History of World War One

1. DEFINITION OF WAR
A war may be defined as armed contest
between two independent political units by
means of organizing military force in the
pursuit of tribal or national policy.

2. CAUSES OF WAR
Realism
Human Aggressive Nature: Hitler, German’s frustration
 Psychological Need for Power: Hitler’s occupying states after states
World Armament
Other Factors
 Externalization of Internal Conflict
 Economic Factor- Marxist vs Imperialism=Bullions
 Nationalism: positive & negative
Quasi- Anarchical International System

3. DEFINITION OF WORLD WAR
“International war is a substantial
arms conflict between the
organized military forces of
independent political units” ( Levy)

4. THE GREAT WAR
F I R S T W O R L D WA R
“ T H E WA R TO E N D A L L WA R S ” W O O D R O W W I L S O N

5. A L L I E D P O W E R S
Central Powers
 Germany [Berlin]
 Austria [Vienna]-Hungary
[Budapest]
 Turkey [Ankara]
 Bulgaria [Sofia]
 Russia [Mosco]
 France [Paris]
 Britain [London]
 Italy [Rome]
 Rumania [Bucharest]
 USA [Washington]

6. FA M I LY O F
H A B S B U R G
I N T R O D U C T I O N
W O R L D WA R -

7. CO N D I T I O N S :
U LT I M AT U M
•Serbia will eliminate
terrorist
organizations/Secrete
Societies
•Serbia would accept
inquiry given by
Austria Hungary
• Serbia refused two
Ultimatums:
 Black Hand
dismissed
 Austria-Hungary
official will take
parts in
proceedings
against Black
Hand

8. G E R M A N : U LT I M AT U M
•24 hour ultimatum:
required Russia to halt
mobilization.
•12 hour ultimatum:
Required France to
promise neutrality in the
event btw Russia and
Germany.
• To support
Austria Hungary
Germany also
issued two
ultimatums.

10. CAUSES OF THE GREAT WAR
WORLD WAR I
Global Level of Analysis
Structuralism
a. Anarchical Global System
b. Britain Dominance
c. Germany at struggle for Position and Status
d. Miscalculation
e. Alliances: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente
State Level of Analysis
Nationalism
a. Growth of Nationalism
b. Ethic Prejudice
c. Domestic Unrest
Individual Level of Analysis
 Intentional Choice
a. Rational Choice Theory
b. Prospect Theory-risk
Others:
Militarism, Imperialism, Diplomatic Errors and
Propaganda, The Balkan Crisis, Miscalculation

11. SCHLIEFFEN PLAN-1914
• It divided army into three
sections/Groups: A, B, & C
• Small time for Belgium to conquer
• Trains to attack Belgium
• German calculation: Russia would
take time to respond.

12. CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR
 It changed the face of Europe
 Armistice signed Nov 11, 1918
 Three Empires Collapsed
 Independent States Emerged ( Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia,
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania)
 Independence of Ireland from Britain 1920
 Over throw of Czar of Russia by the Bolsheviks.
 The war set up the stage for a determined effort to build a new
global system that could prevent another war.

13. CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR
 Theories of realism that justified great power
competition, armaments, secret alliances, and balance of
power politics were discouraged. Liberals
 Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919 for peace
 Treaty of Serves signed on August 10, 1920
 Treaty of Lausanne signed on July 24, 1923
 Many turned to liberalism for guidance on how to
manage the global future.
 League of Nations set up in 1920

14. TREATY OF VERSAILLES SIGNED IN
1919 FOR PEACE
• SignedinthecityofFrance
• WarGuiltClause231
• 132$bnreparation
• AlsaceLorre'sgiventoFrancebyGermany
• Germanywasdemilitarized

15. CONFERENCE OF SAN REMO
APRIL, 1920
• Attended by France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Belgium
• Held among allied to decide the future of Ottoman territories
• Attended by France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Belgium
• The conference resulted in signing of Treaty of Sevres

16. TREATY OF SERVES SIGNED ON
AUGUST 10, 1920
• Allies will control financial administration of
Turkey
•Arab Asia and North Africa separated from
Turkey
•Armenia declared independence
• Greece will control Anatolia, & west Aegean
Islands

17. TREATY OF LAUSANNE SIGNED ON JULY 24, 1923
REPLACE TREATY OF SEVRES
• Written in French Language
• Azan and Bruka ban
• Turkey Declared secular state
• Assets confiscated
• Turkey can’t unearth resources
• Turkey will not collect tax from any ship @Bosporus
• This treaty will end in 2023

18. CAUSES OF CENTRAL POWER DEFEAT
 Schlieffen Plan, failed
 The sea power of Central Power was not as strong as
that of Allied Power
 The entry of US was main factor which contributed to the
Allies of Germany proved burden for it
 The German troops were young and inexperienced

19. A DEFENSIVE WAR
• Other than Austria-Hungary‘s offence against Serbia, the
other countries involved in World War
• One were not fighting an offensive war. Most were convinced
that they were fighting a defensive war, one that was forced
on them by someone else.

20. THE CHRISTMAS TRUCE – DEC 1914
• In December of 1914 soldiers from both sides put down their weapons
and met peacefully
• between the trenches in ―no man‘s land,‖ in a Christmas truce. German
and Allied soldiers
• buried their dead, then shared cigarettes, stories and photos of loved
ones. They played soccer,
• sang Christmas songs and even exchanged gifts until they were forced
to return to their trenches by commanding officers.

21. IN FLANDERS FIELDS – MAY 1915
• The poem IN FLANDERS FIELDS
by Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae
• Punch Magazine (December of1915)

22. A NEW KIND OF WAR – MILITARY
FIRSTS
The first use of:
Tanks & Trucks
Airships & Planes
Submarines
Wireless Communication (telegraph)
Machine Guns
Long Range Artillery
Exploding Shells (designed to do as much damage as possible with flying shrapnel)
Flame Throwers
Poisonous Gas

23. WWL CEMETERIES AND MEMORIALS
The largest commonwealth cemetery is Tyne Cot Cemetery
• 12,000 graves
• 35,000 missing A SOLDIER OF THE GREAT WAR, KNOWN UNTO GOD
Menin Gate cemetery in Ypres, Belgium
• 54,896 WWI soldiers

24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0tanAT0_dI
SHORT
DOCUMENTARY
WW-I