamaai" which
means "quiet flow Krishna". This term is also used to describe how a person should be, as quiet as
Krishna. But, in reality, Krishna causes a high degree of erosion between June and August. During
this time, Krishna takes fertile soil from Maharashtra, Karnataka and western Andhra Pradesh
towards the delta region.
Map of the River:
Origin: Mahabaleswar, Maharashtra, India.
Mouth: Bay of Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Length: 1300 km.
RiverKrishna,one of the longest rivers of Bharat India (about 1300 km in length). It originates from
MahabaleswarinMaharashtra inthe westandmeetsthe Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi in Andhra
Pradesh,onthe eastcoast. It alsoflowsthroughthe state of Karnataka. The delta of the river is one
the most fertile regions in Bharat.

The legendary source of the river is a spout from the mouth of a statue of a cow in the ancient
temple of Mahadev in Mahabaleshwar.
Tributaries
Its most important tributary is the Tungabhadra River, which is formed by the Tunga River and
Bhadra Riverthatoriginate in the Western Ghats. Other tributaries include the Koyna River, Bhima
River (and its tributaries such as the Kundali River feeding into the Upper Bhima River Basin),
Malaprabha River, Ghataprabha River, Yerla River, Warna River, Dindi River, Musi River and
Dudhganga River.
The rivers Koyna River, Vasna, Panchganga, Dudhganga, Ghataprabha River, Malaprabha River and
Tungabhadra River join Krishna from the right bank; while the Yerla River, Musi River, Maneru and
Bhima rivers join the Krishna from the left bank
There are many dams have been constructed on the river.
Krishna Basin [from Govt. Of India page (public domain).
Krishna Basin extends over an area of 258,948 km² which is nearly 8% of total geographical area of
the country. The basin lies in the states of Andhra Pradesh (113,271 km²), Karnataka (76,252 km²)
and Maharashtra (69,425 km²).
Krishna River rises in the Western Ghats at an elevation of about 1337 m just north of
Mahabaleshwar, about 64 km from the Arabian Sea and flows for about 1400 km and outfalls into
the Bay of Bengal.
Most part of thisbasincomprisesrollingandundulatingcountryexceptthe western border which is
formed by an unbroken line of ranges of the Western Ghats. The important soil types found in the
basinare blacksoils,redsoils,laterite andlateriticsoils,alluvium,mixedsoils,redandblacksoilsand
saline and alkaline soils.
An average annual surface water potential of 78.1 km³ has been assessed in this basin. Out of this,
58.0 km³ isutilizable water. Cultivable area in the basin is about 203,000 km², which is 10.4% of the
total cultivable area of the country. Source[34]
]
The river Krishan and its tributaries will feed their water in to FPC1 at 500mts AMSL and also the
FPC4 at 300 mtsAMSL. All the areas whichare less than 500mts will be irrigated by the FPC1 and all
the areas which are less than 300mts AMSL will be irrigated by FPC4 and FPC1. The excess water
whichisgeneratedduringrainyseasonscanbe storedinall the staesof the India where the level of
the land is less than 500 mts AMSL including the states of Madyapradesh, Uttarpradesh, Rajasthan
and Gujarath.All the dams/ reservoirswhichcome below the level of 500mts AMSL will be filled by
the FPC1 and all the dams which come below 300mts AMSL will be filled by the FPC4 with River
Brahmaputra as its principle feeder. So people need not bargain for water in the river basin for
water. The high degree of erosion caused by the river Krishna between June and August can be
reutilized as manure which collects as silt in the PC by doing periodic desilting.

5.24. F&F – Kaveri River.
[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: The Kaveri River is one of the major rivers of India,
which is considered sacred by Hindus. The origin of the river is traditionally placed at Talakaveri,
Kodagu district in the Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka, flows generally south and east
through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and across the southern Deccan plateau through the
southeastern lowlands, emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two principal mouths. Source [36]
Kaveri Riverisone of the importantriversforthe people of Karnatakaand Tamil nadu,as itis passing
through these states and giving water for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes.
5.25. F&F – Origen of river Kaveri.
[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: The river is considered to rise at Talakaveri in the
Brahmagiri hills in Kodagu, though there is not a flow at this point all year round. It forms the
principal drainage of thisdistrict,andisalreadyamajor riverwhenitleaves the Western Ghats near
Kushalanagara. Source [36]
]
Thismeansmost of the watergeneratedinthisriverisform(the catchmentareas) the westernghat.
5.26. F&F – Course of River Kaveri.
[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: After the river leaves the Kodagu hills and flows onto
the Deccan plateau, it forms two islands, Srirangapatna and Shivanasamudra. It also drops into the
Hogenakal Fallsjustbefore itarrivesinthe townsof Hogenakal (pughaiyumkal inTamil whichmeans
smoking stone --the fall of the water on the stones creates a mist which gives the appearance of
smoke). Source [36]
]
Fallsare good to see,butwhenwe lookatthe present need it is not nice to leave the water to flow
like this, beyond our storing capacity of the reservoirs the water will reach at the sea without any
use on the inhabitedarea.With the establishmentof RCSthe FPC1 will intersectthe river Cauvery at
the level of 500mts above the MSL which is at the distal to the shivanasamudra falls (base of Gagan
chukki andBara chukki falls).Inthiscase the water which flows in the Hogeyanakal falls will be the
water of FPC1 (Water of river Ganga – Yamuna- Mahanadi – Godavari – Krishna)
5.27. F&F – Kaveri river basin.
[The Kaveri River:KAVERIWATERSHARING: The Kaveri River basin is estimated to be 27,700 square
miles(72,000 km2
) withmany tributariesincluding the Shimsha, the Hemavati River, the Arkavathy
River,Honnuhole River, Lakshmana Tirtha River, Kabini River, Bhavani River, the Lokapavani River,
the Noyyal Riverandthe Amaravati River.RisinginsouthwesternKarnatakastate,itflows southeast
some 475 mi (765 km) to enter the Bay of Bengal. East of the city of Mysore it forms the island of

