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A Teacher makes use of number of methods and techniques to bring about effective teaching and
learning. The techniques include motivating the students, explaining, questioning, writing on the black –
board, using teaching aids and so on. The teacher also uses non-verbal behaviour like smiling, nodding
and gesturing. These groups of activities are called skills.
परिचय
एक शिक्षक प्रभावी शिक्षण औि सीखने क
े शिए कई तिीक ों औि तकनीक ों का उपय ग किता है। तकनीक ों में
छात् ों क प्रेरित किना, समझाना, सवाि किना, ब्लैक-ब र्ड पि शिखना, शिक्षण सहायता का उपय ग किना
आशि िाशमि हैं। शिक्षक गैि-मौखखक व्यवहाि का भी उपय ग किता है जैसे मुस्क
ु िाना, शसि शहिाना औि
इिािा किना। गशतशवशिय ों क
े इन समूह ों क कौिि कहा जाता है।
Introduction
You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
Definitions of Micro Teaching
According to L.C Singh – Microteaching is a scaled down teaching encounter in which a teacher teaches a small unit of
group of five to ten pupils for a small period of five minutes. Such a situation offers a helpful setting for an experienced or
in experienced teacher to acquire new teaching skills and refine old ones.
एि.सी. शसोंह क
े अनुसाि- माइक्र टीशचोंग एक छ टा शिक्षण मुठभेड़ है शजसमें एक शिक्षक पाोंच से िस शवद्याशथडय ों क
े समूह की
एक छ टी इकाई क पाोंच शमनट की छ टी अवशि क
े शिए पढाता है। ऐसी खथथशत एक अनुभवी या अनुभवी शिक्षक क
े शिए नए
शिक्षण कौिि प्राप्त किने औि पुिाने ि ग ों क परिष्क
ृ त किने क
े शिए एक सहायक सेशटोंग प्रिान किती है।
According to Bush – Micro Teaching is a teacher education technique which allows teachers to apply clearly defined
teaching skills in carefully prepared lessons in a planned series of five to ten minutes encounters with a small group of real
students.
बुि क
े अनुसाि - माइक्र टीशचोंग एक शिक्षक शिक्षा तकनीक है ज शिक्षक ों क वास्तशवक छात् ों क
े एक छ टे समूह क
े साथ
पाोंच से िस शमनट की य जनाबद्ध श्ृोंखिा में साविानीपूवडक तैयाि पाठ ों में स्पष्ट रूप से परिभाशित शिक्षण कौिि िागू किने
की अनुमशत िेती है।
You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
Assumptions of Micro Teaching
(1) Real Teaching : Micro teaching is a real teaching, but its focus is to develop certain teaching skills and not the
development of pupils content abilities. (वास्तशवक शिक्षण: सूक्ष्म शिक्षण एक वास्तशवक शिक्षण है, िेशकन
इसका ध्यान क
ु छ शिक्षण कौिि शवकशसत किना है न शक शवद्याशथडय ों की सामग्री क्षमताओों का शवकास।)
(2) Reducing Complexities : Micro teaching reduces the complexities of normal classroom by scaled down class
size, content and time. (जशटिताओों क कम किना: सूक्ष्म शिक्षण कक्षा क
े आकाि, सामग्री औि समय क कम
किक
े सामान्य कक्षा की जशटिताओों क कम किता है। )
(3) Focus on Training : Micro teaching focuses on training for the accomplishment of specific tasks. These tasks
may be the practice of instructional skills, the practice of techniques of teaching the mastery of certain
curricular materials or the demonstration of teaching methods. (प्रशिक्षण पि ध्यान िें: सूक्ष्म शिक्षण शवशिष्ट
कायों की उपिखि क
े शिए प्रशिक्षण पि क
ें शित है। ये कायड अनुिेिात्मक कौिि का अभ्यास, क
ु छ पाठ्यचयाड
सामग्री की महाित शसखाने की तकनीक ों का अभ्यास या शिक्षण शवशिय ों का प्रििडन ह सकते हैं। )
(4) Increased control of Practice : Microteaching allows for the increased control of practice. In a Microteaching
setting, the time, number of pupils methods of feedback and supervision, etc may be manipulated. (अभ्यास
का बढा हुआ शनयोंत्ण: माइक्र टीशचोंग अभ्यास क
े बढते शनयोंत्ण की अनुमशत िेता है। एक माइक्र टीशचोंग सेशटोंग में,
समय, शवद्याशथडय ों की सोंख्या, प्रशतशक्रया औि पयडवेक्षण क
े तिीक
े , आशि में हेिफ
े ि शकया जा सकता है।)
You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
Characteristics of Micro - Teaching
(1) Analytic approach : Microteaching is an analytical approach to training.
