cc tn aed aetc am&e p&p 2 tractors, farm equipments., ...

TRAINING ON
NEWLY DEVELOPED
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENTS
“Agricultural Machinery & Equipments
(Past & Present) - An 'U' Turn Look.”
-Coomarasamy. C
-Formerly EE, AED
Agricultural Engineering Training Centre,
Tiruchirapalli
29.12.2015 : 11.00 a.m.- 01.00 p.m.
cc aed aetc am&e p&p 2 tractors, farm equipments., …

1.0. INTRODUCTION : AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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1.0. INTRODUCTION- FARMING ERA’S
 Pre-1800’s- Farming Operations
conducted by hand or animals.
 1850-1900- Era of the
Steam Tractor
 1900’s- Era of the Internal Combustion Tractor
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1.1.0.TRACTOR
Tractor: The word tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun
of trahere "to pull”.
1859 -"traction engine"
1892 John Froelich developed tractor to power a grain thresher.
1901 -The first recorded use of the word meaning
"an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or ploughs“
1906- The term “tractor” is first used.
1918 a PTO shaft used to power equipment drawn
Tractor definition :
The tractor is a wheeled or tracked
self propelled vehicle used as a power means for moving
agricultural,
road-building, and
other machines equipped with
special tools, and also for
towing trailers.
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The speed,
power,
flexibility,
adaptability, and
handling ease of modern tractors is what makes them
valuable and indispensable for modern day farming.
Tractor Purposes : Farm tractors were designed for our primary purposes:
1. Load Mover (High Lift)
2. Remote Power Source (PTO)
3. Implement Carrier (3 Pt. Hitch)
4. Transport Unit (Drawbar Unit)
1.1.0.TRACTOR
Tractors are work horses,
not race horses.
A tractor is designed to do work.
Use the tractor only for this
purpose!
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1.1.0.TRACTOR
The uses of tractor in agriculture are many, and so
different types of tractors are needed to do
different types farm work.
Tractor engine can be used in agriculture
as a prime mover for active (moving) tool
 to pull such equipment as :
ploughs, harrows,
cultivators,
mowers;
harvesters
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 to power stationary farm machinery through
an intermediary power take off (PTO) shaft or
belt pulley such as :
threshers
pumps
saws and
winches;
and
 to push :
snow ploughs and
earth-moving implements.
1.1.0.TRACTOR
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Tractor
- is an agricultural or industrial machine that has the following
basic elements:
1. Self-Propelled
2. Produces Drawbar Pull
3. Produces Belt or PTO Power
4. Has Clutches to Engage/Disengage Power
5. Has a Reverse Gear
6. Steered by the Operator
7. Hydraulic Capability
8. 3 Point Hitch
1.1.0.TRACTOR
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1.1.1. CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS
.
TRACTOR
type of under carriage type of running gear Draw Bar pull t f
is classified according to
Framed
Semi-Framed
Frameless
Special-purpose
Universal-row-crop
Wheeled
Semi-tracked
Crawler
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.4
0.9
0.6
0.2
6.0
8.0
4 x2 3 x2 4 x4
purpose
General-purpose
1. Hillside
2. Swamp
3. Ameliorative
4. Garden
5. Self -propelled carriers
6. Vineyard
7. Cotton field
8. Beet field
9. Forestry
To make or become better; improve-
On forest tracks, rills and ruts are created
by the wheels of tractors and by the haulage of timber,
in the course of which soil is gathered up in front of the logs as
they are dragged along. - soil in forest, mining
*
*
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1.1.1. CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS (PURPOSE)
On the basis of purpose, wheeled tractors are classified
into three groups.
(a) General purpose tractors: (Land Utility tractors)
They are used for major farm operations common to the
cultivation of major crops such as
ploughing, (tillage, discing, general cultivations)
harrowing,
sowing,
harvesting and
transporting work.
Such tractors are characterized by a
(i) low ground clearance
(ii) increased engine power
(iii) good adhesion (traction) and
(iv) w i d e tyres or tracks
enabling them to develop a high pull. c.coomarasamy

1.1.1.CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS (PURPOSE)
(b) Universal - row - crop tractors:
They are used for furrow (row) crop cultivation.
Such tractor is provided with
replaceable driving wheels of
different tread widths.
It has high ground clearance to
save damage of crops.
W i d e wheel track can be adjusted to
suit inter row distance. i.e.,
w i d e for general farm work and
narrow for row crop work.
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. Row-crop tractors make possible the mechanization of
inter row tillage, such as
cultivation,
hoeing,
hilling,
dusting, and
harvesting of such row crops as
corn,
sugar beets, and
cotton.
The particular features of row-crop tractors are their ability to
operate with toolbar-mounted implements and to
operate in the inter rows of row crops, and
their w i d e track (usually adjustable), high clearance, and
narrow wheels or crawler tracks.
hoeing machine for corn,
sunflower, etc.
Hoeing weeds
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An Oliver Row Crop 60 tractor
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(c) Special purpose tractors: are modifications of
standard land or row-crop utility tractor models and
are used for definite jobs (e.g., in vine yards,
cotton field), or for various jobs under
certain conditions (e.g., marshy soils, hill sides).
Special designs are there for special purpose tractor.
Thus, Special tractors used to mechanize the
cultivation of cotton have a
single front steerable wheel,
Swamp tractors are equipped with
w i d e tracks enabling them to operate on
marshy soils,
The hill side tractors are designed to
work on hillside slopping at up to 160.
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As to the type of undercarriage, tractors may be
 Framed,
 Semi-framed or
 Frameless.
The body of the framed tractors is essentially riveted or welded frame.
The body of the semi-framed tractors is made up of
two short longitudinal beams (side members)
bolted or welded to the rear axle housing.
1.1.1.CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS
(TYPE OF UNDERCARRIAGE)
Cabin support
Cabin
Drive train
Frame
Suspension
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The body of the frameless tractors is formed by bolting together the
casings of individual tractor mechanisms.
1.1.1. CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS
(TYPE OF UNDERCARRIAGE)
A frameless Fordson Model F tractor
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Tractor design and layout
 Tractors are divided into six main types:
 · tracked or 'crawler' tractors
 · 4 wheeled, 2 wheel driven (2WD) tractors
 . 2 wheeled tractors
 · special purpose tractors
1.1.1.CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS (RUNNING GEAR)
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1.1.1. CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS (RUNNING GEAR)
As to the design of the running gear tractors can be classified as
follows:
1. Crawler tractors (track type or chain type) (track laying)
2. Wheel tractors (wheeled type)
3. Power tillers (Walking tractor )
1. Crawler tractor: This is also called
track type tractor or chain type tractor. In such tractors, there is
endless chain or track in place of pneumatic wheels.
They are distinguished by a large ground contact area and therefore
have a good track adhesion;
Such tractors show
a high cross-country power,
and are capable of developing
a high pull.
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Tracked or 'crawler' tractors.
 Tracked tractors are equipped with tracks instead of wheels.
 They are generally used on farms where
soils are difficult to cultivate, such as heavy clays, or where
seasons are shorter and wet conditions predominate.
 More power can be transmitted to the drawbar than wheeled tractors.
 Maintenance costs are however higher than for wheeled tractors.
 Also, unlike wheeled tractors, they must be
transported from field to field by a 'low loader'.
 Recently, a tractor manufacturer designed a high powered, high speed
tracked tractor that runs on rubber tracks and can be driven on the
road.
 This model may make the tracked tractor more popular in future.
Tracked tractors have power ratings of 65-700 HP.
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2. Wheel tractors:
are more versatile and can be used for
both field and transport work, but
their traction is lower than that of
crawler tractors.
Tractors, having three or four pneumatic wheels are called wheel
tractors.
Four wheel tractors are
most popular every where.
Wheel-type tractor:
(1) engine, (2) steering wheel,
(3) cab, (4) fuel tank,
(5) levers of toolbar assembly.
(6) power takeoff shaft, (7) hitch,
(8) main drive, (9) driving wheel,
(10) gear box, (11) clutch,
(12) front (steerable) wheel
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Four wheeled, 2WD tractors:
 Four wheeled, 2WD tractors are the most common type of tractor.
 The two rear wheels supply power.
 The front wheels are much smaller and are used only for steering.
 Engine power ranges from 25 to 120 hp.
Four wheeled, 4WD tractors:
 The 4 wheeled, 4WD tractor is similar to the 4 wheeled, 2WD tractors,
but all 4 wheels can be powered for better traction.
 The front wheels are half the size of the rear wheels.
 4WD tractors usually have power ratings of 70 hp and above,
although some lower horsepower units are made for special
purposes.
4x4 Agricultural Tractorc.coomarasamy

