Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate. Improving climate resilience involves assessing how climate change will create new, or alter current, climate related risks, and taking steps to better cope with these risks. It is the use of climate smart technologies for cropping in inappropriate climate to counteract the problems. Through the adoption of inventive methodologies and the facilitation of knowledge sharing, the worldwide horticulture sector can mitigate climate-related uncertainties and plays an important role in ensuring food security and the well-being of rural communities.

1. Integrating Climate-Resilient Practices
for Sustainable Development of
Horticulture
Parshant Bakshi1, Megha Patidar1, Kiran Kour1, Syarifah Iis Aisyah2, Iskandar Z. Siregar2,
Vikas Sharma3, Manpreet Singh4 and Rafiq Ahmed Shah1
1Division of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture & Forestry, 3 Coordinator, NAHEP-IDP,
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Jammu, 180009, J&K
2Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB, University, Campus Dramaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
4Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248001

2. Speaker Introduction
✉ parshantskuastj@gmail.com
📞 +91 - 9419101601
https://www.krishisandesh.com
 Dr. Parshant Bakshi, Professor & Head, Fruit Science and Head, Centre for
Organic and Natural Farming, Chatha SKUAST-Jammu, J&K UT, India is
having more than 20 years of experience in research, teaching & extension
activities. He visited Israel, Indonesia, China and Thailand.
 Dr. Bakshi is having more than 120 publications in national and international
journals of repute.
 He has been adjudged for best poster and oral presentation at various
national and International platforms.
 He has one granted patent from U.K. and has applied for two patents in India
 He has guided 14 research students (08 M.Sc. and 06 Ph.D.) as chairman
and 34 as co-chairman and authored 8 books and 9 manuals.
 He handled 03 externally funded project as P.I. and 14 as Co-P.I. He is the life
member of 12 societies of Horticulture and is the fellow of Hi-Tech
Horticultural Society.
 He developed varieties of fruit crops viz., 01 each of Mango (Jammu Mango)
and Lime (Jammu Lime 1) and 02 of Walnut (JWSP06 and SJPW 01).
 He has RG score of 25.64; h-index 14.0 and planted 12,000+ fruit plants
under Save Horticulture mission and awarded.
 The Walk and Talk video in Strawberry was awarded Best Video by
MANAGE, Director

3. Content
• Introduction
• Climate Change Scenarios Across India
• Climate Change as a Threat
• Effect of Climate Change on Horticulture Crops
• Climate Resilient Practices
• National Programmes for Climate Change Adaptation

4. Introduction
Climate change
Refers to long-term shifts
in temperatures and
weather patterns. Such
shifts can be natural, due
to changes in the sun's
activity or large volcanic
eruptions.
Climate Resilience
Climate resilience is the ability to
anticipate, prepare for, and
respond to hazardous events,
trends, or disturbances related to
climate. Improving climate
resilience involves assessing how
climate change will create new, or
alter current, climate-related
risks, and taking steps to better
cope with these risks.

5. Climate Resilient
Horticulture
It is the use of
climate smart
technologies for
cropping in
inappropriate
climate to
counteract the
problems.
Sustainable Farming
Sustainable farming respects
and renews natural resources
and utilizes them with
consideration for future
generations. A renewable
garden incorporates eco-
friendly gardening practices
in harmony with Mother
Nature.

6. Climate Relation
(Source: US Environmental Protection Agency)

7. Countries most at Risk from Climate Change
Andrea D. Steffen,
2020
Risk of climate change
based on how much
carbon dioxide each
country emits yearly to
indicate its contribution
to climate change. That
way, there is a
comparison between a
given country’s likeliness
to survive changes
against its responsibility
for causing it in the first
place.

8. Asian Countries at Risk
Andrea D. Steffen,
3rd CO2 Emission Country 1st CO2 Emission Country 5th CO2 Emission Country
Country CO₂ emission
(Million ton
CO₂ )
1. China 11,680.42
2. United States 4,535.30
3. India 2,411.73
4. Russia 1,674.23
5. Japan 1,061.77
6. Iran 690.24
7. Germany 636.88
8. South Korea 621.47
9. Saudi Arabia 588.81
10. Indonesia 568.27
Top 10 Countries with the Highest
CO₂ Emissions in the World
European Union's Emissions Database for
Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)-2020