(2) Training Technique : It is a training technique and not a teaching technique.
(3) Feedback : It provides adequate feedback.
(4) New Innovation : In the field of teacher education, it is relatively a new innovation.
(5) Scaled down teaching : Class size, time, content
(6) Individualized Training : It is highly individualized training of the pupil teacher.
(7) Objective Observation : by using aids like video tape, observation becomes very objective.
(8) Presence of supervisor : Supervisor plays an important role in micro teaching.
(9) Simulated teaching : Microteaching is not real. Pupil teachers play the role of students.
(1) शवश्लेिणात्मक दृशष्टक ण: माइक्र टीशचोंग प्रशिक्षण क
े शिए एक शवश्लेिणात्मक दृशष्टक ण है।
(2) प्रशिक्षण तकनीक: यह एक प्रशिक्षण तकनीक है औि एक शिक्षण तकनीक नहीोंहै।
(3) प्रशतशक्रया: यह पयाडप्त प्रशतशक्रया प्रिान किता है।
(4) नया नवाचाि: शिक्षक शिक्षा क
े क्षेत् में, यह अपेक्षाक
ृ त एक नया नवाचाि है।
(5) शिक्षण क कम किें: कक्षा का आकाि, समय, सामग्री
(6) व्यखिगत प्रशिक्षण: यह छात् शिक्षक का अत्यशिक व्यखिगत प्रशिक्षण है।
(7) उद्देश्य अवि कन: वीशर्य टेप जैसे उपकिण ों का उपय ग किक
े , अवि कन बहुत उद्देश्यपूणड ह जाता है।
(8) पयडवेक्षक की उपखथथशत: पयडवेक्षक सूक्ष्म शिक्षण में एक महत्वपूणड भूशमका शनभाता है।
(9) शसम्युिेटेर् शिक्षण: माइक्र टीशचोंग वास्तशवक नहीों है। छात् शिक्षक छात् ों की भूशमका शनभाते हैं।
You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
Methodology of Micro - Teaching
Knowledge
Acquisition
Phase
Transfer
Phase
Skill
Acquisition
Phase
In the first phase, the teacher tends
to know all about the teaching
skills, through observing
demonstration of skills and also
through analysis of and discussion
on demonstration.
पहिे चिण में, शिक्षक शिक्षण कौिि
क
े बािे में सब क
ु छ जानने की प्रवृशि
िखता है, कौिि क
े प्रििडन का
अवि कन किने क
े माध्यम से औि
प्रििडन पि शवश्लेिण औि चचाड क
े
माध्यम से भी।
In this phase actual skills are
acquired through practice. In this
phase micro lesson is prepared,
teaching skills are practiced, and
performance is evaluated.
इस चिण में अभ्यास क
े माध्यम से
वास्तशवक कौिि प्राप्त शकए जाते
हैं। इस चिण में सूक्ष्म पाठ तैयाि
शकया जाता है, शिक्षण कौिि का
अभ्यास शकया जाता है, औि
प्रििडन का मूल्ाोंकन शकया जाता
है।
In the last phase, teacher is given chances to
use the acquired skills in the normal
classroom situation. The knowledge and skills
acquired in the first two phases are
transferred to actual teaching situations.