Eight wheeled, 8WD tractors:
 The 8WD tractors are the
top of the range in terms of
weight and power.
 They avoid soil compaction and wheel slip by
distributing weight and power over 8 wheels.
 They are jointed in the middle, and
1 axle is mounted to each of the jointed halves,
with both axles driven.
 Each axle has 2 dual wheels at each end, or 4 wheels per axle.
 8WD tractors usually have engines of 200 hp or more.
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Tractors can be generally classified as
two-wheel drive,
two-wheel drive with front wheel assist,
four-wheel drive (often with articulated
steering), or
track tractors (with either two or four
powered rubber tracks).
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3. Power tiller (Walking tractor) Two wheeled tractors:
 Two wheeled tractors are often called 'walking tractors' .
 This tractor usually fitted with two wheels only.
 The operator, walking behind the tractor
performs the direction of travel and its
controls for field operation.
 Now-a-days, driver’s seat provision is made in some machines.
 The small hand held units with rotary cultivators are usually driven
by petrol engines.
 Larger units are often coupled to 2 wheeled trailers and driven by
diesel engines.
 Engines of 5-10 horsepower (hp) are common.
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.
Power Tiller Gn 121 (12HP Engine)
Application scope: Plain, mountainous
area, hills of small grades, paddy field, and
dry land. Function: Ploughing, rotary tilling,
harrowing, reaping, seeding, spraying,
pumping, threshing, and etc.
Features: Solid type gearbox applied,
compact, delicate
Power tiller- walking tractor
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Special purpose tractors:
 The agricultural tractor is sometimes modified for use under
special conditions where the standard type is not suitable.
 The narrow tractor is a basic small tractor which has been modified
to pass through the narrow rows of soft fruit trees and vineyards.
 The high clearance tractor is usually a standard tractor which has
been elevated to give more clearance over advanced stage crops
for spraying or fertilizer broadcasting.
 Light, low HP, 4WD tractors work in rice paddies, where the
combination of light weight and 4WD is desirable.
 Other special purpose tractors provide engine and transmission
facilities for purpose-built machines, such as
pipe layers, drainage machines, and mechanical harvesters.
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As to the nominal Draw Bar (DB) Pull,
tractors are divided into several classes differing in design.
Drawbar pull DP = {(T x R )÷ r }- RR
where
 Torque of the vehicle's motor (T)
 gear reduction (R) (including the axle and transmission)
 radius of the drive tire (r)
 rolling resistance (RR)
and it is given by RR = {GVW x R} ÷ 100
where
 gross vehicle weight (GVW)
 rolling resistance of the surface (R).
1.1.1.CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS (DRAW BAR PULL)
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1.1.2. SELECTION OF TRACTOR
Selection of tractor depends upon following factors:
Land holding: Under a
single cropping pattern,
it is normally recommended to consider
1 hp for every 2 hectares of land.
In other words,
one tractor of 20-25 hp is suitable for
40 hectares farm.
2. Cropping pattern: Generally
1.5 hectare/hp has been recommended where
adequate irrigation facilities are available and
more than and crop is taken.
So a 30-35 hp tractor is suitable for
40 hectares farm.
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3. Soil condition:
A tractor with less wheel base,
higher ground clearance and
low overall weight may work successfully
in higher soil but it
will not be able to
give sufficient depth in black cotton soil.
4. Climatic condition:
For very hot zone and desert area,
air cooled engines are preferred over
water-cooled engines.
Similarly for higher altitude,
air cooled engines are preferred
because water is liable to be frozen at
higher altitude.
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5. Repairing facilities:
It should be ensured that
the tractor to be purchased has
a dealer at near by place with
all the technical skills for
repair and maintenance of machine.
6. Running cost:
Tractors with less specific fuel consumption should be preferred
over others so that running cost may be less.
Initial cost and resale value:
While keeping the resale value in mind,
the initial cost should not be very high,
otherwise higher amount of interest will have to be paid.
7. Test report:
Test report of tractors released from
farm machinery testing stations should be
consulted for guidance.
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1.1.3. MAIN COMPONENTS OF TRACTOR
Tractor is complex self-propelled machine consisting of
separate interacting mechanisms and units that can be
combined into certain groups.
The arrangement of the main component parts
(groups of mechanisms) of the wheel type tractor is shown in fig.2.
The arrangement of the main component parts
(groups of mechanisms) of crawler type tractor is shown in fig.9.
Irrespective of particular design features, all tractors consists of
1. Engine – I.C Engine
2. Drive line – clutch, flexible coupling, transmission & rear axle.
3. Running gear – the rotation of the driving wheels in contact with the
ground is converted into the translatory motion of the tractor.
4. Steering mechanism- turning front wheels (in wheeled tractors)
varying the speed of one of the tracks (in crawler tractors)
5. Working attachments- P.T.O shaft, draw bar, belt pulley etc.,
6. Auxiliary equipments- driver’s cab, hood, lighting equipment,
horns, tell tales (indicators). c.coomarasamy

1.1.3. MAIN COMPONENTS OF TRACTOR
1. Engine
2. Drive line
3. Running gear
4. Steering mechanism
5. Working attachments
6. Auxiliary equipments
Fig: 1.
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Fig:2.Wheel-type tractor: (1) engine, (2) steering wheel, (3) cab, (4) fuel tank,
(5) levers of toolbar assembly. (6) power takeoff shaft, (7) hitch, (8) main drive,
(9) driving wheel, (10) gear box, (11) clutch, (12) front (steerable) wheel
1.1.4. WHEEL TYPE TRACTOR
1
5
3
2
6
41. Engine
2. Drive line
3. Running gear
1. Engine
2. Drive line
5. Working
attachments
6. Auxiliary
equipments
3. Running gear
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Fig : 3. AUXILIARIES-FITTINGS
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1.1.4. WHEEL TYPE TRACTOR : FRONT VIEW
There are tractors with two or four driving wheels and two or four
wheels that change the direction of the tractor.
Fig : 4. Tractor: Front view c.coomarasamy

1.1.4. WHEEL TYPE TRACTOR : REAR VIEW
The back end of the tractor is fitted with the equipment necessary to haul
farm equipment or supply mechanical power to it.
Fig : 5. Tractor: Rear view c.coomarasamy

Fig : 6. SECTIONAL VIEW
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Fig : 7. CUTAWAY OF TRACTOR
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Fig : 8. Wheel tractor with front end loader and back hoe. c.coomarasamy