9. Source: IMD. Monthly Weather and Climate Summary for April 2022
India’s Climate Vulnerability Index
(CVI) and Heat Index (HI) estimation.
(A)CVI illustrated as Low, Moderate
and High levels across states.
(B) Estimated heatwave impact (HI) in
April 2022 using data from the India
Meteorological Department (IMD).
(C) Temperature anomaly caused in
India due to heatwaves in April 2022,
estimated using the IMD data
Climate Vulnerability

10. Of the total 35 states and Union
territories in the country, 27 are
vulnerable to climate risks, the
study highlighted. Assam,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Bihar are most
vulnerable to extreme climate
events such as floods, droughts
and cyclones in India. This was
pointed out in a study conducted
by Council on Energy,
Environment and Water
(CEEW), a New Delhi-based not-
for-profit organization. Source: Gaon Connection
Updated: October 26th, 2021

11. Most Vulnerable zone of India
The study also highlighted that 463
out of 640 districts in India are
vulnerable to extreme floods,
droughts and cyclones. More than
45 per cent of these districts have
undergone unsustainable landscape
and infrastructure changes.
Source: Gaon Connection
Updated: October 26th, 2021

13.  India which is hugely populous and very significant in the context of biodiversity; it
becomes very important to be watchful. Effects of climate change in India is also
evident and is concerning.
 In all likelihood, more than 40% of India population will be facing water scarcity by
2050 (Made for Minds, 2022).
 Average temperature had already been risen by 0.7 degree Celsius during 1901-2018
(Krishnan et al., 2020).
 It is expected that there is possibility of almost 4.4 degree celsius rise in average
temperature by the end of twenty first century (Krishnan et al., 2020).
Thousands of lives were killed in India and Pakistan by 2015 deadly heat waves. A
phenomenon of this kind can become very frequent in this region (IPCC, 2018).
There is a frightening possibility of rise in temperature by 5.3 degree Celsius in Delhi
by the end of century (IPCC, 2021).
Recently, Delhi recorded more than 49 degree Celsius. Gurgaon which falls under
national capital region also recorded 48 degree Celsius (Mint, 2022).
Climate Change Scenarios Across India

14. Source: Down To Earth: By Rajit Sengupta
Published: Tuesday 17 January 2023

15. Effect of Temperature
Projections in rate of increase in temperatures across India by 2020, 2050 and 2080
Source: Climate-Resilient Horticulture: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies

16. Increase in annual temperature across various zones of India
S.No. Zone Increase in Temperature (0C)
Max (0C) Min (0C) Mean T (0C)
1. All India 0.76°C 0.22°C 0.49°C
2. West Coast of India 1.24°C 0.22°C 0.73°C
3. East Coast of India 0.67°C 0.36°C 0.52°C
4. Northeast India 1.04°C 0.19°C 0.63°C
5. Northwest India 0.55°C −0.14°C 0.20°C
6. North Central India 0.74°C 0.26°C 0.49°C
7. Interior Peninsular India 0.53°C 0.45°C 0.49°C
8. Western Himalayas of India 0.93°C 0.48°C 0.70°C

17. Effect of Rainfall

18. Climate change is a new
approaches to sustainable
development.
Therefore a need to consider
complex interactions between
climate, social and ecological
systems.
The challenges of achieving
sustainable development will
increase as the magnitude of
climate change increases.
Climate Change as a Threat

19. Factors that Cause Climate Change
Plate Tectonic Evaporation CO2, CH4 and Ashes CO2, CH4 and CFC

20. Potential stress combinations could
involve different biotic factors (e.g.,
virus, bacteria, insect, etc.), climate
change-driven weather events (e.g.,
flooding, extended droughts, heat
waves, etc.), man-made anthropogenic
stresses (e.g., pesticides, antibiotic,
heavy metal, etc.), and/or soil-
associated stress conditions (e.g.,
nutrient deficiency, salinity, decreased
microbial diversity, etc.). In different
combinations, these environmental
stress conditions could negatively
impact yield and cause food, feed, and
fiber shortages.
Source: Zandalinas et al. (2021)

21. Impact of Climate Change on Horticulture
Change in productivity, with reference to quantity and quality of crops.
Change in intercultural practices like water use and application of
fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides etc.
Environmental influences, particularly in relation to the frequency and
intensity of soil drainage which may lead to loss of nitrogen through
leaching, soil erosion and reduction of crop diversity.