Shivanasamudra, on either side of which are the scenic Shivanasamudra Falls that descend about
320 ft (100 m) known as Gagana Chukki and Bhara Chukki. The hydroelectric plant built on the left
Sivanasamudra Falls on the Kaveri in 1902 was the first hydroelectric plant in Asia's and supplied
powerto the cityof Bangalore.In1906, Bangalore became the firstcityinAsiato be fully electrified
and to have electric street lights. The river is the source for an extensive irrigation system and for
hydroelectric power. The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the
lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of South India. Source [36]
]
Among the catchment area of 72000 square kilometers, which ever area which are above the level
of 900mts AMSL which forms the catchment area for the tributaries like simsha – Hemavathi –
Arkavathi – Honnuhole – Lakshmana threetha – Kabini – suvarnavathi – Uduthore halla – palar river
will feedthe FPC2andthuswhenever there israininthisareathe waterwill enterthe FPC2and thus
it will be distributedtoall the districtsof southKarnatakaandwesterndistrictsof Andrapradeshand
Tamilnadu.Whichwill give more the necessarywaterforagriculture –industry – domestic purposes
and major cities like Bangalore and Mysore will get adequate water for domestic and industrial
purposes without the need to pump the water as we are doing it now like pumping house near
malvalli for Bangalore city and near Belagola for Mysore city. Bhavani River, the Lokapavani River,
the Noyyal Riverandthe Amaravati Riverwill notfeedtheirwatertoFPC2 as there are Nilgiri hillsin-
betweenthesetwosetsof tributaries.If the waterrequirementisextensivethen we can extend the
FPC2 till Amaravathi River.
5.28. F&F – Dams across river Kaveri.
[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: In its course through Karnataka, the channel is
interruptedbytwelve"anicuts"(dams)forthe purpose of irrigation.Fromthe anicut at Madadkatte,
an artificial channel is diverted at a distance of 72 miles (116 km), irrigating an area of 10,000 acres
(40 km²), and ultimately bringing its water supply to the town of Mandya. Source [36]
]
The FPC2 will provide adequatewatersupplytoall these damsandcanals.Inthe present situation if
there israin inthe Hemavathi,lakmanatheertha and river Cauvery then krishanaraja sagar dam and
madad katte damwill fill andthe waterinthe correspondingchannelswillflow. With FPC2 even the
rain in the Kabini river catchment area will fill krishanarajasagar and Madad katte dams as it is not
happeningtodaybecause Kabini River joins the river Cauvery at T. Narasipura which is at the distal
course.
5.29. F&F – Aqueduct for the water of river Kaveri.
[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: Near Srirangapatna, there is an aqueduct, the Bangara
Doddi Nala, which was constructed in the 17th
century by the Wodeyar maharaja of Mysore,
RanadhiraKantirava,inmemoryof hisfavorite consort. It is said to be the only aqueduct where the
waterfrom a river,dammedupstream,iscarriedbythe aqueductoverthe verysame riverfew miles
downstream. This aqueduct also served as a motorable bridge until 1964. In addition to providing
manyancientand moderncanalswithwaterfromthe riverfor irrigational purposes, the Kaveri also
serves as the main drinking water source for many towns and villages. The cities of Bangalore,