Fig: 9. Crawler tractor: (1) engine, (2) cab, (3) fuel tank, (4) levers of tool-bar assembly,
(5) power takeoff shaft, (6) hitch, (7) driving sprocket, (8) main drive, (9) crawler track,
(10) gear box, (11) bogie wheel, (12) clutch, (13) idler wheel
1.1.5. CRAWLER TYPE TRACTOR
5
3
2
6
4
1. Engine
2. Drive line
3. Running gear
1. Engine
2. Drive line
5. Working
attachments
6. Auxiliary
equipments
3. Running gear
1
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FIG : 10.CRAWLER TYPE TRACTOR
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 Engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.
 The engine is the heart and soul of any tractor.
 Most modern tractors today run on diesel and biodiesel.
 These powerful engines typically range in size from 18 to 575
horsepower, giving them all of the incredible power they need to tackle
any job on today's farms.
 Diesel (automotive gasoil) is the most commonly used fuel in
agricultural engines.
Petrol is generally confined to smaller tractors and crop handling
equipment.
 Petrol engines are usually small, single cylinder, air cooled units
and are used to power 'walking‘ tractors.
 Multi-cylinder petrol engines are hardly ever used in agricultural
equipment today.
 Their reliability is reduced by having an electrical ignition system.
Petrol too is extremely flammable and so safety margins are much
less.
1.2.1. ENGINE
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 Diesel engines use compression ignition, where injected fuel is
ignited by hot highly compressed air inside the cylinder.
 Diesel engines have a strong construction, and are inherently simpler
and thus more reliable than petrol engines.
 They deliver power over a wider speed range and have more torque
or lugging power at low speeds than petrol engines.
 Fuel economy is greater because of the higher power density of the
fuel, but of course fuel consumption will increase with higher HP.
 Tractor engines can be 3, 4, or 6 cylinder in-line engines, and then go
to V-8 and V-12 configurations.
 Turbo-charging is now very common, and enables greater power out-
put from a given size of engine.
 However, if strict operating rules and servicing, especially oil changes,
are not carried out, reliability of a turbocharged tractor engine will be
seriously reduced.
 For developing countries, it is advisable to opt for a
bigger sized naturally aspirated engine than a
smaller turbocharged unit of the same power.
1.2.1. ENGINE
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 Utilizes two revolutions of the
crankshaft between power impulses
 Provides an individual piston stroke (up
or down) to accomplish the complete
cycle
 1) Intake - down stroke of piston
 2) Compression - up stroke of piston
 3) Power - down stroke of piston
 4) Exhaust - up stroke of piston
1.2.1. ENGINE
FOUR-STROKE
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Stroke 1 (intake)
only air enters
cylinder.
1.2.1. ENGINE
DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION
Stroke 2 (compression)
air is compressed to high
extent, raising its
temperature.
Stroke 3 (power)
diesel is injected,
high air temperature
ignites diesel.
Stroke 4
(exhaust) burnt
gases are expelled
from the engine.
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1.2.1. ENGINE - CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT
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1.2.1. ENGINE-
CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT
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1.2.1. ENGINE
Working components of I.C.Engine
.
Components of I.C.Engine
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1.2.1. ENGINE
PARTS OF AN ENGINE.
PISTON CRANKSHAFT
CAM SHAFT VALVE
ENGINE BLOCK
CYLINDER HEAD
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 The drive line comprises
a set of mechanisms which
transmit the torque developed by the
engine to the driving wheels or tracks and
change the driving torque both in magnitude and direction.
 The power transmission system consists of:
 (a) clutch,
 (b)flexible coupling,
 (c) transmission gears
 (d) differential,
 (e) final drive, power take off (PTO), drive shafts
 (f) rear axle,
 (g) rear wheels.
 Combination of all these components is responsible for transmission
of power.
 The drive line is up to rear axle.
1.2.2. DRIVE LINE
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1.2.2. DRIVE LINE
1. POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF TRACTOR
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 Power transmission. The tractor moves when engine power flows
through the drive line (train) to the driven wheels.
 Clutch. The clutch disengages the engine from the gearbox so the
tractor operator can shift gears or stop the tractor.
 The clutch in most tractors is a dual unit that can pass power to both
the gearbox and the PTO, which
provides power to auxiliary implements.
 Types of clutch: Clutches are mainly of three types:
 (1) Friction clutch (2) Dog clutch (3) Fluid coupling.
 Friction clutch is most popular in four wheel tractors.
 Fluid clutch is also used in some tractors these days.
 Dog clutch is mostly used in power tillers.
Friction clutch may be subdivided into three classes:
 (a) Single plate clutch or single disc clutch
 (b) Multiple plate clutch or multiple disc clutch
 (c) Cone clutch.
1.2.2. DRIVE LINE – 2. CLUTCH
Single plate clutch
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The flexible coupling, incorporates
elastic elements allowing to connect the
clutch shaft and the transmission drive shaft with
a slight misalignment.
1.2.2. DRIVE LINE – 3. FLEXIBLE COUPLING
Hydraulic multi-disc clutch with flexible
coupling 2 400 - 18 000 Nm
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 The transmission (Gear box) makes it possible to change the
driving torque and the running speed of the tractor by engaging
different pairs of gears.
 With the direction of rotation of the engine shaft remaining the same, the
transmission enables the tractor to be put in reverse.
 A transmission (gearbox) is necessary to keep the engine at its most
efficient operating speed while being able to vary ground speeds of
the tractor.
 Also, it is not possible to accelerate the mass of a tractor and
implement using high gears from a dead start, so a low gear is
selected for starting and upward changes made as you get to the
speed limit of that gear.
 Most agricultural operations have an optimum speed to
achieve the best result for the type of work you are doing.
 If you are going too slowly, you are wasting time and fuel, and if you
are going too fast, the quality of work will decrease and you may be
overloading or lugging your engine, which will shorten its life.
1.2.2. DRIVE LINE – 4. TRANSMISSION (GEAR BOX)
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1.2.2. DRIVE LINE – TRANSMISSION (GEAR BOX)
The Side-View of a Standard 5-Speed
Manual Transmission System
Two-speed manual transmission gearbox.
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 The rear-axle mechanisms increase the
driving torque and transmit it to the
driving wheels or tracks at right angles to the drive shaft.
 In most tractors, the rear axle also comprises brakes.
Differential:
 In the wheeled tractor, as
distinct from its crawler counterpart,
the drive line includes the
differential which
enables the driving wheels to revolve with
different speeds when making
turns or
running over a ragged terrain, at which time the
left - and right- hand wheels must
travel different distances during
one and the same time.
1.2.2. DRIVE LINE – 5. REAR AXLE
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 After the engine power has passed through the gearbox, the
differential sends it to the driven wheels.
 The differential allows the driven wheels to turn at different speeds, as
when turning a corner.
 In the case of a 4WD or 8WD tractor,
power is also sent to the front wheels,
which are equipped with
their own differential.
 To compensate for
rear wheel slippage, the
front wheels of 4WD and 8WD tractors
turn slightly faster than the rear ones.
 These tractors must
not be driven on the road in
four wheel drive, because of excessive tire wear and
damage to the drive train.
1.2.2. DRIVE LINE – 5. REAR AXLE
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 Final drive is a rear reduction unit in the
power trains between the differential and
drive wheels.
 Final drive is the last stage in
transferring power from engine to wheels.
 It reduces the speed of the
propeller shaft (drive shaft) to that of wheels.
 It also turns the drive of the
propeller shaft by an
angle of 90o to drive
the wheels.
 The propeller shaft has a
small bevel pinion which
meshes with crown wheel.
 The crown wheel gives
rotary motion to rear axles.
1.2.3. RUNNING GEAR
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 The size of crown wheel is bigger than that of bevel pinion, therefore,
the speed of rear axles (or crown wheel) is lower than the speed of
pinion.
 Final drive is of two types,
i.e. chain type and gear type.
 This running gear is needed for
the tractor to move.
 The rotation of the
driving wheels
(or movement of the tracks)
in contact with the ground is
converted into the
translatory motion of the
tractor.
1.2.3. RUNNING GEAR
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 The steering mechanism serves to change the direction of
movement of tractor by turning its front wheels (in wheel tractors)
or varying the speed of one of the tracks(in crawler tractors)
1.2.4. THE STEERING MECHANISM
Power Steering
Use hydraulic pressure to move a
double acting cylinder.
Manual Steering
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Tracked Vehicle Steering
 In order to steer a tracked vehicle, it is necessary to
drive one track faster than the other, causing the vehicle to turn
toward the slower track.
 This is called "skid steering" or "differential steering".
 While the theory is simple, it’s execution is not.
Design Considerations
 A steering transmission must, in addition to steering the vehicle,
be easy to use.
 Most fast track-layers are tanks: incredibly heavy, powerful, and
expensive machines that are operated by teenage recruits with limited
experience, at night without lights, over rough and unfamiliar ground,
with extremely limited vision… not to mention under fire.
 Thus, whatever steering mechanism is used, it
has to be fairly simple to operate.
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 It must also be efficient.
 Any inefficiency produces waste heat, usually from the friction in a
slipping clutch or brake.
 Since a tracked vehicle implies a heavy vehicle, which
in turn implies a powerful engine,
inefficiency can produce problematic amounts of waste heat.
 For example, a 1500 hp engine running a 50% efficient transmission will
produce 560,000 watts of waste heat.
 All this heat has to be
extracted from the vehicle before it causes problems.
 Furthermore, all that energy is
no longer available for driving the vehicle,
meaning the engine ... and fuel tank ... could be made much
smaller if the transmission were more efficient.
 Both of these problems are significantly less for slow track-layers,
such a bulldozers, but they still apply.
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Clutch-Brake Steering
 Far less complicated (as it only requires one engine) is the
Clutch-Brake system, where the output of a single power source drives
both tracks directly.
 Since they are physically connected to each other, the tracks must
turn at the same speed and the vehicle will travel in a straight line.
 To allow for turns, each track can be disconnected from the engine
with a clutch, allowing that track to slow and the vehicle to turn fairly
gently ... a "free turn".
 A brake allows the disengaged track to be slowed to tighten the turn,
even to the point of stopping the track so the vehicle turns in a very
tight radius ... a "braked turn".
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Detail of power train in tract-type tractor.
Controls
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1.2.5. WORKING ATTACHMENTS OF TRACTORS
The Working attachments are
used / necessary to
utilize the useful power of the
tractor engine,
teamed with various
farm machines or
implements, for the many and
time-consuming farm tasks carried out
on the land.
The attachments include
 a hydraulic lift(implement-attaching) linkage system,
 a drawbar hitch(coupling), / a draft hook,
 automatic draft and / position control system
 a power takeoff(PTO) shaft, and
 a belt pulley.
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1.2.5.1. WORKING OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM - PRINCIPLES
 A simple hydraulic system
consists of
a pump which pumps oil to a
hydraulic ram.
 This pump may be driven from
tractors transmission system or
it may be mounted on its
engine.
 This system consists of
a cylinder with a close filling
piston like an
engine cylinder.
 As the oil is pumped in to the
closed end of the
cylinder,
the piston is forced along with it.
Operating lever at lifting position
Operating lever at neutral position
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Working of Hydraulic system
The movement of the piston is
transmitted to the
lower links by means of a
cross shaft and lift rods.
A control valve controls the
flow of oil and direction it back to the
reservoir.
It allows the oil in the cylinder to
flow out again when the
links are to be lowered.
It also traps the oil in the cylinder
when the
links are to be held at any height.
Fig shows the
schematic diagrams of
a hydraulic system fitted.
1.2.5.1.WORKING OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM -PRINCIPLES
Operating lever at lowering position
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1.2.5.1.GENERAL DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC LIFT LINKAGE
SYSTEM
 Modern tractors manufactured are equipped with a
hydraulic lift linkage system that allows
fully mounted, semi-mounted, and draft implements to be
hitched to
the tractor.
 The system is controlled by the
tractor driver from his driving seat in the tractor cab.
 It includes a hitch linkage and a hydraulic lift mechanism.
 The hitch linkage serves to
attach agricultural implements to the tractor.
 It consists of several links, rods, and arms, usually installed at the
rear of the tractor.
 The purpose of the tractor hydraulic system is
to lift and lower implements attached to the tractor.
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The system (Fig.) includes
1. oil tank, 2. low pressure oil (hydraulic lines), 3. oil (hydraulic)pump,
4. hydraulic control(selector)valve, 5. Control (valve)spool,
6. hydraulic control lever, 7. high pressure oil lines, 8. Power(hydraulic
ram)cylinders, 9. Hitch linkage, 10. Mounted implement.
1.2.5.1.GENERAL DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC LIFT LINKAGE
SYSTEM
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1.2.5.2. DRAWBAR HITCHES (COUPLING)
 Provide a means of
connecting and controlling
drawn, integral and
semi-integral implements
 Are attached to
center of equipment
 Drawbars
 Regular
 Can be adjusted
 Laterally
 Vertically
 Fore and aft
 Swinging
 Provide easier
steering
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The swinging draw bar mounts to
a bracket under the
rear end of the tractor with
a pivot pin.
It is adjustable to the
left or right or center
on the regular
11 hole drawbar and
makes pulling
implements or
trailers
easy and
safe.
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 Hitches
 Tractor power is
transmitted to the
implement through the
two lower draft links.
 The upper link prevents
implement roll over from
occurring.
 3 point hitch standardization
 Increased
interchangeability
 Different categories
(Four)
Three point hitch and linkage parts are used in the attachment of
three-point hitch implements to the rear of agricultural wheeled tractors.
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Lift links – raise and lower draft
links.
Lift arms – connect lift links to
rockshaft.
Rockshaft – raises and lowers
lift links.
Center link – the top link.
Parts of the 3 point hitch
Draft Link – the lower attachment point.
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The entire Three Point hitch assembly is shown in position on the ground.
When in use, the implement will be 2–8 inches beneath the soil surface. The
upper link and lower training arms will take on a slope toward the ground at
that point and the draft forces are used to signal the hydraulic system to
adjust and maintain a consistent depth into the soil.
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Ball and spoon
Push Back Hitch
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Ball HitchTractor quick hitchTractor tow hitch JCB quick hitch
Link less roller hitch
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TRANSPORT LOCK:
The Hydraulic System
( in Farm trac Models) is also
equipped with flow control valve.
It serves Dual Purpose.
1. Control the lowering speed of the
implements
2. It acts as transportation Lock
(Avoid accidental lowering of
implements during travel on the road)
• When the knob is fully tightened by
rotating it in clockwise direction to an
extreme, the lowers links can be
locked in the raised position, will not
lower even if draft or position levers
are lowered.
1.2.5.2. DRAWBAR HITCHES -TRANSPORT LOCK
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1.2.5.3. AUTOMATIC DRAFT AND / POSITION CONTROL
SYSTEM
 While operating an implement with the
hydraulic control lever in the “FLOAT” position or with the
hydraulic traction booster control lever in the “ON” position,
the depth of the work depends on the setting of the
depth wheel or wheels of the implement.
 Such a system is known as depth control system.
 Automatic draft control systems will
automatically raise or lower an implement as the
draft of the attached implement
increases or decreases.
 The sensing device that tells the
hydraulic system to lower or raise the hitch linkage is located on
either the lower links or the top link, depending on the
size of the tractor.
 The position of the hand control lever, in effect,
establishes the draft to be maintained.
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SYSTEM
Operation of (a) draft and / or position control unit
(b) Sensing devices
IV- Oil pump
V- Oil tank
VI- hydraulic accumulator
I- control unit
II- main power cylinder
III- hydraulic control valve
VII- traction control unit
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 1. control mode selector lever
 2. control lever
 3. movable sleeve screw
 4. expansion spring
 5. movable sleeve
 6. spool valve
 7. spool valve nut
 8. spool valve screw
 9. position control arm
 10. draft control arm
 11. power cylinder lever chamber
 12. draft control rod
 13. position control rod
 14. main power cylinder
 15. ram arm (position sensing
device)
SYSTEM
 16. top link
 17. bracket
 18. draft sensing device
 19. leaf spring
 20. coil springs
 21. ram rod
 22. arm
 I- control unit
 II- main power cylinder
 III- hydraulic control valve
 IV- oil pump
 V- oil tank
 VI- hydraulic accumulator
 VII- traction control unit
 A,B,C,D,E,F,and G- hydraulic
lines
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 The hand control lever determines
the position of the implement.
 The relative position of the
hand lever and the
power cylinder are identical.
 Within the limit of the relief valve controlling the
maximum pressure, the
power cylinder will automatically move the implement to its
predetermined position relative to the
tractor undercarriage and
maintain it there, regardless of the
draft of the implement or any leakage in the system.
 Automatic draft and / position control system includes
a hydraulic draft and / position control unit,
draft and position sensing devices, and an
operating mechanism.
SYSTEM
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 Any variation in the thrust in the
top link of the hitch linkage due to
changes in
the implement draft resulting from
varying soil conditions or
unintentional variations in the
depth of the work causes
some change in the
extent of deformation of the
control (load) springs in the
draft sensing device 18.
 Any deviation of the
implement from its
prescribed position causes
ram arm 15 to turn accordingly.
SYSTEM
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 Power take off shaft, usually called simply
Power Take Off- ( P.T.O, pto, p.t.o) provides tractor power to drive
the coupled or trailed implements
such as mowers, sprayers, and cultivators.
 The power for the PTO comes from the engine through the
dual clutch.
 The two transmissions of power are usually independent.
 For example, an operator can stop or move the tractor
without affecting the use of the PTO, or
can stop the PTO yet still move the tractor.
1.2.5.4. POWER TAKEOFF(PTO) SHAFT
Unless it functions solely by pulling it through or
over the ground, a towed implement needs its own power source
(such as a baler or combine with a separate engine)
or else a means of transmitting power from the tractor to the
mechanical operations of the equipment.
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 In addition to towing an implement or supplying tractive power
through the wheels, most tractors have a means to transfer power to
another machine such as a baler, swather, or mower.
A baler is a piece of farm machinery used to
compress a cut and raked crop
(such as hay, cotton, straw, or silage) into
compact bales that are easy to handle,
transport, and store.
Several different types of balers are
commonly used, each producing a different
type of bales
–square, rectangular or cylindrical, of
various sizes, bound with
twine, strapping, netting, or wire.
Square baler
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.
Eicher tractor with a
mid-mounted finger-bar mower
Swather
A swather, or windrower, is a farm implement
that cuts hay or small grain crops and forms
them into a windrow.
"Swather" is predominantly
the North American term for these machines.
In Australia and other parts of the world,
they are called "windrowers“.
A mower is a machine for cutting grass or
other plants that grow on the ground.
Usually mowing is distinguished from reaping,
which uses similar implements, but is the
traditional term for harvesting grain crops,
e.g. with reapers and combines.
Swather
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 Early tractors used belts or cables wrapped around the flywheel or
a separate belt pulley to power stationary equipment, such as a
threshing machine,
buzz saw,
silage blower, or
stationary baler.
In most cases, it was
not practical for
the tractor and
equipment to move with
a flexible belt or
cable between them.
So this system required the tractor to remain in one location, with the
work brought to the equipment, or
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 Power take off shafts are classified according to their location on the
tractor, type of drive, rotational speed, and method of control.
Power take off shafts
Location Type of drive Rotational speed Method of control
-Rear
-Front
-Rear & Side
(Row crop
Tractors)
-Transmission drive
-Live
(Independent, or
-Constant running)
-Semi-independent
-Ground speed
-540 rpm
-1000 rpm
(at nominal
engine speed)
-Mechanical
-Hydraulic
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Tractors under 100 HP use a PTO speed of 540 rpm, and larger units use a
PTO speed of 1100 rpm.
Some manufacturers of smaller tractors provide both speeds regardless of the
HP rating. The PTO may also drive hydraulic pumps for remote work.
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1.2.5.4. POWER TAKEOFF(PTO) SHAFT - SAFETY
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1.2.5.5. BELT PULLEY
The Belt Pulley can be set in
one of three positions as shown
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Belt pulley
 serves to drive various stationary farm machines by a flat belt.
 usually fits over the PTO shaft at the rear of the tractor.
 uses the normal PTO control levers and clutches.
 axis must be at right angles to the centre line of the tractor.
 unit is essentially a bevel reduction gear comprising a pair of gears.
 is splash lubricated with transmission oil contained in the case.
Cordwood Saw-
The belt pulley is a type drive found on older
tractors and steam engines.
A large, flat and wide
flexible belt was used to connect the tractor's
belt pulley to a machine such as a
pump, saw mill etc.,
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The belt pulley attachment drives off the pto shaft and allows implements or
attachments to be driven by a wide flat belt from this pulley.
Centrifugal pump driven by tractor for agriculture irrigation
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Auxiliary equipment serves the
purpose of improving the conditions of driver’s work, so as to allow
driver to perform many complex tasks with
efficiency,
safety, and
a minimum of fatigue.
Such equipments includes
1. the driver’s cab with
spring mounted seat,
together with the engine hood, heating and
ventilation equipment,
2. tell tales (indicators),
3. Fifth wheel assembly
4.winches,
5.horns,
6. front splash paneling,
7. various hitch devices,
etc.,
1.2.5.6. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Tractors: 100 HP +
Tractor tow hitch
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 General purpose tractors usually
use two or three-seater cabs and
row crop tractors are equipped with
one-seater cabs of all metal construction.
 As an example,
consider the construction of
a general purpose tractor (two or three-seater cabs) and
a row crop tractor (one-seater cabs)
Two or three-seater cabs
 The cab is coated with a layer of sound-insulating mastic 2 covered
with a layer of pasteboard 1 on the outside.
 It is finished with waterproof pasteboard 3 on the inner side.
 The cab is held to the tractor frame by four isolation rubber mounts
8 to reduce the adverse effect of vibrations on the driver.
 The construction of the cab provides for good visibility.
 Front windows 4 are hinged, so that they can be opened for
ventilation purposes.
 The door glasses are equipped with regulators(window raisers) 5.
1.2.5.6. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT – DRIVER’S CAB
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1.2.5.6. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
– DRIVER’S CAB
Two or three seater cabs
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In cold weather, the cab is heated with warm air supplied from the
radiator via a metal duct.
Some of the air is directed on to the front glasses (wind screens) for
defrosting purposes, and the rest is ducted into the cab interior
through an outlet arranged under the instrument panel.
The air outlet is equipped with a shutter that can be closed to direct all of
the warm air entering the cab onto the front glasses.
In the summer time, the air inlet to the cab (which is located under the
engine hood) is closed with another shutter, and the air scoop is
removed together with the metal air duct.
The cab is force-ventilated by means of a fan mounted on the cab roof.
The fan is equipped with a dust separator to clean the air forced into the
cab.
A deflector plate is used in the air outlet in the cab to allow the direction
of the air stream to be changed.
An optional fan may be installed inside the cab.
The fan motor switches are mounted on the instrument panel.
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 The cab is equipped with
- a sun visor
- a rear view mirror
- thermos bottle for drinking water
- a first aid kit
- two coat hooks
- provision for mounting a fire extinguisher on the outside of the right
side panel of the cab
- glass cleaners for both the front and rear glasses
- running board
- mounting steps for the driver to climb and fill the radiator with water.
- two seats:
- one seat for driver and
- a passenger’s seat
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One- seater cabs
An agricultural tractor,
indicated 10, has a
rigid chassis 12
carrying, in known
manner, the engine, the
transmission members
and the driving and
steerable wheels.
A driver's cab 14, in which
a seat 16 and the
devices for driving and
operating the tractor,
such as the steering
wheel, the gear-change
lever, etc. (not shown),
are situated, is mounted
on the chassis 12.
One-seater cabs
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The cab 14 is connected to the chassis 12 in a floating manner and a
suspension system 18 is operatively interposed between the cab 14 and the
chassis.
In the embodiment illustrated in the drawing, the cab 14 is articulated to the
chassis at the front about a transverse axis, indicated 19.
The suspension system 18 comprises at least one air spring 20 interposed
between the cab and the chassis 12.
The suspension system 18 also comprises a distance sensor 24 for
measuring the distance between the cab 14 and the chassis 12, and a
supply system for the spring or springs.
The distance sensor 24 generates a signal indicative of the distance
between the cab and the chassis.
As will be explained further below, this distance measurement is made in
static conditions, that is, in the absence of relative oscillations between the
cab and the chassis.
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There are several possible variants of the supply system for the air spring
(or springs).
A first variant provides for the use of a motor-driven air-compressor unit 26
with an integral solenoid valve 28 and filter.
In this case, the distance sensor 24 switches on the motor-driven
compressor unit 26 if the spring 20 is to be inflated and opens the solenoid
valve 28 if the cab is to be lowered.
The signal coming from the distance sensor 24 is sent to a control valve 28
which varies the quantity of air contained in the spring 20 in dependence on
the signals coming from the distance sensor 24.
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The most outstanding feature of the CX-L tractor is
the all-round visibility of the “DELUXE” cab
provided by all-glass side doors hinged onto the rear post.
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The roof features a fixed clear sunroof, ideal for work with front loaders, and
four lights for night work. Natural ventilation is ensured by the openable front
and rear windscreens.
Built using the modern composite materials of automotive design,
the interiors are stylish and
accurate and feature logically-arranged controls according to current
ergonomic standards.
The adjustable seat,
the new digital instrument panel and
the steering wheel adjustable in height and
inclination further improve the driving comfort.
The heating,
ventilation and
air conditioning system installed on the cab roof
offers the driver significant benefits in terms of
comfort, safety and health.
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A tell-tale is an indicator
on or near the dashboard to inform the driver that
a system or device is operating, switched on, or that a problem has
occurred with the vehicle.
The name itself indicates that it tells you a small story related to the
vehicle.
So a tell tale is a small story for the driver.
For example: When you see the right or the left indicator it tells the driver a
small tale that the vehicle is about to turn followed by its turning and finally
it has completed the turn when the light goes off.
Similarly, when there is an error, its tells you where the error is when
possible.
1.2.5.6. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT – TELL-TALE
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1.2.5.6.
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT – FIFTH WHEEL ASSEMBLY
Tractor semitrailers, i.e.,
tractor trucks specially designed for handling semitrailers, are
equipped with a self acting trailer coupling, known as the
fifth wheel assembly.
It enables the semi trailer to be automatically hitched the tractor truck
and excludes the
possibility of the semitrailer breaking loose from the truck.
The hitching of the
semitrailer assembly involves
reversing the tractor truck slowly
under the
braked semi trailer until the
hitch jaws of the
fifth wheel assembly lock on the
coupling pin of the semitrailer.
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The fifth wheel hitch (the part that lives in the bed of the pickup truck) is a
large, flat plate that has a shape similar to a horseshoe.
The metal rails that run beneath the hitch attach to the frame of the pickup
truck for strength.
The trailer connects to the fifth wheel hitch via a downward-facing pin --
called a king pin -- along with a plate that rests on top of the fifth wheel
hitch plate.
The king pin locks into position so it is secure within the hitch but can pivot
to accommodate turns.
The flat plate of the trailer and the flat plate of the fifth wheel hitch are in
constant contact with one another.
They slide against one another continuously when the trailer is in motion,
so lubrication between these two components is critical.
1.2.5.6.
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT – FIFTH WHEEL ASSEMBLY
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1.2.5.6. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT - WINCH
A winch is a mechanical device that is used
to pull in (wind up) or let out (wind out) or
otherwise adjust the "tension” of a rope or wire rope
(also called "cable" or "wire cable").
In its simplest form it consists of a spool and attached hand crank.
In larger forms, winches stand at the heart of machines as diverse as tow
trucks, steam shovels and elevators.
The spool can also be called the winch drum.
More elaborate designs have gear assemblies and can be powered by
electric, hydraulic, pneumatic or internal combustion drives.
Some may include
a solenoid brake and/or
a mechanical brake or
ratchet and pawl device that
prevents it from unwinding
unless the pawl is retracted.
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1.2.6. TRAILERS
Trailers may be of two wheeled, four wheeled, and multi wheel type,
i.e., they may have one, two, more axles.
A trailer consists of
- a frame – is supported on its axles and wheels by springs
- a body
- one or more axles
- wheels and
- a coupling –attached to the front part of the frame –either of rigid or of
cushion spring type.
Tractor trailers are classified according to the manner in which they
transmit load onto their support surface.
A full trailer is a truck whose wheels fully support the vertical load due
to its own weight and the weight of the cargo it carries.
A semi trailer is a trailer whose front end is
supported by the tractor in such a way that some of the vertical load
is transmitted to the rear wheels of the tractor.
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1.2.6. TRAILERS
two wheeled
four wheeled
four wheeled multi wheel type
two wheeled
two wheeled
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 Trailers having more than one axle may be equipped with swiveling
device.
 It consists of two ring shaped swivel blocks with a series of rollers or
balls placed between them,
which enable the front axle of the trailer to be readily turned relative
to the frame.
 In this case, the front part of the frame is supported by its swivel
block on swivel block of the sub frame.
 Semitrailers may have one or several axles at the rear and may be
equipped with jockey wheels to support their front end whenever
they are unhitched from their tractors.
 Fifth wheel trailers require no swiveling device, its function being
performed by the fifth wheel assembly of the tractor.
 All trailers are equipped with brakes, marker lights, turn-indicator
lights, and stop lights.
1.2.6. TRAILERS
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A bulldozer is a
- large powerful tractor, also called as
crawler tractor (track type or chain type) (track laying) (continuous
tracked tractor)
- equipped with a substantial (large) metal plate (known as a blade)
in front used to push large quantities of
soil, sand, rubble, or other such material (flattens areas of ground)
during construction or conversion work
- and typically equipped at the rear with
a claw-like device (known as a ripper)
to loosen densely compacted materials.
The term "bulldozer" is often used erroneously to mean
any heavy equipment
(sometimes a loader and sometimes an excavator),
- but precisely, the term refers only to a
tractor (usually tracked) fitted with a dozer blade.
1.3.0. BULLDOZERS
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1.3.0. BULLDOZERS
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In such Crawler tractors, there is endless chain or track in place of
pneumatic wheels.
They are distinguished by a large ground contact area and therefore
have a good track adhesion;
Such crawler tractors show a high cross-country power,
and are capable of developing high pull.
KOMATSU
1.3.0. BULLDOZERS -TRACKED
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Bulldozers / Tracked or 'crawler' tractors.
 They are generally used in farms where
soils are difficult to cultivate, such as
heavy clays, or where seasons are
shorter and wet conditions predominate.
 More power can be transmitted to the
drawbar than wheeled tractors.
 Maintenance costs are however
higher than for wheeled tractors.
 Also, unlike wheeled tractors, they must be
transported from field to field by a 'low loader'.
 High powered, high speed tracked tractor that
runs on rubber tracks and can be driven on the road
are also available.
 This model may make the tracked tractor more popular in future.
Tracked tractors have power ratings of 65-700 HP.
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Bulldozers are used to push soil, rocks, trees, and other materials with its large front blade
1.3.0. BULLDOZERS –TRACKED- OVAL DRIVE
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shoes
track
tensioneridler guide (pilot) wheel
driving wheel
crawler belt runners
pinsOval drive
1.3.0. BULLDOZERS –TRACKED- OVAL DRIVE
Mini Bulldozer c.coomarasamy