अंतिम चरण में, तिक्षक को सामान्य कक्षा की
स्थिति में अतिग्रतिि कौिल का उपयोग करने का
मौका तिया जािा िै। पिले िो चरणों में अतजिि
ज्ञान और कौिल को वास्ततवक तिक्षण स्थितियों
में थिानांिररि तकया जािा िै।
You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
Steps of Microteaching
(1) Orientation : Firstly, the student teacher should be given theoretical discussion about micro teaching on various topics
covering concept, significance, procedure, etc. About Microteaching. (अतितवन्यास: सबसे पिले, छात्र तिक्षक को अविारणा,
मित्व, प्रतिया आति को कवर करने वाले तवतिन्न तवषयों पर सूक्ष्म तिक्षण क
े बारे में सैद्ांतिक चचाि िी जानी चातिए। माइिोटीतचंग क
े
बारे में।)
(2) Discussion On Teaching Skills : In this step, the concept of teaching skills is clarified first and then some of the teaching
skills should be selected and explained at length. Only one skill should be selected and explained at length.(तिक्षण कौिल
पर चचाि: इस चरण में, तिक्षण कौिल की अविारणा को पिले स्पष्ट तकया जािा िै और तिर क
ु छ तिक्षण कौिल का चयन तकया जाना
चातिए और तवस्तार से समझाया जाना चातिए। क
े वल एक कौिल का चयन तकया जाना चातिए और लंबाई में समझाया जाना चातिए।)
(3) Presentation of a Model Demonstration Lesson : The chosen teaching skill is demonstrated by the teacher- educator
through a model lesson. (एक मॉडल प्रिििन पाठ की प्रस्तुति: चुने हुए तिक्षण कौिल को तिक्षक-तिक्षक द्वारा एक मॉडल पाठ क
े
माध्यम से प्रितििि तकया जािा िै। )
(4) Preparation of Micro Lesson Plan – In this step, the student teacher is required to prepare micro lesson plans for only one
concept for a micro lesson for the practice of demonstrated skill. (माइिो लेसन प्लान की िैयारी – इस चरण में, छात्र तिक्षक को
प्रितििि कौिल क
े अभ्यास क
े तलए एक सूक्ष्म पाठ क
े तलए क
े वल एक अविारणा क
े तलए सूक्ष्म पाठ योजना िैयार करने की
आवश्यकिा िोिी िै। )
(5) Microteaching setting : Number of pupil generally 5 to 10. Supervisors 1 to 2. Time duration 6 minutes. (माइिोटीतचंग
सेतटंग: तवद्यातिियों की संख्या आम िौर पर 5 से 10 िोिी िै। पयिवेक्षक 1 से 2। समय अवति 6 तमनट।)
(6) Practice of Teaching Skill :
(7) Feedback :
You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
Merits / Advantages of Micro Teaching
(1) Develops Confidence : Develops confidence of Pupil Teacher.
(2) Self Evaluation : Pupil Teacher can self evaluate by recording hir or her performance.
(3) Improves Pupil Teacher’s Behaviour :
(4) Simple Technique : Because number of students are less and only one teaching skill is used.
(5) Individualized Training : Training is based on individual basis.
(6) Reducing complexities : Reduces complexities of normal class room situation.
(7) Developing Specific Teaching Skills : Every teacher has unique teaching style that is developed during micro teaching.
(8) Knowledge of teaching skills : the knowledge of teaching skills is gained.
(9) Integration of theory and practice :
(10) Continuous Training :
(1) आत्मतवश्वास तवकतसि करिा िै: छात्र तिक्षक क
े आत्मतवश्वास को तवकतसि करिा िै।
(2) आत्म मूल्ांकन: छात्र तिक्षक अपने प्रिििन को ररकॉडि करक
े आत्म मूल्ांकन कर सकिे िैं।
(3) छात्र तिक्षक क
े व्यविार में सुिार:
(4) सरल िकनीक: क्ोंतक छात्रों की संख्या कम िै और क
े वल एक तिक्षण कौिल का उपयोग तकया जािा िै।
(5) व्यस्िगि प्रतिक्षण: प्रतिक्षण व्यस्िगि आिार पर आिाररि िै।
(6) जतटलिाओं को कम करना: सामान्य क्लास रूम की स्थिति की जतटलिाओं को कम करिा िै।
(7) तवतिष्ट तिक्षण कौिल तवकतसि करना: प्रत्येक तिक्षक क
े पास अतद्विीय तिक्षण िैली िोिी िै जो सूक्ष्म तिक्षण क
े िौरान तवकतसि िोिी
िै।
(8) तिक्षण कौिल का ज्ञान: तिक्षण कौिल का ज्ञान प्राप्त तकया जािा िै।
(9) तसद्ांि और व्यविार का एकीकरण:
(10) तनरंिर प्रतिक्षण:
You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
Micro Teaching.pdf

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Micro Teaching.pdf

  • 1.
