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Lawnmower
1. 1
CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION
A lawn mower (mower) is a machine utilizing one or more revolving
blades to cut a grass surface to an even height. The height of the
cut grass may be fixed by the design of the mower, but generally
is adjustable by the operator, typically by a single master lever, or
by a lever or nut and bolt on each of the machine's wheels. The
blades may be powered by muscle, with wheels mechanically connected
to the cutting blades so that when the mower is pushed forward,
the blades spin, or the machine may have a battery-powered or plug-
in electric motor. The most common power source for lawn mowers
is a small (typically one cylinder) internal combustion engine.
1.1. HISTORY
The first lawn mower was invented by Edwin Budding in 1830 in
Thrupp, just outside Stroud, in Gloucestershire, England. Budding's mower
was designed primarily to cut the grass on sports grounds and
extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and was
granted a British patent on August 31, 1830.
Budding's first machine was 19 inches (480 mm) wide with a frame
made of wrought iron. The mower was pushed from behind. Cast-iron
gear wheels transmitted power from the rear roller to the cutting
cylinder, allowing the rear roller to drive the knives on the cutting
cylinder; the ratio was 16:1. Another roller placed between the cutting
cylinder and the main or land roller could be raised or lowered to
alter the height of cut. The grass clippings were hurled forward into
a tray-like box. It was soon realized, however, that an extra handle
was needed in front to help pull the machine along. Overall, these
machines were remarkably similar to modern mowers.
Two of the earliest Budding machines sold went to Regent's Park
Zoological Gardens in London and the Oxford Colleges. In an agreement
between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding dated May 18, 1830,
Ferrabee paid the costs of enlarging the small blades, obtained letters
of patent and acquired rights to manufacture, sell and license other
manufacturers in the production of lawn mowers. Without patent, Budding
and Ferrabee were shrewd enough to allow other companies to build
copies of their mower under license, the most successful of these
being Ransomes of Ipswich, which began making mowers as early as
1832.
His machine was the catalyst for the preparation of modern-style
sporting ovals, playing fields (pitches), grass courts, etc. This led to
the codification of modern rules for many sports, including for football,
lawn bowls, lawn tennis and others.
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Figure. 1.1- Budding’s mower
1.2. FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS
It took ten more years and further innovations to create a machine
that could be drawn by animals, and sixty years before a steam-
powered lawn mower was built. In the 1850s, Thomas Green & Son
of Leeds introduced a mower called the Silens Messor (meaning silent
cutter), which used a chain drive to transmit power from the rear
roller to the cutting cylinder. These machines were lighter and quieter
than the gear-driven machines that preceded them, although they were
slightly more expensive. The rise in popularity of lawn sports helped
prompt the spread of the invention. Lawn mowers became a more
efficient alternative to the scythe and domesticated grazing animals.
Manufacture of lawn mowers took off in the 1860s. By 1862, Ferrabee's
company was making eight models in various roller sizes. He
manufactured over 5000 machines until production ceased in 1863. The
first grass boxes were flat trays but took their present shape in the
1860s. James Sumner of Lancashire patented the first steam-powered
lawn mower in 1893. His machine burned petrol and/or paraffin
(kerosene) as fuel. These were heavy machines that took several hours
to warm up to operating pressure. After numerous advances, these
machines were sold by the Stott Fertilizer and Insecticide Company
of Manchester and Sumner. The company they both controlled was
called the Leyland Steam Motor Company.
Around 1900, one of the best known English machines was the
Ransomes' Automaton, available in chain- or gear-driven models. Numerous
manufacturers entered the field with petrol (gasoline) engine-powered
mowers after the start of the 20th century. The first was produced
by Ransomes in 1902. JP Engineering of Leicester, founded after World
War I, produced a range of very popular chain-driven mowers. About
this time, an operator could ride behind animals that pulled the large
machines. These were the first riding mowers.
The first United States patent for a reel lawn mower was granted
to Amariah Hills on January 12, 1868. In 1870, Elwood McGuire of
Richmond, Indiana designed a human-pushed lawn mower, which was
very lightweight and a commercial success. John Burr patented an
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improved rotary-blade lawn mower in 1899, with the wheel placement
altered for better performance.
Figure. 1.2 – Reel lawn mower
In the United States, gasoline-powered lawn mowers were first
manufactured in 1914 by Ideal Power Mower Co. of Lansing, Michigan,
based on a patent by Ransom E. Olds. Ideal Power Mower also
introduced the world's first self-propelled, riding lawn tractor in 1922,
known as the "Triplex". The roller-drive lawn mower has changed very
little since around 1930. Gang mowers, those with multiple sets of
blades to cut a wider swath, were built in the United States in
1919 by the Worthington Mower Company.