Advantages of delta drive:
 due to elevated engine and drive
risk of getting dust (mud) in is less
 longer operation (life) time
 increased bulk clearance
Disadvantages of delta drive:
 higher costs of manufacturing
 more components, longer crawler belt.
1.3.0. BULLDOZERS –TRACKED-DELTA DRIVE
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Bulldozer equipped with ripper attachment
Satellite control
Laser control
Up-to-date controls
1.3.0. BULLDOZERS –TRACKED-DELTA DRIVE
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 Another type of bulldozer is the wheeled bulldozer, which generally
has four wheels driven by a 4-wheel-drive system and has a
hydraulic, articulated steering system.
 The blade is mounted forward of the articulation joint, and is
hydraulically actuated.
1.3.0. BULLDOZERS- WHEELED
Wheeled Bulldozer
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1.3.1. BULLDOZERS –BLADES
A Straight Blade ("S-Blade") which is short and has no lateral curve,
no side wings, and can be used for fine grading.
A Universal Blade ("U-Blade") which is tall and very curved, and has
large side wings to carry more material.
An Angling Blade (Angle blade or angle dozer.) which is lower, straight
across the face, has a very curved profile designed to roll material in
front of it and has the ability to be angled to either side to facilitate
movement of material across the machine's path in front of the blade.
The angling blade is w i d e r than a straight or semi-U blade to allow
for angling across the machine.
A "Semi-U" combination blade which is shorter, has less curvature, and
smaller side wings. This blade is typically used for pushing piles of
large rocks, such as at a quarry.
 In recent years, adaptations of the angling blade have featured power
angling and power side-to-side tilting of the blade on the move by the
use of hydraulic rams. These blades are commonly called 'power
angle and tilt' (PAT) blades and are most commonly fitted to smaller
crawlers used for clean-up and finishing work. c.coomarasamy