22. Kumari A, Lakshmi GA, Krishna GK, Patni B, Prakash S, Bhattacharyya M, Singh SK, Verma KK. Climate Change and Its
Impact on Crops: A Comprehensive Investigation for Sustainable Agriculture. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):3008.

23. Effect of Climate Change on Horticulture Crops
• Climate change may increase production of potatoes in Punjab, Haryana and
western and central Uttar Pradesh by 3% to 7% in AIB 2030 scenario, but in the
rest of India, particularly West Bengal and Southern Plateau region, the
production may decline by 4-16%. It can increase the yields by 13-19% in
different scenarios, thereby increasing the overall production by about 20%.
• The prolonged droughts during summer generally affected the crops like cocoa,
black pepper, coconut, coffee, tea and cardamom along the west coast adversely
in 1982-83 and 2003-04. Increase in night temperature in several parts of the
country during winter 2010 adversely affected mango flowering

24. • The grape yields are expected to be reduced with the likelihood of change in the
incidence and pattern of attack of insect-pests like mealy bug, thrips and mites.
Similarly, the disease incidence pattern is also likely to be affected with a change in
climate. This is evidenced by decrease in productivity during recent years from > 25
t/ha to 8 t/ha during 2009-10 and 12 t/ha in 2010-11 due to unseasonal rains which led
to a serious infection of downy mildew
• Cloudy conditions, high relative humidity and heavy dew are favourable for
outbreak of insect-pests and diseases. Drought conditions also drastically reduce
cashew production
• The water requirement is estimated to increase by 10% for every 1°C rise in
temperature. Under such situations, when oil palm yield decreases, small and
marginal palm growers would be affected the most.

25. Effect of Climate change on Fruit Crops
Sun burn in apple and citrus Blossom end rot in Tomato Fruit cracking in different fruit
Rind puffing in Citrus High temperature effect on grape Heatwaves increases diseases in pear

26. Need of Climate Resilient
 Climate change's detrimental impacts have been a subject of concern
for experts for a significant period. India has acknowledged this issue as
crucial, especially in ensuring food and nutritional security for its
burgeoning population.
 The multifaceted reasons underlying the urgency for creating and
adopting climate-resilient crop varieties are complex. This necessity is
rooted in diverse aspects, spanning from safeguarding food security and
farmer incomes to advocating for sustainable agricultural practices and
counteracting the repercussions of climate change.
 Consequently, India initiated the National Innovations in Climate
Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) program in 2011 under the umbrella of
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

27. Objectives of Climate Resilient
In broad terms, the primary goals of climate-resilient cropping approaches
encompass three fundamental objectives:
Ensuring a sustainable boost in horticultural productivity and the income
of farmers.
Embracing and enhancing adaptability to climate change.
Mitigating or eliminating emissions of greenhouse gases.

28. Climate Resilient Pathway
Source: Werners et al. (2021), Advancing climate resilient development
pathways since the IPCC’s fifth assessment report

29. Climate-Resilient Fruit
Crops
Elevated CO2 Impact on
Trees
GIS Modeling for
Climate Suitability
Mathematical Models for
Predicting Future
Scenarios
Resilient Methods

30. Climate-Resilient Crops
Crop varieties grown under drought stress
Crop Variety Seed availability
Apple York Imperial SKUAST-J
Apricot Badami, Inzhirnyl, Rannil SKUAST-J
Ber Seb, Mudia, Jogia, Gola SKUAST-J
Citrus Mosambi SKUAST-J
Guava Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow-49 SKUAST-J
Brinjal PKM-1, Kashi Sandesh, Kashi Taru HC & RI, Periyakulam & IIVR, Varanasi
Chillies Samrudhi, & Kashi Anmol GKVK, UAS & IIVR, Varanasi
Tomato Arka Meghali, Arka Vikas Private Sector
Onion Agrifound Dark Red, Arka Kalyan Private sector
Crop varieties suitable for cultivation under Heat Stress
Peach Flordasun and Sunlet SKUAST-J
Sweet orange Mosambi SKUAST-J
Okra Kaashi Kancha, Kashi Kranti IIVR, Varanasi
Bottle gourd Thar Samridhi CIAH, Bikaner
Crop varieties suitable for under cold stress
Cashew Indira Cashew IGKV, Raipur
Banana Poovan, Karura Vali NRC, Trichy
In several crops, genetic control
of both stress tolerance and
resource-use efficiency is
quantitatively inherited
involving many loci distributed
in different regions of the
genome. The availability of
climate resilient crop varieties
along with sufficient quantities
of quality seeds of these need to
be available to the farmers for
sustaining the production
system and meeting the
increasing demand of food
grains.