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CHAPTER 2
2. TYPES OF LAWN MOWERS
There are different types of lawn mowers depending upon the working
and energy source used.
2.1. BY ROTATION
2.1.1. Cylinder or reel mowers
A cylinder mower or reel mower carries a fixed, horizontal cutting
blade at the desired height of cut. Over this is a fast-spinning reel
of blades which force the grass past the cutting bar. Each blade in
the blade cylinder forms a helix around the reel axis, and the set
of spinning blades describes a cylinder.
Of all the mowers, a properly adjusted cylinder mower makes the
cleanest cut of the grass, and this allows the grass to heal more
quickly. The cut of a well-adjusted cylinder mower is straight and
definite, as if cut with a pair of scissors. This clean cut promotes
healthier, thicker and more resilient lawn growth that is more resistant
to disease, weeds and parasites.
There are many variants of the cylinder mower. Push mowers have
no engine and are usually used on smaller lawn areas where access
is a problem, where noise pollution is undesirable and where air
pollution is unwanted. As the mower is pushed along, the wheels
drive gears which rapidly spin the reel. Typical cutting widths are 10
to 16 inches (250 to 410 mm).
2.1.2. Rotary mowers
A rotary mower rotates about a vertical axis with the blade spinning
at high speed relying on impact to cut the grass. This tends to
result in a rougher cut and bruises and shreds the grass leaf
resulting in discolouration of the leaf ends as the shredded portion
dies. This is particularly prevalent if the blades become clogged or
blunt. Most rotary mowers need to be set a little higher than cylinder
equivalents to avoid scalping and gouging of slightly uneven lawns,
although some modern rotaries are fitted with a rear roller to provide
a more formal striped cut. These machines will also tend to cut
lower (13 mm) than a standard four-wheeled rotary.
Figure. 2.1.2 – Rotary mower
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2.2. BY ENERGY SOURCE
2.2.1. Gasoline (petrol)
Extensive grass trimming was not common before the widespread
application of the vertical shaft single cylinder gasoline/petrol engine.
In the United States this development paralleled the market penetration
of companies such as the Briggs and Stratton Company of Wisconsin.
Most rotary push mowers are powered by internal combustion engines.
Such engines are usually four-stroke engines, used for their greater
torque and cleaner combustion (although a number of older models
used two-stroke engines), running on gasoline (petrol) or other liquid
fuels. Internal combustion engines used with lawn mowers normally have
only one cylinder. Power generally ranges from four to seven horsepower.
The engines usually have a carburettor and require a manual pull
crank to start them, although an electric starter is offered on some
models, particularly large riding and commercial mowers. Some mowers
have a throttle control on the handlebar with which the operator can
adjust the engine speed. Other mowers have a fixed, pre-set engine
speed. All are equipped with an air vane style of governor to
maintain the pre-selected speed when the force needed to cut the
thicker or taller grass is encountered. Gasoline mowers have the
advantages over electric mowers of greater power and distance range.
They do create a significant amount of pollution due to the
combustion in the engine, and their engines require periodic maintenance
such as cleaning or replacement of the spark plug and air filter,
and changing the engine oil.
Figure. 2.2.1 - Rotary push mower with petrol/gasoline engine
2.2.2. Electricity
Electric mowers are further subdivided into corded and cordless electric
models. Both are relatively quiet, typically producing less than 75
decibels, while a gasoline lawn mower can be 95 decibels or more.
Corded electric mowers are limited in range by their trailing power
cord, which may limit their use with lawns extending outward more
than 100–150 feet (30–45 m) from the nearest available power outlet.
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There is the additional hazard with these machines of accidentally
mowing over the power cable, which stops the mower and may put
users at risk of receiving a dangerous electric shock. Installing a
residual-current device (GFCI) on the outlet may reduce the shock
risk.
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Cordless electric mowers are powered by a variable number (typically
1–4) of 12-volt, 56-volt, and 80-volt rechargeable batteries. Typically,
more batteries mean more run time and/or power (and more weight).
Batteries can be in the interior of the lawn mower or on the
outside. If on the outside, the depleted batteries can be quickly
swapped with recharged batteries. Cordless mowers have the
manoeuvrability of a gasoline-powered mower and the environmental
friendliness of a corded electric mower, but are more expensive and
come in fewer models (particularly self-propelling) than either. The
eventual disposal of worn-out batteries is problematic (though they can
be recycled), and the motors in some cordless mowers tend to be
less powerful than gasoline motors of the same total weight (including
batteries).