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U-Dozer Blades feature U shaped wings and are built to withstand the toughest mining
environments.
Semi-U dozer blade wings are fitted with end bits, allowing for effective push.
Dymax mining
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 The capacity of Dozer is indicated by engine horse power and
blade volume. Dozers can be as small as 62 hp to as high as 1150 hp.
 D31EX-22 Dozer Blade Capacity: 1.61 (m3) / 2.11 (yd3)
 D31PX-22 Dozer Blade Capacity: 1.61 (m3) / 2.11 (yd3)
1.3.2. BULLDOZERS- CRAWLER-CAPACITIES
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 D65EX-16
 D65PX-16
 D65WX-17
 D65WX-16
 D65EX-17
 D65PX-17
 D85EX-15 Dozer Blade Capacity: 7 (m3) / 9.16 (yd3)
 D155AX-6 Dozer Blade Capacity: 9.4 (m3) / 12.29 (yd3)
1.3.2. BULLDOZERS- CRAWLER-CAPACITIES
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1.3.3. BULLDOZERS- CRAWLER-DIMENSIONS
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Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites,
 Land excavation, road construction etc., in
 mines and quarries, military bases,
 heavy industry factories,
 engineering projects and
 farms.
1.4. BULLDOZERS- APPLICATIONS
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1.4. BULLDOZERS- APPLICATIONS -IRRIGATION
 Irrigation has been one of the major jobs
which has been carried out from ancient time.
 The current trend in awarding irrigation projects
warrants speedy completion
- at times, even before the scheduled completion time limit.
 This poses a challenging task,
which can be carried out only with the help of equipment.
 The various jobs involved are
 earthwork,
 dozing/leveling,
 slope cutting,
 dredging,
 pipe laying,
 trench cutting, etc.
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Dozing and leveling
 The irrigation work involves many dozing/leveling activities
wherein the ground has to be
cleared/flattened for movement of tipper trucks,
making trenches, etc.
 These activities can be carried out by dozers, motor-graders.
1.4. BULLDOZERS-APPLICATIONS -IRRIGATION
Bulldozers are used to push rocks, trees, and other materials with its large front
blade c.coomarasamy