  • 2. A Teacher makes use of number of methods and techniques to bring about effective teaching and learning. The techniques include motivating the students, explaining, questioning, writing on the black – board, using teaching aids and so on. The teacher also uses non-verbal behaviour like smiling, nodding and gesturing. These groups of activities are called skills. परिचय एक शिक्षक प्रभावी शिक्षण औि सीखने क े शिए कई तिीक ों औि तकनीक ों का उपय ग किता है। तकनीक ों में छात् ों क प्रेरित किना, समझाना, सवाि किना, ब्लैक-ब र्ड पि शिखना, शिक्षण सहायता का उपय ग किना आशि िाशमि हैं। शिक्षक गैि-मौखखक व्यवहाि का भी उपय ग किता है जैसे मुस्क ु िाना, शसि शहिाना औि इिािा किना। गशतशवशिय ों क े इन समूह ों क कौिि कहा जाता है। Introduction You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
  • 3. Definitions of Micro Teaching According to L.C Singh – Microteaching is a scaled down teaching encounter in which a teacher teaches a small unit of group of five to ten pupils for a small period of five minutes. Such a situation offers a helpful setting for an experienced or in experienced teacher to acquire new teaching skills and refine old ones. एि.सी. शसोंह क े अनुसाि- माइक्र टीशचोंग एक छ टा शिक्षण मुठभेड़ है शजसमें एक शिक्षक पाोंच से िस शवद्याशथडय ों क े समूह की एक छ टी इकाई क पाोंच शमनट की छ टी अवशि क े शिए पढाता है। ऐसी खथथशत एक अनुभवी या अनुभवी शिक्षक क े शिए नए शिक्षण कौिि प्राप्त किने औि पुिाने ि ग ों क परिष्क ृ त किने क े शिए एक सहायक सेशटोंग प्रिान किती है। According to Bush – Micro Teaching is a teacher education technique which allows teachers to apply clearly defined teaching skills in carefully prepared lessons in a planned series of five to ten minutes encounters with a small group of real students. बुि क े अनुसाि - माइक्र टीशचोंग एक शिक्षक शिक्षा तकनीक है ज शिक्षक ों क वास्तशवक छात् ों क े एक छ टे समूह क े साथ पाोंच से िस शमनट की य जनाबद्ध श्ृोंखिा में साविानीपूवडक तैयाि पाठ ों में स्पष्ट रूप से परिभाशित शिक्षण कौिि िागू किने की अनुमशत िेती है। You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
  • 4. Assumptions of Micro Teaching (1) Real Teaching : Micro teaching is a real teaching, but its focus is to develop certain teaching skills and not the development of pupils content abilities. (वास्तशवक शिक्षण: सूक्ष्म शिक्षण एक वास्तशवक शिक्षण है, िेशकन इसका ध्यान क ु छ शिक्षण कौिि शवकशसत किना है न शक शवद्याशथडय ों की सामग्री क्षमताओों का शवकास।) (2) Reducing Complexities : Micro teaching reduces the complexities of normal classroom by scaled down class size, content and time. (जशटिताओों क कम किना: सूक्ष्म शिक्षण कक्षा क े आकाि, सामग्री औि समय क कम किक े सामान्य कक्षा की जशटिताओों क कम किता है। ) (3) Focus on Training : Micro teaching focuses on training for the accomplishment of specific tasks. These tasks may be the practice of instructional skills, the practice of techniques of teaching the mastery of certain curricular materials or the demonstration of teaching methods. (प्रशिक्षण पि ध्यान िें: सूक्ष्म शिक्षण शवशिष्ट कायों की उपिखि क े शिए प्रशिक्षण पि क ें शित है। ये कायड अनुिेिात्मक कौिि का अभ्यास, क ु छ पाठ्यचयाड सामग्री की महाित शसखाने की तकनीक ों का अभ्यास या शिक्षण शवशिय ों का प्रििडन ह सकते हैं। ) (4) Increased control of Practice : Microteaching allows for the increased control of practice. In a Microteaching setting, the time, number of pupils methods of feedback and supervision, etc may be manipulated. (अभ्यास का बढा हुआ शनयोंत्ण: माइक्र टीशचोंग अभ्यास क े बढते शनयोंत्ण की अनुमशत िेता है। एक माइक्र टीशचोंग सेशटोंग में, समय, शवद्याशथडय ों की सोंख्या, प्रशतशक्रया औि पयडवेक्षण क े तिीक े , आशि में हेिफ े ि शकया जा सकता है।) You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