Figure. 2.2.2.2 – Cordless electric mower
Figure. 2.2.2.1 – Corded electric
mower
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2.2.3. By Hand
While considered antiquated in modern times, the original type of
push-powered reel mowers are still available. The reel is attached to
the mower's wheels by gears, so that when the mower is pushed
forward, the reel spins several times faster than the rubber-tired wheels
turn. These types of reel mowers offer the benefit of zero pollution
being produced. Since all of the energy necessary comes from the
user however, this method of mowing is the most strenuous and is
not recommended for large lawns. Depending on the placement of the
reel, these mowers often cannot cut grass very close to lawn
obstacles, like trees, driveways, edging, etc., and also require a very
smooth lawn surface to operate properly without bottoming out the
cutter bar.
Figure. 2.2.3 – Push powered Reel mower
2.3. BY OPERATION
2.3.1. The Original Push Reel Mower
This is a traditional push lawn mower that was invented in 1830.
Push reel mowers are simple machine, the gears of which spin a
whorl of between five and eight spiral-shaped blades that pass by a
stationary blade at the rear of the mower. The two, working together,
slice the blades of grass to provide a smooth, fine grass surface.
Push reel mower is easy and safe to use. You can see their blades
and it stops cutting when you stop pushing. Moreover, it is quite to
use as it does not use engine to operate. Push reel mowers, however,
have limited cutting ability and is not suitable to large and uneven
lawns.
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Figure. 2.3.1 – Traditional lawn mower
2.3.2. The Popular Walk Behind Power Lawn mower
This type of lawn mower are either rotary or reel. This type of
lawn mower is the most popular lawn mowers found around the
world. It comes in either gas or electric. The most common power
lawn mower is the rotary lawn mower.
Rotary lawn mowers became more popular than the reel mower for
several reasons. First, rotary mowers are less expensive and require less
maintenance than its reel counterpart. The second reason is that fact
that rotary mowers have the capability to cut tall swards. They mow
through tall grasses and weeds with ease.
Rotary mowers operate either on gas or electricity. Further, small
electric powered mowers are either corded or cordless that runs on
rechargeable battery.
Figure. 2.3.2 – Walk behind power lawn mower
2.3.3. Riding Lawn Mowers or Ride-on Lawn Mowers
These types of lawn mowers became in demand as the lawns became
larger. These lawn mowers are fitted with seat and controls where the
operator can settle and control the lawn mower. They are basically in
between the normal lawn mowers and tractors. Most of these lawn
mowers have manual transmission though there are certain types that
have hydrostatic transmission. Hydrostatic transmissions are more expensive
than mechanical transmissions but they are easier to use and can
transmit greater torque to the wheels as compared to a typical
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mechanical transmission. The least common drive type, and the most
expensive, is electric.
Figure. 2.3.3 – Ride-On lawn mower
2.3.4. Hover mowers
These are powered rotary push lawn mowers that utilize an impeller
above the spinning blades to push air downwards, thereby creating
an air cushion that lifts the mower above the ground. The lawn
mower then can be easily moved as it floats over the grass. Hover
mowers are light in order to achieve enough lift so typically they
have plastic bodies with an electric motor. The most significant
downside, however, is the cumbersome usability in rough terrain or
on the edges of lawns, as the lifting air-cushion is destroyed by
wide gaps between the chassis and the ground. Hover mowers are
built to operate on steep slopes, waterfronts, and high-weeded areas,
so they are often used by golf courses and commercial landscapers.
The quality of cut can be inferior if the grass is pushed away
from the blade by the cushion of air.
Figure. 2.3.4 – Hover mower
2.3.5 . Robotic mower
Robotic mowers can mow the lawn unsupervised. Simply turn it on
and let it wander around your lawn cutting the grasses. It is contained
by a border wire around the lawn that defines the area to be
mowed. The robot uses this wire to locate the boundary of the area
to be trimmed and in some cases to locate a recharging dock. These
types of lawn mowers are becoming popular specially to those who
cannot spare time for mowing their lawn.
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CHAPTER-3
3. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
3.1. Blade
Consist of blades that are attached to a vertically rotating shaft, to the
downward direction. The blades rotate, creating a cutting motion.
It’s important to cut lawn, with a sharp blade as blunt blades can rip
or tear grass from the roots, damaging our greenery and causing our lawn
to become patchy over time.