Dozing and leveling
 Even in the construction of dams, the usage of
dozers is extensive for getting a flat base for the dam.
 Small and medium size Dozers have proven their versatility in
ripping, dozing and leveling operations in irrigation project also.
 Motor Graders are also used for leveling activities and
also for
making of haul roads for movement of tippers / dumpers.
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Komatsu takes to the ground with new crawler dozers
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New track-type tractor includes improvements in blade control,
fuel economy, productivity, and emissions control.
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Trench cutting
1.5. APPLICATIONS -IRRIGATION
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Major crop systems:
1. Row crops – corn, soybeans, cotton, potatoes, tobacco, etc.,
2. Broadcast crops – rice, wheat, hay, and small grains
1.6.1. FARM EQUIPMENT
Equipments can be profitably used with
both the row and broadcast crops systems
and must suit the crops and the
type of farming.
The more uses to which a
machine can be adapted, the less the
initial investment in equipment.
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1.6.1. CLASSIFICATION OF FARM EQUIPMENTS
−1. Primary tillage equipment
mould board, disc, rotary, chisel, and sub soil plough.
−2. Secondary tillage equipment
harrows, cultivators, rollers, pulverizers, tools for mulching and
fallowing, one way plough, certain chisel ploughs.
- 3. Planting equipment
Row crop planters- Trailing- Drill, Hill drop, Narrow-row.
Rear tractor mounted- Drill, Hill drop,
Transplanters or plant setters
Broadcast – crop planters-
End gate seeders, Narrow and wide-track
and weeder - mulcher, Air planes.
Drill seeders- Grain drills-
Planting attachment for other equipment
-4. Cultivation and weed control equipment
Cultivators- central forward, rear mounted,
beet and bean, lister, rod weeders, field,
subsoil, chisel, rotary hoe,
Flame weed control, chemical weed control.
seed drill
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5. Spraying and dusting equipment
Power sprayers, Hydraulic sprayers,
Hydro-pneumatic sprayers,
Blower sprayers, Aerosol generators (Fog machines).
6. Fertilizing equipment
Manure spreaders, Ground and PTO driven spreaders, Granular fertilizer
distributors, Broadcast fertilizer and lime distributors,
Power Operated sprayer cum duster
Power sprayers Manure spreaders
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7. Hay harvesting equipment
Mowers, rakes, balers, loaders, stackers
8. Forage harvesting equipments
Row crop forage, Silo forage blowers
9. Grain harvesting equipment
Threshers, Combines
hay baler
forage
harvester
A German combine harvester by Claas
forage blower
Rake device for turning over hay Mowers
MOWER
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10. Corn harvesting equipment
11. Cotton harvesting equipment
12. Root harvesting equipment
Potato, Sweet Potato, Sugar-beet, Peanut
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13. Special harvesting equipment- sugar-cane, Castor, Sesame, tree
harvesting.
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14. Crop processing equipment-Crop residue disposal, Corn shellers,
Feed grinders, Feed mixers, Crop dryers.
15. Special farm and ranch equipment-Elevators, Truck and wagon
hoists, Power loaders, Bin loaders, Mixer feeders, Power-post hole
diggers, Air compressors, Special trailers and wagons, Detasseling and
topping equipment.
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1. Primary tillage equipment
mould board, disc, rotary, chisel, and sub soil plough.
1.6.1. 1. PRIMARY TILLAGE EQUIPMENT
 Tillage: It is a mechanical manipulation of soil to provide
favourable condition for crop production.
 It consists of breaking the compact surface of earth to a certain depth
and to l o o s e n the soil mass, free from weeds, so as to
enable the roots of the crops to penetrate and spread into the soil.
 Tillage operation is most labour consuming and difficult operation,
compared to all subsequent operation in the field.
Objective of tillage
1. to obtain deep seed bed, suitable for different type of crops.
2. to add more humus and fertility to soil by covering the vegetation.
3. to destroy and prevent competitive weeds.
4. to aerate the soil for proper growth of crops.
5. to increase water absorbing capacity of the soil.
6. to destroy the insects, pests and their breeding places and
7. to reduce the soil erosion. c.coomarasamy

Types of Tillage
Tillage operations are broadly grouped into following types.
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 Primary tillage: It constitutes the initial major soil working operation.
 It is normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and
rearrange aggregates.
 The operations performed to open up any cultivable land with a view to
prepare a seed bed for growing crops in known as Primary tillage.
Types of Primary
Tillage
Depending upon the
purpose or necessity,
different types of tillage
are carried out.
They are
deep ploughing,
sub soiling and
year-round tillage.
Implements may be tractor drawn or animal
drawn implements.
Animal drawn implements mostly include
indigenous plough and mould-board plough.
Indigenous plough
Mould board plough
Tractor drawn
implements include
mould-board plough,
disc plough,
subsoil plough,
chisel plough and
other similar
implements.
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 Mould board plough
 A mould board plough is very common implement used for
primer tillage operations.
 This plough performs several functions at a time such as
 (1) Cutting the furrow slice
 (2) Lifting the furrow slice
 (3) turning the furrow slice
 (4) Pulverizing the soil.
 Mould Board is the part of the plough, which receives the furrow slice
from the share, it lifted, turns and breaks the furrow slice.
 Different soil conditions require mould boards of
varying shapes and sizes to carryout a good job of ploughing.
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 The texture of the soil,
amount of moisture and
extent of vegetative cover on the
surface determine the
soil pulverization.
 The pulverization and
inversion depend upon the
curvature of the mould board.
 A long,
gradual curved mould board turns
the furrow gently and does not break the soil much.
 Short, abruptly curved mould boards twist and shear the soil and
pulverize it.
 Mould boards for general use fall between the two extremes of the
conditions.
 Mould boards are made of cast iron.
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Components of mould board plough c.coomarasamy

Types of mould board
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Throat clearance
Plough accessories of M.B.Plough
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Ribbing plough- Ploughing- tilling device for cutting up and
ploughing in furrow slices
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Standard disc plough
Disc ploughs
It is a plough (Fig.) which
cuts, turns and in some
cases breaks furrow
slices by means of
separately mounted large
steel discs.
A disc plough is designed
with a view to reduce
friction by making a
rolling plough bottom.
A disc plough works well in
the conditions where
mould board plough
does not work
satisfactorily.
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Disc:
It is a circular, concave revolving steel plate used for cutting and inverting
the soil.
The disc turns the furrow slice to one side with a scooping action.
The usual size of the disc is 60 cm in diameter and this turns a 35 to 30 cm
furrow slice.
It is made of heat treated steel of 5 to 10 mm thickness.
The edge of the disc is well sharpened to cut the soil.
Scraper: It is a device to remove soil that tends to stick to the working
surface of a disc.
Concavity: It is the depth measured at the center of the disc by placing its
concave side on a flat surface.
Disc ploughs are favoured in areas where the climate is dry and where the
soil is rough.
They also work well in heavy clay, hard pan and l o o s e sandy soils.
Such soil conditions do not permit the operation of mould board ploughs
to good advantage.
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It is also preferred for land infested with heavy growth of vegetation and
for land requiring deep ploughing for reclamation purposes.
It leaves the trash on top of the ground to conserve soil moisture.
The disc plough bears little resemblance to the common mould board
plough.
No harrowing is necessary to break the clods of the upturned soil as in a
mould board plough.
Penetration of the disc plough depends mainly on the weight of the plough as
a whole.
Tractor drawn disk ploughs weigh between 180 and 540 kg per disk.
But the animal drawn plough weighs about 30 kg per disk.
Disc ploughs are broadly classified as:
1. Standard disc plough - animal drawn
and tractor drawn
2. Vertical disc plough
or harrow ploughsc.coomarasamy

Rotary Plough
This large heavy-weight
Rotavator can cultivate the
stubble ground after
harvest tilth at a fraction of
the cost than the plough.
Tests have shown that it
uses less fuel per hour
than pulling a plough and
that the Rotavator leaves
the soil closer to seed bed,
reducing cultivation costs.
Machines 3m and 3.5m wide
built are being widely used.
The Rotary plough can
also be speed up the
preparation of the ground for
potatoes.
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Chisel plough
The chisel plough is a common tool to get deep tillage with limited soil
disruption.
The main function of this plough is to loosen and aerate the soils while
leaving crop residue at the top of the soil.
This plough can be used to reduce the effects of compaction and to help
break up plough pan and hardpan.
Unlike many other ploughs the chisel will not invert or turn the soil.
This characteristic has made it a useful addition to no-till and low-till farming
practices that attempt to maximise the erosion-prevention benefits of keeping
organic matter and farming residues present on the soil surface through the
year.
Because of these attributes, the use of a chisel plough is considered by
some to be more sustainable than other types of plough, such as the mould
board plough.
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 The chisel plow produces a rough surface Straight,
narrow points, about 2" wide, leave the most residue.
 Where erosion is not a primary concern, 3- or 4-inch wide, twisted
points invert more soil and bury more residue.
 Typically, chiseling is performed in the fall and is followed by one or
more secondary tillage operations in the spring.
 Spring chiseling affords erosion control during the winter and allows
extended grazing of stalks.
 A chisel plow may clog in extremely heavy or wet residue unless stalk
shredding or light tillage precedes chiseling.
 Chisel Plough should not be used when the soil is too wet.
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Chisel Points (spikes) are suitable for most high clearance
plows. This spike has a swedged point for longer wear, is self
sharpening and reversible. Points are available plain or
hardfaced.
RH TWISTED CHISEL
Double point shovel
Duckfoot Style Shovel
Chisel points
Reversible spike point
” Reversible Straight Chisel Point
LH TWISTED CHISEL
“ Right and left twisted
Shovels Points
(2”)
(3”)
(4 ½”)
(2”)
8” or
10”
12”,
14”,
16”, or
18” sweeps c.coomarasamy