  • 5. Characteristics of Micro - Teaching (1) Analytic approach : Microteaching is an analytical approach to training. (2) Training Technique : It is a training technique and not a teaching technique. (3) Feedback : It provides adequate feedback. (4) New Innovation : In the field of teacher education, it is relatively a new innovation. (5) Scaled down teaching : Class size, time, content (6) Individualized Training : It is highly individualized training of the pupil teacher. (7) Objective Observation : by using aids like video tape, observation becomes very objective. (8) Presence of supervisor : Supervisor plays an important role in micro teaching. (9) Simulated teaching : Microteaching is not real. Pupil teachers play the role of students. (1) शवश्लेिणात्मक दृशष्टक ण: माइक्र टीशचोंग प्रशिक्षण क े शिए एक शवश्लेिणात्मक दृशष्टक ण है। (2) प्रशिक्षण तकनीक: यह एक प्रशिक्षण तकनीक है औि एक शिक्षण तकनीक नहीोंहै। (3) प्रशतशक्रया: यह पयाडप्त प्रशतशक्रया प्रिान किता है। (4) नया नवाचाि: शिक्षक शिक्षा क े क्षेत् में, यह अपेक्षाक ृ त एक नया नवाचाि है। (5) शिक्षण क कम किें: कक्षा का आकाि, समय, सामग्री (6) व्यखिगत प्रशिक्षण: यह छात् शिक्षक का अत्यशिक व्यखिगत प्रशिक्षण है। (7) उद्देश्य अवि कन: वीशर्य टेप जैसे उपकिण ों का उपय ग किक े , अवि कन बहुत उद्देश्यपूणड ह जाता है। (8) पयडवेक्षक की उपखथथशत: पयडवेक्षक सूक्ष्म शिक्षण में एक महत्वपूणड भूशमका शनभाता है। (9) शसम्युिेटेर् शिक्षण: माइक्र टीशचोंग वास्तशवक नहीों है। छात् शिक्षक छात् ों की भूशमका शनभाते हैं।
  • 6. You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
  • 7. Methodology of Micro - Teaching Knowledge Acquisition Phase Transfer Phase Skill Acquisition Phase In the first phase, the teacher tends to know all about the teaching skills, through observing demonstration of skills and also through analysis of and discussion on demonstration. पहिे चिण में, शिक्षक शिक्षण कौिि क े बािे में सब क ु छ जानने की प्रवृशि िखता है, कौिि क े प्रििडन का अवि कन किने क े माध्यम से औि प्रििडन पि शवश्लेिण औि चचाड क े माध्यम से भी। In this phase actual skills are acquired through practice. In this phase micro lesson is prepared, teaching skills are practiced, and performance is evaluated. इस चिण में अभ्यास क े माध्यम से वास्तशवक कौिि प्राप्त शकए जाते हैं। इस चिण में सूक्ष्म पाठ तैयाि शकया जाता है, शिक्षण कौिि का अभ्यास शकया जाता है, औि प्रििडन का मूल्ाोंकन शकया जाता है। In the last phase, teacher is given chances to use the acquired skills in the normal classroom situation. The knowledge and skills acquired in the first two phases are transferred to actual teaching situations. अंतिम चरण में, तिक्षक को सामान्य कक्षा की स्थिति में अतिग्रतिि कौिल का उपयोग करने का मौका तिया जािा िै। पिले िो चरणों में अतजिि ज्ञान और कौिल को वास्ततवक तिक्षण स्थितियों में थिानांिररि तकया जािा िै। You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