Mandya and Mysore depend almost entirely on the Kaveri for their drinking water supply.
Torekadanahalli pumpstationsends540 Mld (million liters per day) of water from Kaveri 100 km to
Bangalore. Source [36]
]
Creation of Aqueduct to the greater extent and pump stations will not be required with the
establishmentof FPC2at 900mts AMSL. Itis because anyamountof waterwhich is generated in the
catchmentarea whichisabove 900 mts AMSL of the river Shimsha,Hemavati River,ArkavathyRiver,
Honnuhole River,Lakshmana Tirtha River, Kabini River, suvarnavathi river, palar river will feed the
FPC2. Since bothBangalore andMysore citiesare lessthan900 metersAMSL,both the cities will get
the water by gravity and there is no need to maintain pump station. The areas which are less than
900 meters AMSL can be easily irrigated with surface canals.
5.30. F&F – KRS and Mettur dam.
[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: The water for the Kaveri is primarily supplied by
monsoon rains. Dams, such as the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam and Mettur Dam, and those on its
tributaries such as Banasura Sagar Dam project on a Kabini River tributary, store water from
monsoon periods and release the water during the dry months. Even so, during the months of
February-May,waterlevels are often quite low, and in some channels and distributaries riverbeds
may become dry. Flow generally begins to increase in June or July. However, in some years when
rainsare light,the lowriverlevel canleadtoagricultural distressinareasdependentuponthe Kaveri
for irrigation. Source [36]
]
RiverCauvery and its tributaries are the seasonal rivers. Flows well in rainy seaons, which is in the
months of June to September. The more water generated in these months above the storing
capacity of the major reservoirs like krishnarajasagar and mettur reservoir will enter in to the sea
and most of the south Karnataka district will remain dry even during the rainy seasons.
FPC2 will give solution for this problem. All the water generated in the months between june to
Septembercanbe effectivelyutilizedtostore waternotonlyinthe major reservoir like krishanaraja
sagar but also in all the dry small reservoirs of all the district of south Karnataka and that will raise
the underground water levels in this higher level areas. When once the underground water level
rises by the seasonal filling of FPC2 and ever flowing FPC1 the water which is absorbed from the
waterbedwill decreasesdrastically and the surface water will be available for the summer season
between February to May. Thus there will not be any scarcity of water even in summer seasons.
5.31. F&F – Capacity of KRS and Mettur dam.
[The Kaveri River:KAVERIWATERSHARING:The Krishna Raja Sagara Dam has a capacity of 49 tmc ft.
and the Mettur Dam whichcreatesStanleyReservoir has a capacity of 93.4 tmc ft.(thousand million
cubic ft). In August 2003, inflow into reservoirs in Karnataka was at a 29 year low, with a 58%
shortfall. Water stored in Krishna Raja Sagara amounted to only 4.6 tmc ft. Source [36]
]
Since the FPC1 intersectthe riverCauveryatthe level of 500mts AMSL and the mettur dam is below
this level the mettur dam with the capacity of 93.4 TMC can be always filled with FPC1 water and

any amout of water the tamil nadu can use from it and there is no restriction or limitation for it
because metturdamis goingtobe filled with the waters of the river Ganga – Yamuna – Mahanadi –
Narmada – Godavari – krishana and the excess water that generates from the Cauvery river.
5.32. F&F – Kaveri tribunal.
[The Kaveri River: KAVERI WATER SHARING: Water is addressed in the Constitution of India. The
governmenthassetuptribunalsfor water disputes. The Kaveri Water Disputes Tribunal was set up
in June 1990 and has not concluded adjudication. Kaveri water sharing has been a major issue of
contention between the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and the union territory of
Pondicherry. A central government agency has been formed to look into this issue. According to a
study conducted by the central government in 1972, the utilization of water from Kaveri in Tamil
Nadu was 489 tmc and Karnataka's utilization was 277 tmc. With the growth in the population,
Karnataka wishes to increase its utilization to 465 tmc. The Kaveri Tribunal, in its interim award of
June 1991, orderedthat Karnatakashouldrelease 205tmc of waterto Tamil Nadu duringone "water
year"- fromJune to May. It also stipulated a monthly quota for flow. The Tribunal which had been
investigating the issue for 16 years finally came out with the verdict on 5th of February 2007 of 419
tmc for Tamil Nadu, 270 tmc for Karnataka, 50 tmc for Kerala and 7 tmc for Pondichery, a verdict
which both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are believed to challenge. Source [36]
]
There isno necessitytoformor maintainanytribunals after the establishment of RCS, it is because
the supplyof waterwill alwaysismore thanthe demandforall the states.Tribunalscannotgenerate
water in the rivers, it can only give judgments on ‘sharing of available water’ based on the water
generated in the catchment area of the river, the agriculture lands available and based on the
population. If the availability itself is less due to less raining then the tribunal, the states coming
underthat tribunal will be undertrouble.Lesswatertoanyof the stateswill leadto problem for the
state. RCS will give solution for all these. Here Karnataka wants 465 TMC, give all the water
generatedinthe riverCauverytoKarnatakaonly,letKarnatakause all the possible water generated
in its state and there is no necessity to give any water to Tamilnadu. And then Tamil nadu was
utilizing489TMC of Cauverywater, letTamilnaduuse 2000TMC or evenmore if theywantand there
won’tbe any scarcityof waterof waterbecause the FPC1will be filledbythe everflowing rivers like
Ganga and Yamuna and it is also filled by the others rivers like Mahanadhi, Narmada, Godavari,
krishana and Cauvery itself from their catchment areas which are above 500meters AMSL.
Sources:
[34] Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, answers.com, Wikipedia.
[35] India - RiversBrahamputra River,India Brahamputra River, Holy River in India Famous
India.mht.
[36] Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.

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