Secondary tillage equipment
harrows, cultivators, rollers, pulverizers, tools for mulching and
fallowing, one way plough, certain chisel ploughs.
Lighter or finer operations performed on the soil after primary tillage are
known as secondary tillage.
The main objectives of secondary tillage operations are:
a) To pulverize the soil of the seed beds in the field.
b) To destroy grasses and weeds in the field.
c) To cut crop residues and mix them with top soil of the field; and
d) To break the big clods and to make the field surface uniform and leveled.
After ploughing, the fields are left with large clods with some weeds and
stubbles partially uprooted.
Harrowing is done to a shallow depth to crush the clods and to uproot the
remaining weeds and stubbles.
Secondary tillage implements may be tractor drawn or bullock drawn
implements.
Disc harrows, cultivators, blade harrows etc., are used for this purpose.
1.6.1. 2. SECONDARY TILLAGE EQUIPMENT
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Disc Harrows
Spike Tooth Harrow
Spring tooth (or)
spring Tine harrow
Mounted cultivator
Cultivator with spring loaded tines
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Tractor drawn disc harrows
Cultivator device with tines for working the
top layer of the soil :
it usually completes the ploughing operation.
Tandem disc harrow
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Rotary hoe
 A rotary hoe consists of one or two staggered gangs of spider like wheels
about 3.5 to 4 inches apart.
 It is a fast, economical way to control small weeds and break surface
crust to improve crop emergence.
 Consider using the rotary hoe as an early-season weed control.strategy.
1.6.1. 3.CULTIVATION AND WEED CONTROL EQUIPMENT
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Rotary hoes are best used from
before weed emergence to very early post emergence.
Weeds must be very small or
not yet emerged for good control.
It’s very important to keep hoe tips in good repair as
they lose their effectiveness quickly with very little wear.
“Hoe-bits” are replacement tips that can be welded onto the worn tips;
these actually make the hoe more effective than it was originally.
Rotary hoes generally work by
uprooting and desiccating (drying out) tiny weed seedlings.
They are very gentle on the crop and
can be used when more aggressive weeds
cause too much crop damage.
Best results with a rotary hoe come right after
a light rain when the soil is just lightly crusted and
breaks apart easily into ‘chips’.
It’s important to maintain high speed when using a rotary hoe.
1.6.1. 3.CULTIVATION AND WEED CONTROL EQUIPMENT
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1.6.2. LAYOUT OF SEEDBED AND SOWING
After the seedbed preparation, the field is laid out properly for
irrigation and sowing or planting seedlings.
These operations are crop specific. For most of the crops like
wheat, soybean, pearl millet, groundnut, castor etc., fIat leveled seedbed
is prepared.
After the secondary tillage, these crops are sown without
any land treatments.
However, growing crops during rainy season in deep black soils is a
problem due to ill-drained conditions and as tillage is not possible
during the rainy season.
Broad bed and furrows (BBF) are, therefore,
formed before the onset of monsoon and
dry sowing is resorted to.
AFTER CULTIVATION
The tillage operations that are carried out in
the standing crop are called after tillage.
It includes drilling or side dressing or fertilisers,
earthing up and inter cultivation.
Broad bed and furrows (BBF)c.coomarasamy

The distance between row to row of plants,
and plant to plant within a row can be
varied depending on the method of sowing.
However it should be remembered that the
sowing distance determines the optimum
plant stand requirement.
In general, if ridges are formed 45 cm
apart, then the plants should be 12 to 15
cm apart within a row.
If broad bed and furrow method is
adopted, then the plant rows will be 60
cm apart on the bed and the distance
between plants should be 10 cm to get
the optimum population.Thinning in Pearl Millet
Forms raised bed and sows simultaneously
IMPROVED BROAD BED FORMER CUM SEEDER
1.6.2. LAYOUT OF SEEDBED AND SOWING
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1.6.3. CONSEQUENCES OF BADLY CHOSEN TILLAGE
PRACTICES
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1.7.0. SAFETY RULES - INTRODUCTION
Tractors are often considered a farmer’s best friend.
Yet, tractors continue to cause serious injury and death among users &
ground workers.
Tractor hazards have been identified for years, the same injuries/accidents
continue to occur, even though there are known engineering
controls and standard procedures to deal with these hazards.
Few of the recorded tractor injury accidents have been
caused by equipment failure.
But, most are caused directly or indirectly by operator error often
involving carelessness, bad judgment or unnecessary hurry.
There are several types of tractor mishaps that result in injury.
Common mishaps are:
 by-pass starting
 front-end loader incidents
 rearward tractor rollovers
 sideways tractor rollovers
 falls from tractors
 tractor runovers
 caught-between crushing
 PTO stub shaft entanglements c.coomarasamy

There are eight primary responsibilities the
safe tractor operator must meet whenever the tractor is used. They
are:
 conducts proper maintenance
 conducts pre-operation checks
 avoids injury-incident situations
 maintains safety features
 uses tractor as intended
 refuels safely
 starts and stops safely
 adjusts the tractor for safety
Knowledge gap exists for drivers on how to operate tractors safely
especially older models.
Hence, tractor drivers should know essentially the safety features on
each tractor and its implements.
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Modern tractors are designed for safe operation,
but to prevent accidents in operating them, one must know and
observe without fail the following basic safety rules.
1. Only specially trained persons (above 18 years of age) and carrying
appropriate certificates of competence may be allowed to drive a
tractor.
2.Unauthourized persons must not be permitted.
3. Do not operate with faulty brakes, steering mechanism or running
gear.
4. The driver should wear fairly tight fitting and belted.
Do not permit loose jackets, shirts or sleeves.
5. Provide first aid kit for use in case of accident.
6. Before starting the engine, keep gear shift lever neutral.
7. Before starting away from rest, look around,
switch on the corresponding turn signal, then smoothly start
driving.
8. When stopping, select a suitable parking spot in advance,
reduce the running speed and
apply the brakes only to fully stop the vehicle. c.coomarasamy

9. When stopping on a roadway in dark hours, switch on the marker
(parking) lights; pull of the roadway whenever possible.
10. In emergency braking, consider the condition of the road. In
slippery pavement, do not disengage clutch, brake with engine until
the speed drops sufficiently low,
then apply the brakes and disengage the clutch.
11. In each particular case, the driving speed must conform to the
current situation on the road, driver’s experience, traffic density,
and road conditions.
12. As the road conditions worsen, the driving speed must be reduced.
13. When equipped with a pneumatic (compressed air) brake system,
do not shut the engine dead off when driving downhill, for the store
of compressed air in the brake reservoirs is good for a few braking
actions only.
14. The driver’s posture in the cab should be natural, free from
tension. Too relaxed a seat and careless holding of the steering
wheel should not be allowed.
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15. Where permitted only, cross the railway track in low gear.
16. Do not drive over bridges and corduroy roads without checking
their load capacity.
17. Drive carefully on hillsides, to avoid overturn when tractor strikes
some irregularity.
18. When driving one field to another, avoid running over bushes and
tall grass.
19. When operating at night or in dense fog, switch on the headlights.
20. Do not operate on steep hillsides or mountainous plots in dark
hours.
21. Do not take rest in heaps of hay or straw, furrow or grass where
tractor operated implements are at work.
22. When stopping for a prolonged period of time, shut off the engine,
make sure it cannot coast, and lower the mounted agricultural
implements.
23. Drivers must know and strictly adhere to the traffic regulations.
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1.7.1.THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF TRACTOR SAFETY
1. Know your tractor, its implements and how they work. Keep
your tractor in good condition.
2. Use ROPS (Rollover protective structure) and seat belt
whenever and wherever applicable. Use ROPS in almost all
applications. Most tractor fatalities are caused by overturns. If
the tractor is equipped with ROPS, always wear the seat belt.
3. Be familiar with your terrain and drive safely. Use caution on
slopes, slow down for all turns and stay off the highway
whenever possible. Elementary, but all too often neglected.
4. Never start an engine in a closed shed or garage. Carbon
monoxide is colorless, odorless—and deadly.
5. Always keep your PTO properly shielded. It rotates with the
strength of 500 men.
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1.7.1.THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF TRACTOR SAFETY
6. Keep your hitches low and always on the drawbar. Otherwise your
tractor might flip over backwards.
7. Never jump off a moving tractor or leave it with its engine running.
A runaway tractor can be extremely dangerous.
8. Never refuel while the engine is running or hot. And do not add
water to radiator while the engine is hot; hot water can erupt and
scald.
9. Keep all children off of and away from your tractor and its
implements at all times. A tractor’s work is not child’s play.
10. Never be in a hurry about anything to do with your tractor. Take
your time and do it right.
The “Ten Commandments ” of tractor safety were developed by
Kubota, and they are considered industry standard among tractor
companies.
John Deere, Massey Ferguson, Ford, and others all have similar
KNOW THE RULES
FOLLOW THE RULES c.coomarasamy

1.7.1.1.COMMANDMENT ONE
1. Know your tractor, its implements and how they work.
Keep your tractor in good condition.
Know Your Tractor—
 Be thoroughly familiar with
both the operator’s manual and
the tractor itself
before starting up the equipment.
 Know each control,
its location and
how it works.
 Know how to stop the tractor and
all your attachments quickly
in the event of
an emergency.
Heed tractor labels
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• How To Train Operators
• Train new and inexperienced operators.
• Point out special hazards on the farm and how to avoid
them.
• Do not let operators drive on public roads without a driver’s
license.
• Have operator practice in large, level field or yard.
• Trainer should drive around yard, demonstrating
how controls operate.
• Trainer should walk near the tractor as the student drives,
giving instruction.
• Finally, after the student has learned to operate the tractor
alone in a level area, then attach and operate the additional
implements.
• New operators should gradually work into more complex
jobs of tractor operation.
1.7.1.1.COMMANDMENT ONE
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1.7.1.2.COMMANDMENT TWO
2. Use ROPS (Rollover protective structure) and seat belt whenever
and wherever applicable. Use ROPS in almost all applications.
If the tractor is equipped with ROPS, always wear the seat belt.
Most tractor fatalities are caused by overturns.
Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) do not prevent rollovers, but are
95% effective in preventing death or serious injury.
Don’t rely on the tractor’s Rollover Protection System (ROPS) alone
for your protection; use your seat belt. c.coomarasamy

