Speech therapy topic based on the topic of sundar textbook

1. PRESENTED BY SRAVAN.S
SPEECH THERAPY

2. COMMUNICATION
• Communication is a process by which information is
exchanged among individuals.
• It is primarily accomplished verbally, but non-verbal
gestures and written Communication are also
included.
• Use to transmit feelings and ideas.

3. CATEGORIES
1. Speech and its disorders
2. Communication for the hearing
impaired
3. Augmentative communication
4. Communication for the visually
impaired.
5. Other aids in communication

4. WERNICKE’S AREA

5. Speech disorders are classified under:
1. Aphasia
2. Dysarthria
3. Dysphonia

6. Aphasia
• It is a communication disorder caused by brain
damage and characterized by an impairment
of language comprehension, formulation and
use.

7. TYPES OF APHASIA
• Global Aphasia: When a patient manifests with non-
fluent aphasia where there is a severe loss in
comprehension and repetition the aphasia is global.
• Isolation Aphasia: All language processes are poor,
except for the ability to repeat.
• Broca’s Aphasia: Speech production is poor and slow,
with impaired articulation, and grammar.

8. • Transcortical Motor Aphasia: The speech in some ways is similar to Broca’s aphasia.
However the main feature of this rare syndrome of aphasia is the preserved ability to
repeat fluently.
• Wernicke’s Aphasia: Speech is fluent with paraphasic errors (sounds in words may be
substituted). Comprehension of the spoken, written word is also impaired.
• Transcortical Sensory Aphasia: This rare syndrome is similar to Wernicke’s aphasia;
however the ability to repeat words is preserved. The affected persons have poor
comprehension, but their speech is fluent and grammatical.
• Conduction Aphasia: Spontaneous speech is relatively fluent with good
understanding of the spoken language, but there is selective loss of the ability to
repeat what somebody else says.
• Anomic Aphasia: Speech is well articulated, grammatical and fluent, but is marked by
severe word finding difficulties.

9. DYSARTHRIA
• Dysarthria refers to motor speech defects that results
from trauma or disease.
• The nuclei or fiber tracts in and adjacent to the
brainstem that sub serve the speech musculature.
• Articulation, loudness, rate, phonation, resonance,
pitch, rhythm and stress patterns are the aspects of
speech to be noticed.

10. Types of Dysarthria
• Flaccid Dysarthria: Damage to the nerves or their nuclei will result
in speech characterized by a breathy voice, hyper nasality, imprecisely
produced consonants, slowness, in coordination of speech mechanism,
reduced volume, and escape of air through the nose (nasal emission).
• Spastic Dysarthria: If the site of neurological lesion involves upper motor
neurons, a spastic condition may result in a speech pattern characterized
by imprecise consonant production, monotonous pitch, a strained-
strangled voice quality, hyper nasality and occasional pitch breaks.

11. Types of Dysarthria
• Cerebellar Dysarthria: Word selection is not altered,
but the melodic quality of speech is changed.
• Patients with cerebellar disorders produce a
characteristic speech pattern that includes irregular
breakdown and distortion of speech articulation.

12. Types of Dysarthria
• Hypokinetic Dysarthria: Hypo kinetic dysarthric
individuals usually speak with reduced speech stress,
short rushes of speech, inappropriate silence and
reduced volume. The speech is typically monotonous.
• Hyperkinetic Dysarthria: Patients with movement
disorders resulting in excessive motor activity, such as
dystonia and chorea, exhibit hyperkinetic dysarthria, with fast
paced speech.

13. COMMUNICATION FOR THE HEARING IMPAIRED
• According to the PWD Act 1995, hearing impairment means
loss of 60 decibels or more in the better ear in the
conversational frequencies.

14. Causes for Conductive Impairment
❖ Congenital atresia of external
auditory meatus.
❖ Foreign bodies, e.g. tumor, cartilage
or bone in external auditory meatus.
❖ Collapsed ear canal
❖ Otosclerosis
❖ Otitis media
❖ External otitis
Causes of Sensorineural Impairment
❖ Noise induced hearing loss
❖ Viral and bacterial disease of
inner ear
❖ Meniere’s disease
❖ Consumption of ototoxic drugs,
e.g. aspirin, quinine, neomycin
❖ Tumors involving
cerebellopontine angle.

15. Audiometry
▪ It is a measurement of hearing, the basic test to
determine the degree and type of hearing loss.
▪ An audiometer provides pure tones of selected
frequencies.
▪ The patient records the level at which the tones are
heard and the results of the test are recorded on an
audiogram which comes out as a graph showing
hearing sensitivity.

16. Management of Hearing Impairment
• Management depends on type of loss, degree and age of
onset. Management falls into three categories:
➢ Surgical and medical intervention,
➢ Corrective amplification and
➢ Counseling.

17. SPEECH THERAPY
• Speech therapy is the treatment administered by a speech pathologist.
• A speech pathologist is an individual trained to diagnose and treat speech
disorders.
❖ The following is the sequence of learning tasks:
✓ Imitation of gross body movements, by feeling movements of and touching the
articulatory apparatus, comprising the mouth, lips and tongue.
✓ Repetition of a small repertoire of phonemes, usually the labial syllables ‘ma’ or
‘pa’, which are incidentally the first words uttered by a new born.
✓ Listening to the oral production of a word and attempting to imitate it.
✓ Matching identical objects, pictures, flash cards.
✓ Using alphabet boards and writing devices, and, more recently, computers as a
substitute for speech for aphasic patients.

18. SPEECH THERAPY
Auditory Training
• Systematic training in speech discrimination in various listening situations will
be necessary for many persons with sensorineural hearing impairments.
Lip Reading
• The hearing impaired person looks for movements of face and lips, which
maybe slightly exaggerated, with the face of the speaker in full light.
Sign Language
• Is a mode of communication in which, a combination of hand gestures,
orientation and movements of the body and face transmits visual signs to
convey meaning be slightly exaggerated, with the face of the speaker in full
light.

20. Conditions Treated with Speech Therapy
• Cleft Palate: The congenital deformity of cleft palate with or without cleft lip occurs in approximately
one in 900 to 2000 births.
The voice is nasal in nature. Surgical repair of cleft lip and palate by a plastic surgeon is usually the
treatment of choice. Orthotic appliances are often fitted to maintain or restore the contour of the arch.
• Mental Retardation and Cerebral Palsy: It is customary to expect a child to speech therapists
and special educators have a vital role to play in language facilitation work with the mentally handicapped.
Where speech is not possible, augmentative or communicative aids may be used.
• Autism : The autistic child often has bizarre language patterns along with behavioral and interpersonal
problems. Many fail to develop language and are mistakenly suspected of being hearing impaired early in
their development.
• Bells Palsy :Facial muscles usually on one side are paralyzed due to affliction of the facial nerve and
speech can be affected. Massage and stimulation of the facial muscles, mirror exercises and speech
therapy are initiated.

21. THANK YOU..!!