31. Elevated CO2 Impact on Trees
Elevated CO2 concentrations enhance the
availability of carbon in leaves, leading to
heightened Rubisco activity and greater
photosynthetic rates. This increased
photosynthesis results in higher non-
structural carbohydrate content within
leaves, potentially leading to greater starch
reserves and an augmentation in auxin
biosynthesis (Thompson et al., 2017).
Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels notably
boost productivity in trees by enhancing
water use efficiency, elevating photosynthetic
rates, increasing sugar accumulation, and
facilitating enhanced biomass production.

32. GIS Modeling for Climate Suitability
Utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS)
tools to model the habitat requirements of crops
facilitates the generation of climate suitability maps
customized to particular regions. These maps
provide guidance for crop cultivation by
considering their unique climate prerequisites. The
advancement of climate-resilient crops is
significantly influenced by genetic enhancement
strategies, which emphasize traits like heightened
yield, optimized utilization of resources (such as
radiation, water, and nutrients), and increased
tolerance to stress. These strategies harness genetic
diversity, encompassing natural variations from
germplasm resources, induced variations from
mutant resources, and the application of genomic-
assisted breeding techniques.

33. Mathematical Models for Predicting Future Scenarios
Crop cultivation necessitates the creation of mathematical models to predict potential outcomes and consequences
stemming from occurrences like flooding, droughts, and elevated CO2 levels. It is vital to choose cultivars with
enhanced resilience that exhibit positive reactions to elevated CO2 and stressful conditions. Phenological scales or
significant developmental stages are pivotal in understanding how trees react to shifts in climate. Employing
models for crop production delivers valuable insights into agricultural yields under various climate change
scenarios and the impacts of implementing adaptation strategies.
Source: Tolomio and Casa, 2020

34. Integrated
resilience
practices
Biodiversity
Enhancement
Enhancing
soil resilience
Reduction of
greenhouse
gas emissions
and increase
carbon
sequestration
Diversification
of crop species
or cultivar
Enhancing
water
management
Adapting crop
varieties
Improving
C/N dynamics
Integrated
pest
management
 Climate resilience is a foundational principle
in managing climate-related risks.
 Resilience denotes an agricultural system’s
ability to anticipate, prepare for, adapt to,
absorb, and recover from the consequences
of climate changes and extreme weather
events.
 Enhancing resilience entails implementing
both short and long-term strategies for
climate adaptation and mitigation.
 It also requires transparent and inclusive
involvement of diverse stakeholders in
decision-making and management processes.
Climate Resilience Practices

35. Enhancing Soil Resilience
Soil function Recovery processes or mechanisms
Nutrient cycling Biological activity, biological diversity, plant growth
Partitioning of water Soil fauna activity, shrink swell cycle, freeze thaw cycle and
plant growth, aggregation processes
Productivity Carbon sequestration, aggregation processes, nutrient
cycling, biological diversity
Water storage Carbon sequestration, aggregation processes, biological
activity
Decomposition Biological activity
Absorbing and detoxifying
pollutants
Biological activity, Carbon sequestration, biological diversity,
mineral weathering, clay formation
Nutrient supplying capacity Biological activity, mineral weathering, nutrient cycling

36. Improving C/N dynamics
• Crops absorb carbon through photosynthesis, and this carbon enters the soil
as residues from both above-ground and below-ground biomass. Soil
organisms colonize the deceased organic matter, deriving energy for growth
from the oxidative breakdown of complex organic compounds.
• High-quality soil possesses the capability to sustain essential ecological
functions like the creation and decomposition of soil organic matter, as well as
the retention of substantial carbon amounts, which helps in sequestering
excess carbon, thereby mitigating the escalation of atmospheric CO2 levels.

37. Adapting Crop Varieties
Heat-Resilient Crops: Promoting crops or specific varieties that possess elevated heat
tolerance or perform optimally within a suitable heat range.
Reduced Growth Cycle: Minimizing the plant's exposure to heat by shortening the
duration of the growth cycle.
Optimized Planting Schedules: Employing optimal crop calendars based on historical
climate data and seasonal forecasts aids decision-making, averting heat stress during the
plant's vulnerable phenological stages and leading to increased yields.
Frost Protection: Utilizing row covers to enhance downward long-wave radiation during
the night and diminish heat losses through convection and advection.