 Many tractor accidents are overturns.
 They are usually caused by inappropriate speed or application,
terrain, inattention, lack of proper ballast, or a combination of
these.
 The use of rollover protective structures (ROPS) and a fastened
seat belt has saved many lives.
 They generally will limit a side overturn to ninety degrees (90°) and
will provide an important safety zone for the operator provided the
operator is wearing the seat belt.
TRACTOR ROLLOVERS
Tractor rollovers happen when the center of gravity moves past a
baseline of stability, either to the side or rear of the machine.
Many rollovers happen at speeds <8 mph and on slopes less than 5°.
Avoid sudden motions.
Contributing factors to rollovers are:
 Various sizes, shapes and weights of implements
 Speed!!!
 Terrain
 Human error
Know the safe working load of each
tractor & never exceed it!
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When the center of gravity is raised the risk of rollover increases
Stay Centered!
Center of gravity affected by slopes, loads,
turns & terrains
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Common causes for rear-ward rollovers:
 Tractor is stuck in mud or snow preventing rear wheels from rotating.
 Rear wheels can’t turn because of chains, boards, or other materials
used to improve traction.
 Climbing a hill that is too steep.
 Clutch is released too quickly w/ transmission in a lower gear and
engine at high speed.
 Load is too heavy and/or hitched above the drawbar of the tractor.
 Usually caused by rear axle torque and/or drawbar leverage as
tractors easily tip to the rear when the rear wheels can’t rotate
enough to move the machine forward
Tractor can tip in as little as ¾ of a second
REARWARD ROLLOVERS
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PREVENTING REARWARD ROLLOVERS
 Release clutch only when rear wheels can rotate forward
 Do not climb steep hills in a forward direction. Instead,
use a reverse gear to back the tractor up a the hill
 Use only enough engine speed to start tractor moving
while engaging the clutch smoothly
 Change speed gradually by applying power smoothly
 Ballast (counter-balance) the tractor properly for the job
 Hitch loads properly to drawbar
 Use reverse gear to break tractor tires free from frozen
conditions
It is preferred to use another tractor to pull out a tractor from a
ditch or muck. To avoid injury take care in using tire chains,
boards, and other traction materials to improve tire traction
c.coomarasamy

SIDEWAYS ROLLOVERS
Common causes for sideways rollovers
are tractor:
 Driven on hillside that is too steep
 Driven too close to the edge of a
roadside ditch or embankment
 Cornering too sharply or too fast
 (centrifugal force pivots tractor on
 outside wheels)
 The tractor’s front-end loader is
elevated too high on a hillside
or in a turn at excessive speed
c.coomarasamy

ROLLOVER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES
Stationary
Foldable
This is the Protective Zone
An imaginary space surrounding an
operator’s body
c.coomarasamy

ROPS save lives!
*No ROPS-cause for the majority
tractor-related fatalities (~130/yr)!
*Runovers are second (fatalities ~
60/yr)!
SEATBELT
c.coomarasamy

ROPS AND SIDEWAYS
ROLLOVER DEMO
TWO HILLSIDE DEPRESSIONS
1
TRACTOR HITS DEPRESSION & TIPS
2
PAST POINT OF NO RETURN
3
ROPS & SEATBELT PROTECT
OPERATOR
4
c.coomarasamy

With ROPS & a seatbelt, operator has an
excellent chance of being contained in the
protective zone and surviving a rear rollover.
c.coomarasamy

Low profile tractors do not require ROPS
when used in:
 Orchards, vineyards, hop yards where ROPS
would interfere with normal operations or
related work.
 Farm buildings or greenhouse where
vertical clearances are insufficient to allow ROPS
 When tractor has mounted equipment that is
incompatible with ROPS
THESE USES ARE THE ONLY EXCEPTIONS- LOW PROFILE
TRACTORS ARE NOT TO BE USED FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSES
c.coomarasamy

If you have a foldable ROPS, keep it in the “up” position and always
use a seatbelt. Only fold it down when you must and do not use the
seatbelt when the ROPS is folded down. A ROPS and seatbelt
assures that you will stay in the “protective zone”.
Foldable ROPS
This ROPS folded down resulted in fatality
c.coomarasamy

1.7.1.3.COMMANDMENT THREE
Walk the area first, use special caution on slopes, slow down for turns,
and avoid the highway if possible.
Be especially aware of conditions at the end of rows.
Be Familiar With Your Terrain and Work Area
3. Be familiar with your terrain and drive safely. Use caution on slopes, slow
down for all turns and stay off the highway whenever possible.
Elementary, but all too often neglected.
c.coomarasamy

Most tractor overturns occur to the side.
Typical causes include hitting an
obstacle, operating on steep slopes,
using front–end loaders and operating
at excessive speeds.
In many cases, an implement is attached
to the tractor or being towed. The
attached equipment can increase the
severity of the accident and complicate
rescue operations.
Operating on Sloped Ground
1.7.1.3.COMMANDMENT THREE
c.coomarasamy

The symptoms of mild carbon monoxide poisoning may be non-specific and
similar to those of viral cold infections: headache, nausea, dizziness, sore throat
and dry cough.
More severe poisoning can result in a fast and irregular heart rate, over-
breathing (hyperventilation), confusion, drowsiness and difficulty breathing.
Seizures, loss of consciousness and death can occur at high levels.
Never start an Engine in a closed shed or garage
All internal combustion
engines, diesel or gasoline,
generate carbon monoxide
– a colorless, odorless gas.
4. Never start an engine in a closed shed or garage. Carbon monoxide is
colorless, odorless—and deadly.
1.7.1.4.COMMANDMENT FOUR
c.coomarasamy

Always keep your PTO properly shielded
5. Always keep your PTO properly shielded. It rotates with the strength
of 500 men.
PTO accidents cause serious injury or death. Human reflexes cannot
compete with the speed and power of a rotating PTO shaft. Once caught, a
victim has no time to escape.
PTO properly shielded Clothing caught on unguarded PTO
1.7.1.5.COMMANDMENT FIVE
c.coomarasamy

TO PREVENT PTO ACCIDENTS
1.Ensure that PTO shields are in place
before work begins.
2.Replace cracked or defective shields
immediately.
3.Stop PTO before dismounting.
4.Keep clothing, hair and all body parts
away from a rotating PTO.
c.coomarasamy

5.Never step over a rotating PTO shaft. Instead,
walk around it or turn off the equipment.
6.Always use the driveline or PTO shaft
recommended for your machine.
7.Never use parts of one brand of machine in
another model.
8.Position the drawbar properly for each type of
implement used.
c.coomarasamy

1.7.1.6.COMMANDMENT SIX
This prevents the tractor from flipping over backwards.
Rear overturns are less frequent than sideways rollovers,
but are just as likely to be fatal.
6. Keep your hitches low and always on the drawbar.
Otherwise your tractor might flip over backwards.
Keep Your Hitches Low and Always on
the Draw Bar
c.coomarasamy

TO PREVENT REAR OVERTURNS
Front chassis weights can be
used to counterbalance
rear-mounted implements and
heavy drawbar loads.
Always start
forward motion gradually.
Always drive around ditches,
never cross them.
1.7.1.6.COMMANDMENT SIX
Whenever possible, back tractors up
steep slopes and come down forward.
If you have to back down a slope, do it
slowly in a low gear.
Never put boards or logs in front of
drive wheels.
Back out if you are stuck in the mud.c.coomarasamy

When the tractor has been left running, and the operator is not in
the tractor seat, there is the possibility that the tractor will
malfunction in some way, start moving, and run over you or
bystanders.
A moving tractor can also damage or become damaged by objects
in the area.
Never Get Off A Moving Tractor or Leave It With Its Engine
Running.
Shut the tractor off, set the parking
brake, then dismount.
Don’t start the engine from anywhere
but the seat. Operators have been
run over by not doing that.
1.7.1.7.COMMANDMENT SEVEN
7. Never jump off a moving tractor or leave it with its engine running. A runaway
tractor can be extremely dangerous.
c.coomarasamy

Never refuel while the engine is running - or hot
Use caution when refueling tractors.
Always refuel the tractor outside.
There is always a risk of fire and explosion.
Grounding out the tractor with a ground wire or by
dropping mounted equipment so it touches the
ground can reduce static electricity.
1.7.1.8.COMMANDMENT EIGHT
Always shut the tractor down when adding fluids,
fuels, and performing maintenance.
A spark from the ignition system or hot exhaust
could cause the fuel to ignite.
8. Never refuel while the engine is running or hot.
And do not add water to radiator while the engine
is hot; hot water can erupt and scald.
c.coomarasamy

Don’t allow children to ride with you on the tractor.
No exceptions, unless it’s an enclosed cab with a child seat.
Some new, larger tractors come equipped with child seats.
Never assume that children will
remain where you last saw them.
Keep children out of the work area
and under the watchful eye of
another responsible adult.
Never allow children to play on the
tractor or implement.
Use extra caution when backing up, look behind and down -
make sure area is clear before moving.
1.7.1.9.COMMANDMENT NINE
9. Keep all children off of and away from your tractor and its
implements at all times. A tractor’s work is not child’s play.
c.coomarasamy

Dangerous! Don’t do this!
A small bump and the rider can fall off and
be run over.
Additionally! There is no roll-bar on this
tractor, putting the operator in extreme
danger.
How many seats are
on the tractor?
The number of seats
equals how many
people should ride the
tractor.
There is no safe place
either on the tractor
or on any of the
implements.
Teach children to
drive only when they
have developed the
maturity, size and
strength to handle a
tractor safely.
No Riders!!
1.7.1.9.COMMANDMENT NINE
c.coomarasamy

Remember, a tractor is
workhorse, not a racehorse.
A tractor is designed for easy
maneuverability at low speeds,
not high speeds.
Slow down on turns or curves.
A tractor’s center of gravity is
higher than a car and a fast
sharp turn can result in a side
rollover.
1.7.1.10.COMMANDMENT TEN
10. Never be in a hurry about anything to do with your tractor.
Take your time and do it right.
There is always time to assure that your next step will not be your
last step.
c.coomarasamy

1.7.2.THE TRACTOR AND ITS ATTACHMENTS
 A tractor without attachments is like a baseball player
without a bat—strong and handsome, but rather useless.
 And, like a bat, every attachment is a potentially dangerous tool to be
handled with special care.
 Refer to the appropriate implement operator’s manual for detailed
operating and safety instructions.
 Carelessness is your worst enemy around a tractor and its
attachments.
 Particular care must be taken when dealing with the PTO.
 Disengage the PTO and stop the engine when cleaning, servicing,
adjusting, repairing, installing or removing an attachment.
 NO EXCEPTIONS!
c.coomarasamy

1.7.3.IN GENERAL
 Always keep all shields and guards in place.
 They are installed for your safety.
 If shields or guards are missing, especially those designed for the
PTO shaft, do not operate the equipment.
 Always shut off engine and be sure implement motion has stopped
before performing adjustments or maintenance.
 Use counterweights.
 Some attachments require counterweights at the opposite end of the
tractor for stability.
 Follow your attachments manual and make sure you have the proper
weights.
 If you have any questions consult your local dealer.
 Lift rear-mounted attachments and drive slowly when making sharp
turns.
 Raise and lower attachment slowly and smoothly especially a
loader with a load.
c.coomarasamy

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