2. Disorders can include the loss of ability to
express or understand language, problems
making certain sounds or words (for
example, slurring) and changes to the
rhythm or speed of speech.
3. Aphasia
Aphasia is an impairment of
language, affecting the
production or comprehension of
speech and the ability to read or
write. Aphasia is always due to
injury to the brain-most
commonly from a
stroke, particularly in older
individuals.
5. Broca's aphasia
Vocabulary access is limited and the formation of sounds by
persons with Broca's aphasia is often laborious and
clumsy. Broca's aphasia is often referred to as a 'non fluent
aphasia' because of the halting and effortful quality of speech.
Wernicke's aphasia
Sentences do not hang together and irrelevant words intrude-
sometimes to the point of jargon, in severe cases.
6. Primary Progressive Aphasia
Primary Progressive Aphasia is a neurological syndrome in which
language capabilities become slowly and progressively
impaired. Unlike other forms of aphasia that result from stroke or
brain injury, PPA is caused by neurodegenerative diseases, such as
Alzheimer's Disease or Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration.
Other varieties
Some of the components of a complex aphasia syndrome may also
occur in isolation. Severe impairments of calculation often accompany
aphasia, yet in some instances patients retain excellent calculation in
spite of the loss of language.
7. Apraxia (CAS)
Children with the diagnosis of apraxia of speech
generally have a good understanding of language and
know what they want to say.
8. Acquired Apraxia
Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. The
severity of apraxia depends on the nature of the brain
damage.
9. Articulation Disorder/Delay
An articulation impairment is a deficiency in an ability to
produce sounds meteorically or difficulty in having two
articulators meet to produce the sound in
isolation, syllable, sentence, paragraph or in
conversational speech which is not consistent with
chronological age.
10. Augmentative and Alternative Communication
People with severe speech or language problems rely on AAC
to supplement existing speech or replace speech that is not
functional. Special augmentative aids, such as picture and
symbol communication boards and electronic devices, are
available to help people express themselves.
11. Cleft Lip and Palate
A cleft palate is an opening in the roof of the mouth in
which the two sides of the palate did not join while your
baby was developing in utero. Cleft lip and cleft palate
can occur on one side or on both sides . Because the lip
and the palate develop separately, it is possible to have a
cleft lip, a cleft palate, or both.
12. Dysarthria
It results from impaired movement of the muscles used
for speech production, including the lips, tongue, vocal
folds, and/or diaphragm.
13. Dyslexia
Dyslexia has been used to refer to the specific learning
problem of reading. Many children with reading
problems have spoken language problems
14. Dysphagia
Dysphagia is the medical term for swallowing
difficulty/disorder. That means there can be a difficulty
with any part of the swallowing process from the
preparation for feeding/swallowing, to the esophagus
where digestion begins to take over. Difficulty in oral
preparation or difficulty moving material from the
mouth to the stomach.
15. Dysphemia
Dysphemia is the clinical term for stuttering, which
affects the fluency of speech. The disorder is
characterized by disruptions in the production of speech
sounds, also called «disfluencies.» Most people produce
brief disfluencies from time to time.
16. Laryngeal Cancer
Laryngeal cancer occurs when cancerous cells form on
the tissues of the larynx, or voice box. The larynx
contains the vocal folds. The vocal folds vibrate.
17. Oropharyngeal Cancer
The effects of cancer on speech and swallowing depend
on the location and size of the growth. This could result
in unclear production of speech sounds made with the
lips such as /p/, /b/, and /m/. Cancer of the tongue can
cause problems with some sounds, such as /l/ and /r/.
18. Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders
One type of OMD is tongue
thrust, when the tongue rests
too far forward in the mouth or
moves too far forward during
speech or swallowing.
19. Phonological Disorders
A phonological process disorder is a simplification of
the sound system that also affects
intelligibility. Students with phonological process
problems demonstrate difficulty in acquiring a
phonological system; involving organizing the patterns
of sounds in the brain and the output, not necessarily in
the motor production of the sounds like articulation
errors.
20. Selective Mutism
A child with selective mutism
does not speak in certain
situations, like at school, but
speaks at other times, like at
home or with friends. Selective
mutism often starts before a child
is 5 years old.
21. Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Is a language disorder that delays the mastery of
language skills in children who have no hearing loss or
other developmental delays. SLI is also called
developmental language disorder, language delay, or
developmental dysphasia.
22. Tracheostomy and Ventilators
People who have a tracheostomy cannot speak in the same way as those
who do not. Air no longer passes through the vocal folds so the person
cannot produce sounds easily. In some cases, the person may be able to
say a few sounds but will quickly run out of air. For some people, a
tracheostomy tube alone may not be enough.
23. Transgender Voice Therapy
If you are transgender, you may want change the way you
speak. You may choose to have voice and communication
therapy to help make these changes. The SLP will talk with
you about your goals. The SLP will listen to your vocal
pitch, or how high or deep your voice sounds. If you try to
change your voice on your own, you may do things that hurt
it. You can end up sounding raspy or lose your voice.
24. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Traumatic brain injury is a form of brain injury caused
by sudden damage to the brain. The problems vary
depending on how widespread the brain damage is and
the location of the injury.
25. Accent Modification
Although elective, the goal in accent modification training is to
help the individual speak effectively so that speech is “listener
friendly.” Accent elimination is not the intention of this training.
The individual is actually learning an American accent. After a
careful analysis of the individual’s speech patterns, a
customized training program is designed.