38. Crop Rootstock Trait
Mango 13-1, Kurakkan, Nileshwar dwarf Salinity tolerant
Guava P. molle x P. guajava
P. friedrichsthalianum
Wilt resistance
Nematode tolerant
Grape Dogridge, 110R, Drought, salinity tolerant
Citrus Rangpur lime Drought, phytophthora tolerant
Sapota Khirni Drought tolerant
Anona Arka sahan Drought tolerant
Ber Ziziphus nummularia Drought tolerant and dwarf
stature

39. Enhancing Water Management
At present, the average efficiency of water use in
India’s existing irrigation projects is only 40%. A
significant portion of the water allocated for
agricultural purposes does not actually benefit the
crops. However, by implementing improved water
management practices that achieve a 60%
efficiency rate, there is the potential to expand
irrigation coverage by an additional 8 million
hectares of land using the existing irrigation
infrastructure in India.

40. The diversification of cropping systems holds a central role in achieving objectives
such as ensuring the availability of resources (such as nutrients, water, and land) for
future generations, increasing reliance on ecosystem services to replace external
inputs, promoting varied diets, cultivating healthy agroecosystems, and securing
livelihoods (IPES-Food, 2016). These three categories of crop diversification
practices can be defined as follows:
Diversified crop rotations involve planting different types of crops in a sequential
manner on the same field.
Cover crops are typically grown during intervals between main crops and are not
harvested for food or feed, serving purposes like enhancing soil quality or reducing
nutrient losses.
Species mixtures are employed to increase within-field crop diversity, such as
intercropping, which involves the simultaneous growth of two or more species in
the same field during a specific period.
Diversification of Crop Species or Cultivar

41. Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Increase Carbon Sequestration

42. Biodiversity Enhancement
Horticultural production plays a crucial role in
safeguarding and enhancing biodiversity by
incorporating a mix of modern varieties and,
increasingly, indigenous and often overlooked or
underutilized horticultural crops.
A remarkable diversity among fruit and
vegetables from various species, the horticultural
sector offers numerous opportunities to diversify
smallholder agriculture, establish new markets,
mitigate risks, and adapt to the emerging
challenges linked to climate change.

43. Mitigation
Source: Rivero et al. (2021)

44. Benefits of Climate Resilient Horticulture
Enhanced Productivity- Increase quality and quantity, leading to
improved nutrition and farmer income. The target of this focus is
on 75% of the world’s poor who live in rural areas and are agri-
dependent.
Resilience- Reduce susceptibility to water scarcity, pests, and
other climate-related adverse events, and improve the capacity to
adapt and grow in the face of longer-term stresses like shortened
seasons and erratic weather patterns.
Carbon Sequestration- Reduce emissions in the process of food
production, avoid deforestation, and promote methods to capture
and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

45. National Programmes for Climate Change Adaptation
The National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture was initiated in 2010 as part of the
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) with the aim of promoting
responsible management of resources.
The Green India Mission, inaugurated by the Government of India in 2014 under
the NAPCC, primarily focuses on safeguarding, rehabilitating, and expanding
India's diminishing forest cover to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change.
Under the NICRA project, several resilient technologies have been developed to
address climate change. Climate-resilient technologies, including stress-tolerant crop
varieties, intercropping systems resilient to climatic challenges, conservation
horticulture, crop diversification, zero tillage drilling, integrated farming systems,
have been created and assessed in farmers' fields for potential adoption.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY)
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

46. Sustainable Development Goals

47. Conclusion
Incorporating climate-resilient techniques into sustainable horticulture is a
complex effort that demands cooperation among researchers, policymakers,
extension services, and farmers which emphasizes the significance of preemptive
adaptation strategies to secure the enduring viability of crop production systems
amid the challenges of climate change. Through the adoption of inventive
methodologies and the facilitation of knowledge sharing, the worldwide
horticulture sector can mitigate climate-related uncertainties and plays an
important role in ensuring food security and the well-being of rural
communities.

48. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

50. Thank You
Prof. (Dr.) PARSHANT BAKSHI, HEAD, FRUIT SCIENCE, SKUAST-Jammu, INDIA