Size: 5 inches, Metal: The blade is made of Steel
3.2. Body frame
The main structural frame of the mower onto which the other parts
of the mower are mounted.
The frame is that provides a base unit that all of the components/subsystems
are mounted on. The frame will be designed to provide adequate sectioning
for the separate subsystems. The rear wheel motors are mounted to
the rear exterior section of the frame. The Batteries will have a separate
compartment for mounting and secured safely.
Figure 3.1 - Blade
Figure. 3.2 - Frame
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3.3. DC Motors
We need four torque motors and one speed motor. The torque motors
will help to move the vehicle in lawns and speed motor is used
for cutter blade to cut the grass.
Specifications: 200RPM
3.4. Battery
We use a battery to run the four torque motors and one speed motor.
We can use the battery depending upon the design of the mower frame
and capacity.
Specification: 12v, 4Ah
Figure. 3.4 - Battery
3.5. Other Hardware Specifications
Fig 3.5.1 - Wheels Fig 3.5.2–Remote Fig 3.5.3 – Arduino
Figure. 3.3 – DC Motor
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CHAPTER-4
4. ARDUINO
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company,
project, and user manufactures single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects
that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The project's
products are distributed as open-source hardware and software, which
are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture
of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards
are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself
kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers.
The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output
(I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields)
and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces,
including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are
also used for loading programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features
from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using
traditional compiler tool chains, the Arduino project provides an
integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing
language project.
The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at
the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide
a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create
devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators.
Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists
include simple robots, thermostats, and motion detectors.
Figure. 4.1 - Arduino Figure. 4.2 - Wiring
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CHAPTER-5
5. RC LAWN MOWER
This is the mower which will control by remote controller, and also
we incorporate solar panel for charging the battery which will run
the motors to cut the grass in lawns. Due to presence of electricity
as energy resource there is no impact on environment which becomes
eco friendly vehicle.
5.1 .WHY RC LAWN MOWER?
A 2001 study showed that some mowers produce the same amount
of pollution (emissions other than carbon dioxide) in one hour as
driving a 1992 model vehicle for 650 miles (1,050 km). Another
estimate puts the amount of pollution from a lawn mower at four
times the amount from a car, per hour, although this report is no
longer available. Beginning in 2011, the United States Environmental
Protection Agency set standards for lawn equipment emissions and
expects a reduction of at least 35 percent.
Mowers also create significant noise pollution, and could cause hearing
loss if used without hearing protection. This can be avoided through
the use of reel mowers or by using cheap, easily obtainable hearing
protection such as earplugs or earmuffs.
To overcome all this issues we choose RC Lawn Mower to reduce
pollution, health issues caused by the mowers
5.2. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR ASSEMBLING OF LAWN MOWER
1) First we are cut the frame material, and then welded together at an angle of 90˚
between each other. (1.5× 2 feet’s, Base of the main frame).
2) Now, four wheels are attached to the frame.
Figure. 5.1 – RC lawn mower
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3) Assemble the wheels:-
(a) Put the wheels, and the screws on the Mower.
(b) Pull the screws using the supplied Screwdriver to tighten.
4) A wooden ply are placed and fitted on the base frame of size 1.5 × 2 feet’s.
5) Now, the 24v Electric DC motored are placed and fitted by the supporters, at the
center of the wooden ply.
6) Assemble the Blade: - Now, Blade are fitted at the bottom side of the lawn mower,
to the shaft of the motor. These blade is fitted by the bolts
7) Assemble the battery: - The 12v Lithium ion battery is assembled at the rear wheels
of the wooden ply.
8) Installing Arduino :- The Arduino is installed and give proper connections with
remote control and receiver
9) Now, the battery and the motor is attached for giving electric power to the motor.
10) The switch is attached to the battery for ON/OFF the power supply.
11) Now, testing the Lawn Mower on the ground.
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APPENDICES
1. Lawn Mower-a machine for cutting the grass on a lawn.
2. Ransomes, Sims and Jefferies Limited – It was a major British agricultural
machinery maker also producing a wide range of general engineering products
in Ipswich, Suffolk including traction engines, trolleybuses, ploughs, lawnmowers,
combine harvesters and other tilling equipment. They manufactured aeroplanes
during the First World War. Their base, specially set up in 1845, was named
Orwell Works.
3. Remote Control- Control of a machine or apparatus from a distance by means
of radio or infrared signals transmitted from a device
4. Arduino – it is an open source computer hardware and software company,
project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world