  • 8. Steps of Microteaching (1) Orientation : Firstly, the student teacher should be given theoretical discussion about micro teaching on various topics covering concept, significance, procedure, etc. About Microteaching. (अतितवन्यास: सबसे पिले, छात्र तिक्षक को अविारणा, मित्व, प्रतिया आति को कवर करने वाले तवतिन्न तवषयों पर सूक्ष्म तिक्षण क े बारे में सैद्ांतिक चचाि िी जानी चातिए। माइिोटीतचंग क े बारे में।) (2) Discussion On Teaching Skills : In this step, the concept of teaching skills is clarified first and then some of the teaching skills should be selected and explained at length. Only one skill should be selected and explained at length.(तिक्षण कौिल पर चचाि: इस चरण में, तिक्षण कौिल की अविारणा को पिले स्पष्ट तकया जािा िै और तिर क ु छ तिक्षण कौिल का चयन तकया जाना चातिए और तवस्तार से समझाया जाना चातिए। क े वल एक कौिल का चयन तकया जाना चातिए और लंबाई में समझाया जाना चातिए।) (3) Presentation of a Model Demonstration Lesson : The chosen teaching skill is demonstrated by the teacher- educator through a model lesson. (एक मॉडल प्रिििन पाठ की प्रस्तुति: चुने हुए तिक्षण कौिल को तिक्षक-तिक्षक द्वारा एक मॉडल पाठ क े माध्यम से प्रितििि तकया जािा िै। ) (4) Preparation of Micro Lesson Plan – In this step, the student teacher is required to prepare micro lesson plans for only one concept for a micro lesson for the practice of demonstrated skill. (माइिो लेसन प्लान की िैयारी – इस चरण में, छात्र तिक्षक को प्रितििि कौिल क े अभ्यास क े तलए एक सूक्ष्म पाठ क े तलए क े वल एक अविारणा क े तलए सूक्ष्म पाठ योजना िैयार करने की आवश्यकिा िोिी िै। ) (5) Microteaching setting : Number of pupil generally 5 to 10. Supervisors 1 to 2. Time duration 6 minutes. (माइिोटीतचंग सेतटंग: तवद्यातिियों की संख्या आम िौर पर 5 से 10 िोिी िै। पयिवेक्षक 1 से 2। समय अवति 6 तमनट।) (6) Practice of Teaching Skill : (7) Feedback : You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
  • 9. You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669
  • 10. Merits / Advantages of Micro Teaching (1) Develops Confidence : Develops confidence of Pupil Teacher. (2) Self Evaluation : Pupil Teacher can self evaluate by recording hir or her performance. (3) Improves Pupil Teacher’s Behaviour : (4) Simple Technique : Because number of students are less and only one teaching skill is used. (5) Individualized Training : Training is based on individual basis. (6) Reducing complexities : Reduces complexities of normal class room situation. (7) Developing Specific Teaching Skills : Every teacher has unique teaching style that is developed during micro teaching. (8) Knowledge of teaching skills : the knowledge of teaching skills is gained. (9) Integration of theory and practice : (10) Continuous Training : (1) आत्मतवश्वास तवकतसि करिा िै: छात्र तिक्षक क े आत्मतवश्वास को तवकतसि करिा िै। (2) आत्म मूल्ांकन: छात्र तिक्षक अपने प्रिििन को ररकॉडि करक े आत्म मूल्ांकन कर सकिे िैं। (3) छात्र तिक्षक क े व्यविार में सुिार: (4) सरल िकनीक: क्ोंतक छात्रों की संख्या कम िै और क े वल एक तिक्षण कौिल का उपयोग तकया जािा िै। (5) व्यस्िगि प्रतिक्षण: प्रतिक्षण व्यस्िगि आिार पर आिाररि िै। (6) जतटलिाओं को कम करना: सामान्य क्लास रूम की स्थिति की जतटलिाओं को कम करिा िै। (7) तवतिष्ट तिक्षण कौिल तवकतसि करना: प्रत्येक तिक्षक क े पास अतद्विीय तिक्षण िैली िोिी िै जो सूक्ष्म तिक्षण क े िौरान तवकतसि िोिी िै। (8) तिक्षण कौिल का ज्ञान: तिक्षण कौिल का ज्ञान प्राप्त तकया जािा िै। (9) तसद्ांि और व्यविार का एकीकरण: (10) तनरंिर प्रतिक्षण:
  • 11. You Tube Channel Name – Mr.Competition5669